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Biogenesis is the production of new living organisms or organelles. Conceptually, biogenesis is primarily attributed to Louis Pasteur and encompasses the belief that complex living things come only from other living things, by means of reproduction.

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The supposed production of living organisms from nonliving matter, as inferred from the apparent appearance of life in some supposedly sterile environments.

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3.Who is Francesco Redi? What was his contribution to Science?

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3.Who is Francesco Redi? What was his contribution to Science?

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Redi gained fame for his controlled experiments. One set of experiments refuted the popular notion of spontaneous generation -- a belief that living organisms could arise from nonliving matter. Redi has been called the "father of modern parasitology" and the "founder of experimental biology".

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4.Name the scientist who disproved spontaneous generation.

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4.Name the scientist who disproved spontaneous generation.

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The theory of spontaneous generation was finally laid to rest in 1859 by the young French chemist, Louis Pasteur. The French Academy of Sciences sponsored a contest for the best experiment either proving or disproving spontaneous generation.

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5.By using an open-ended goose-necked flask that allowed air to enter, this scientist disproved spontaneous generation for all time.

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5.By using an open-ended goose-necked flask that allowed air to enter, this scientist disproved spontaneous generation for all time.

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He both disproved Spontaneous Generation and proved biogenesis. Was Redi ... 1700s-About the same time Redi completed his experiment, scientists began using a NEW TOOL.....the microscope. What were ... The boiled broth became contaminated only when microorganisms from the air entered the flask.

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Each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a radioactive form of an element.

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7.The unstable isotope of carbon that decays is called what?

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7.The unstable isotope of carbon that decays is called what?

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Alpha (α), beta (β-) and gamma (γ) decay. When the nucleus of an atom possesses either too many or too few neutrons compared to the number of protons it becomes unstable. These are called radioactive isotopes. Unstable nuclei split up in a process called radioactive decay and emit radioactive radiation.

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8.Scientists hypothesize that life on Earth might have occurred in four main stages.  List these 4 stages in order.

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8.Scientists hypothesize that life on Earth might have occurred in four main stages.  List these 4 stages in order.

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Chemical and physical processes on earth, aided by the emergence of natural selection, could have produced very simple cells through a sequence of 4 main stages: - The abiotic (nonliving) synthesis of small organic molecules, such as amino acids

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9.This Russian scientist was the first to propose a hypothesis for how organic compounds might have formed on Earth.

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9.This Russian scientist was the first to propose a hypothesis for how organic compounds might have formed on Earth.

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The Miller-Urey experiment provided the first evidence that organic molecules needed for life could be formed from inorganic components. .... Aleksandr Oparin and English scientist J. B. S. Haldane both separately proposed what's now called the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis.

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10.New evidence indicates that the first organic compounds were probably formed in what location?

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10.New evidence indicates that the first organic compounds were probably formed in what location?

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The Oparin-Haldane hypothesis suggests that life arose gradually from inorganic molecules, with “building blocks” like amino acids forming first and then combining to make complex polymers. The Miller-Urey experiment provided the first evidence that organic molecules needed for life could be formed from inorganic.

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11.These precursors to prokaryotic cells consisted of a collection of molecules surrounded by a membrane.  They maintained an internal chemical environment different from that of their surroundings.

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11.These precursors to prokaryotic cells consisted of a collection of molecules surrounded by a membrane.  They maintained an internal chemical environment different from that of their surroundings.

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Packing molecules to protocells, droplets with membranes that maintained and internal chemistry different from heat of surroundings .... sedimentary rocks tend to consist of sediments of differing ages .... they can remain dormant for centuries, able to rehydrate and resume metabolism when their environment improves.

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12.What are the two key properties of life?

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12.What are the two key properties of life?

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Properties of Life. All living organisms share several key characteristics or functions: order, sensitivity or response to the environment, reproduction, growth and development, regulation, homeostasis, and energy processing. When viewed together, these eight characteristics serve to define life.

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13.These substances are spherical in shape and are composed of many protein molecules that are organized into a membrane.

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13.These substances are spherical in shape and are composed of many protein molecules that are organized into a membrane.

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A microscopic spherical structure composed of many protein molecules that are organized as a membrane. coacervate. a mass of droplets of colloidal substances, such as lipids.

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14.What was most likely the first genetic material?

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14.What was most likely the first genetic material?

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It now seems certain that RNA was the first molecule of heredity, so it evolved all the essential methods for storing and expressing genetic information before DNA came onto the scene. However, single-stranded RNA is rather unstable and is easily damaged by enzymes.

