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Philosopher famous for his sarcastic remarks against the Catholic Church.

Strong advocate for religious freedom and expression

Believed in the separation of church and state

Fun Fact: Hated intolerance of any kind, so much so it's believed he through a man out of a pud window for his ignorant remarks.

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Political Philosopher who was a strong follower of John Locke

Believed in direct democracy and that government was a contract between rulers and the people.

Wrote "The Social Contract", which pushed the idea that how we should willingly join and agree to give up power for the general will and authority of the people.

Fun Fact: Rousseau's ideas helped inspire the French Revolution

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Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu

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Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu

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Lawyer and political philosopher

One of the first people who pushed for separation of powers

Wrote "The Spirit of Laws",  which warns of what happens when one man has all the power.

Fun Fact: Helped bring the word "despotism" into the political limelight.

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A Philosopher also from the time of the Reformation.

Believed people are sovereign and as well as consent of the government for the protection of natural rights, life, liberty, and property.

Wrote the Two Treatises of Government, which stated how the government should protect natural rights, and if they don't they should be overthrown.

Fun Fact: Thomas Jefferson was a major fan of Locke's work, so much so that he stole what he said and put it in the Declaration of Independence.

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Philosopher on the Renaissance and Reformation age.

Believed humans exist in a primitive a "state of nature" and the idea of consent to government for self protection.

Wrote the book Leviathan, which stressed about the need of a strong central government that rules the people.

Fun Fact: Hobbes also contributed to the fields of history, geometry, the physics of gases, and a few others.

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Physician that made contributions to anatomy and physiology

First to figure out the heart was a pump for blood.

Described and figured out the circulatory system in detail.

Fun Fact: Was a physician to Charles I of England

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Acclaimed Physicist

Created The Laws of Gravity, The Laws of Motion, and The Laws of Optics

He discovered the concept of gravity when studying the moon, which was his greatest achievment

Fun Fact: He created Calculus on a dare as well as Roulette and many other things(which were't on a dare just to clarify).

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Often regarded as "Father of Modern Science"

Made the first telescope as well as the first telescope that could see into space, which he used to prove Copernicus' theory.

Preformed many physics experiments that laid the groundwork for modern physic studies.

Fun Fact: He was tried for Heresy by the church and sentenced to be put under house arrest.

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A German mathematician that worked with Tycho Brahe

Worked on Planetary Motion

Used math to prove the way way planets move around the sun.

Fun Fact: After Brahe's death, it's believed that Kepler stole the work he did, published it, and took the credit. Although it's not entirely clear.

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A Renaissance thinker that pushed for Heliocentric Theory

Proved that sun is the center of the Solar System
using astrology and math

Helped instilled the belief that we can prove things instead of relying on faith

Fun Fact: After finishing his studies in Italy, he would move from city to city in Poland and Prussia for the remainder of his life

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Head of the Hapsburg Empire as well as the Holy Roman Empire.

Sacked the pope after he sided with the French, as a result, the pope had to decline Henry's request for divorce due to the fact that Catherine of Argon  was Charles' aunt.

Failed to stop the Protestant Reformation because of his focus on the New World

Fun Fact: Became King of Spain when he was 16 and Holy Roman Emperor at 19

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Became Queen of England after Mary I died

Solidified the Protestant Reformation in England

Defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588, making England a superpower.

Fun Fact: Elizabeth banned potatoes from being served in the Royal Court for 100 years after they were served incorrectly and made everyone sick.

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Was denied to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, by the pope.

As a result he broke away from the Roman Catholic Church.

Formed the Anglican Church, AKA the Church of England, as a result, a church that combined the ideas of Luther an Calvin.

Fun Fact: Henry had 6 wives, two were executed, two were divorced, one died naturally, and the other lived out Henry.

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Created a version of Martin Luther's teachings that revolved around Predestination

Exiled from France due to his beliefs, went to Geniva

Coined the term Predestination, which is the belief that God decides whether or not you go to heaven before you're born

Fun Fact: Worked at a church for French refugees in Strasbourg for 3 years

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Father of the Protestant Reformation.

Wrote the 95 Thesis, which stated the things wrong with the church.

Inspired others such as John Calvin and Henry VIII

Fun Fact: Luther was an Anti Semite that Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party took inspiration from.