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Biography to give the outside perspective of Thomas Maddens life https://www.thomasmadden.org/

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Informative http://www.borderwallasarchitecture.com/?projects=xylophone-wall

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Informative Factual https://www.drivingtests.co.nz/resources/putting-the-clocks-back-causes-driving-dangers/

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https://www.scoopwhoop.com/Parasites-That-Can-Live-Inside-Your-body/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/Parasites-That-Can-Live-Inside-Your-body/

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the fear of not having 4g service nomophobia

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the fear of not having 4g service nomophobia

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https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/artificial-maturity/201409/nomophobia-rising-trend-in-students

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https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/we-eat-a-lot-of-salt-but-scientists-say-there-are-good-reasons-for-that/2015/05/04/69ff7058-c806-11e4-a199-6cb5e63819d2_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.a5839e0078c7

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https://www.wikihow.com/Become-Closer-with-God

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The FEAR oF thE FLYING SPAGETTI MONSTER- FACTUAL RELIGION peice

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The FEAR oF thE FLYING SPAGETTI MONSTER- FACTUAL RELIGION peice

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http://flyingspaghettimonster.wikia.com/wiki/Pastafarianism

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https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/videos/techniques/how-make-bread

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Uraphobiaphobia.

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https://balloonsblow.org/impacts-on-wildlife-and-environment/

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The ten most dangerous worms- news paper article

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The ten most dangerous worms- news paper article

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https://www.scoopwhoop.com/Parasites-That-Can-Live-Inside-Your-body/

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https://www.fearof.net/fear-of-balloons-phobia-globophobia/
READ THIS ^

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This text is a Factual Informative text
http://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/okapi

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https://animals.mom.me/dangers-frogs-environment-10674.html

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wikipedia informs readers about fortnite. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortnite

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There are many kinds of seemingly irrational fears and phobias prevalent in the world. What might be laughing matter to people, is not so to a phobic. Anatidaephobia is one such phobia. A person suffering from this condition feels that somewhere in the world, a duck or a goose is watching him/her (not attacking or touching, simply watching the individual).

The word Anatidaephobia is derived from Greek word 'Anatidae' which means ducks, geese or other water fowls, and phobos is Greek for dread/fear.

The fear of ducks phobia can be a debilitating anxiety condition, wherein, no matter what one is doing or where s/he is in the world, they feel the constant presence of a duck or goose.

Causes of Anatidaephobia

Anatidaephobia or the fear of ducks might have sprung due to a negative or traumatic incident related to ducks or geese. Such birds are known to have violent tendencies and are often known to attack people without any provocation. Often, they swoop down to steal food or simply take a nip.

A child might have directly or indirectly experienced such an episode. S/he might have experienced the flapping sound made by the bird's large wings. This then causes it to feel vulnerable or fearful around ducks. Most cases of childhood phobias get resolved over time. However, in few cases, they persist into adulthood.

Symptoms of fear of ducks phobia

While normal people might smile or laugh at the thought of being scared by a duck, to an Anatidaephobic, this fear is persistent and weighs constantly on the mind. Sometimes, the phobia is so extreme that it might even affect one's day to day life. S/he might refuse to leave the home on account of encountering a duck.

Physical symptoms of fear of ducks phobia include:

Sweating

Trembling or shaking

Dry mouth, difficulty swallowing or feeling like choking

Paralyzing fear that causes the phobic to stay rooted or frozen.

Alternatively, one tries to scream, or flee.

Some phobics fear they will lose control totally: fainting, dizziness, crying or embarrassing oneself etc

Chest pains, gastrointestinal distress are other signs of this phobia

Thoughts of death, dying, feeling like being trapped are other psychological symptoms of this phobia.

Thus, the fear of ducks phobia can take over one's life completely as one refuses to leave their home on account of encountering a duck. They may go to great lengths to avoid traveling to areas that are known to have geese or ducks.

Diagnosing and overcoming Anatidaephobia

In majority of the cases, people suffering from Anatidaephobia self diagnose their condition and are aware that their fear is irrational. Still they are unable to control it. Many refuse to approach a doctor as a result of which their phobia might persist for years.

It is important to talk to your primary health care provider particularly if the aforementioned anxiety symptoms are interfering with your day-to-day life. Your doctor can then recommend a mental health professional or one of the following therapies that are known to be highly effective in treating and overcoming the fear of ducks phobia for good.

NLP or Neuro Linguistic programming - This therapy is based on the principle that most phobias are 'learnt or programmed behavior' of the brain. NLP seeks to re-program the mind to completely to eliminate the fear once and for all.

Hypnotherapy- This is another proven and safe therapy that delves deep into the Anatidaephobic's mind to determine the root cause of phobia.

Other self help therapies- Therapists also encourage phobics to practice mind body techniques like meditation, deep breathing, and writing down positive thoughts to rationalize negative ones to overcome the fear of ducks.

It is important that family and friends support the individual instead of teasing/laughing at them or doing other things to entice their Anatidaephobia.

What do you fear? Share your phobias with other visitors on this site and read about their stories/phobias. Connect with others and share your experiences in our community chat room. Sign in anonymously now.