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15.Were the first cells aerobic or anaerobic?

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15.Were the first cells aerobic or anaerobic?

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How life originated and how the first cell came into being are matters of speculation, since these events cannot be reproduced in the laboratory. Nonetheless, several types of ..... The acquisition of aerobic bacteria would have provided an anaerobic cell with the ability to carry out oxidative metabolism.

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16.Were the first cells prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

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16.Were the first cells prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

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Living things have evolved into three large clusters of closely related organisms, called "domains": Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota. Archaea and Bacteria are small, relatively simple cells surrounded by a membrane and a cell wall, with a circular strand of DNA containing their genes. They are called prokaryotes.

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17.Were the first cells autotrophic or heterotrophic?

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17.Were the first cells autotrophic or heterotrophic?

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(Some researchers claim that the first cells were likely already autotrophic, acquiring energy directly from the environment and skipping altogether the heterotrophic stage—it's hard to know for sure when all the evidence was eaten.)

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18.Were the first autotrophs chemosynthetic or photosynthetic?

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18.Were the first autotrophs chemosynthetic or photosynthetic?

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First photosynthetic bacteria. They absorbed near-infrared rather than visible light and produced sulfur or sulfate compounds rather than oxygen. Their pigments (possibly bacteriochlorophylls) were predecessors to chlorophyll.

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19.A term for an RNA molecule that can act as an enzyme and has the ability to replicate itself.

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19.A term for an RNA molecule that can act as an enzyme and has the ability to replicate itself.

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How could it be catalyzed before proteins with the appropriate enzymatic specificity existed? The beginnings of an answer to this question were obtained in 1982, when it was discovered that RNA molecules themselves can act as catalysts.

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20.What cells were the first capable of carrying out photosynthesis?

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20.What cells were the first capable of carrying out photosynthesis?

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In addition to using ATP as their source of intracellular chemical energy, all present-day cells carry out glycolysis, consistent with the notion that these reactions arose ... The first photosynthetic bacteria, which evolved more than 3 billion years ago, probably utilized H2S to convert CO2 to organic molecules.

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21.List three ways that eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes.

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21.List three ways that eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes.

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Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not. Differences in cellular structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes include the presence of mitochondria and chloroplasts, the cell wall, and the structure of chromosomal DNA.

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22.What is the name of the theory that proposes that chloroplasts and mitochondria might have once been prokaryotic cells?

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22.What is the name of the theory that proposes that chloroplasts and mitochondria might have once been prokaryotic cells?

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The endosymbiotic theory has been widely accepted as one of the possibilities of the origins of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other eukaryotic organelles and cells. Mitochondria and ... These prokaryotic cell characteristics include: an enclosed double membrane, circular DNA, and bacteria-like ribosomes.

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23.List two adaptations seen in the true land plants that enabled them to live successfully on land.

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23.List two adaptations seen in the true land plants that enabled them to live successfully on land.

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Plants evolved from freshwater green algae, Plants have evolved several adaptations to life on land, including embryo retention, a cuticle, stomata, and vascular tissue.

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24.List two adaptations seen in land animals that enabled them to live successfully on land.

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24.List two adaptations seen in land animals that enabled them to live successfully on land.

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They both have cellulose in their cell walls, and they share many of the same chemicals that give them color.

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25.The sudden appearance of new species when previously occupied niches are suddenly left vacant by mass extinction.

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25.The sudden appearance of new species when previously occupied niches are suddenly left vacant by mass extinction.

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Between mass extinctions, successful species tend to persist and suppress new types ---->Just as in politics, incumbency is a big advantage • But a mass extinction tends to wipe out many species, regardless of their former success, thus opening vacant niches into which the lucky surviving species can radiate.

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26.Life on Earth has been influenced by what three large scale processes?

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26.Life on Earth has been influenced by what three large scale processes?

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Nearly every process on Earth's surface has been changed by human activities, heightening the need for new research on human-landscape dynamics and for a greater capacity to predict process responses to human influence.

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27.Explain how early RNA molecules would be able to respond to natural selection.

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27.Explain how early RNA molecules would be able to respond to natural selection.

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The idea that life may have started with self-replicating molecules of RNA is based on the observation that RNA can. take a great ... Explain how early RNA molecules might have been able to respond to natural selection. Each RNA ... What role did the appearance of the ozone layer play in the evolution of early life on Earth.