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There are many kinds of seemingly irrational fears and phobias prevalent in the world. What might be laughing matter to people, is not so to a phobic. Anatidaephobia is one such phobia. A person suffering from this condition feels that somewhere in the world, a duck or a goose is watching him/her (not attacking or touching, simply watching the individual).

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https://www.fearof.net/fear-of-ducks-phobia-anatidaephobia/

this is an informative website

reece the goat

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https://www.natgeokids.com/au/discover/animals/general-animals/hedgehog-facts/

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https://www.hsv.com.au/see/maloor8lsa/

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Research artical

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Tornadoes are vertical funnels of rapidly spinning air. Their winds may top 250 miles an hour and can clear a pathway a mile wide and 50 miles long.

Also known as twisters, tornadoes are born in thunderstorms and are often accompanied by hail. Giant, persistent thunderstorms called supercells spawn the most destructive tornadoes.

These violent storms occur around the world, but the United States is a major hotspot with about a thousand tornadoes every year.

" Tornado Alley," a region that includes the area in the eastern state of South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, northern Texas, and eastern Colorado, is often home to the most powerful and destructive of these storms. U.S. tornadoes cause 80 deaths and more than 1,500 injuries per year.

What is a tornado?

A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that extends from a thunderstorm to the ground. It's often portended by a dark, greenish sky. Black storm clouds gather. Baseball-size hail may fall. A funnel suddenly appears, as though descending from a cloud. The funnel hits the ground and roars forward with a sound like that of a freight train approaching. The tornado tears up everything in its path.

Every U.S. state has experienced twisters, but Texas holds the record: an annual average of 120. Tornadoes have been reported in Great Britain, India, Argentina, and other countries, but they are most often seen in the United States.

Related to tornadoes, waterspouts are weak twisters that form over warm water. They sometimes move inland and become tornadoes.

Dust devils are small, rapidly rotating columns of air that are made visible by the dust and dirt they pick up. Dust devils are not associated with thunderstorms. Either are fire tornadoes, which can spawn from wildfires.

What causes tornadoes?

The most violent tornadoes come from supercells, large thunderstorms that have winds already in rotation. About one in a thousand storms becomes a supercell, and one in five or six supercells spawns off a tornado.

Tornadoes can occur at any time of year, but they are more common during a distinct season that begins in early spring for the states along the Gulf of Mexico. The season follows the jet stream -as it swings farther north, so does tornado activity. May generally has more tornadoes than any other month, but April's twisters are sometimes more violent. Farther north, tornadoes tend to be more common later in summer.

Although they can occur at any time of the day or night, most tornadoes form in the late afternoon. By this time the sun has heated the ground and the atmosphere enough to produce thunderstorms.

Tornadoes form when warm, humid air collides with cold, dry air.

The denser cold air is pushed over the warm air, usually producing thunderstorms. The warm air rises through the colder air, causing an updraft. The updraft will begin to rotate if winds vary sharply in speed or direction.

As the rotating updraft, called a mesocycle, draws in more warm air from the moving thunderstorm, its rotation speed increases. Cool air fed by the jet stream, a strong band of wind in the atmosphere, provides even more energy.

Water droplets from the mesocyclone's moist air form a funnel cloud. The funnel continues to grow and eventually it descends from the cloud. When it touches the ground, it becomes a tornado.

Characteristics of tornadoes

Twisters are usually accompanied or preceded by severe thunderstorms and high wlnds. Hail is also common.

Once a tornado hits the ground, it may live for as little as a few seconds or as long as three hours.

The average twister is about 660 feet wide and moves about 30 miles an hour. Most don't travel more than six miles before dying out.

Massive tornadoes, however-the ones capable of widespread destruction and many deaths-can roar along as fast as 300 miles an hour.

These measurements are scientists' best estimations. Anemometers, which measure wind speed, cannot withstand the enormous force of tornadoes to record them.

Using units F0 to F5, the Fujita scale measures a tornado's intensity by analyzing the damage the twister has done and then matching that to the wind speeds estimated to produce comparable damage. The United States now uses the EF (Enhanced Fujita) scale, which takes more variables into account when assigning wind speeds to a tornado.

Tornado destruction

Every year in the United States, tornadoes do about 400 million dollars in damage and kill about 70 people on average.

Extremely high winds tear homes and businesses apart. Winds can also destroy bridges, flip trains, send cars and trucks flying, tear the bark off trees, and suck all the water from a riverbed.

High winds sometimes kill or injure people by rolling them along the ground or dropping them from dangerous heights. But most tornado victims are struck by flying debris-roofing shingles, broken glass, doors, metal rods.

The number of average deaths per year in the United States used to be higher before improved forecasting and warning systems were put into place.

How tornadoes are forecasted

Meteorologists at the U.S. National Weather Service use Doppler radar, satellites, weather balloons, and computer modeling to watch the skies for severe storms and tornadic activity.

Doppler radars record wind speeds and identify areas of rotation within thunderstorms. Since Doppler radar has been in use, the warning time for tornadoes has grown from fewer than five minutes in the 1980s to an average of 13 minutes by the late 2000s.

When weather conditions are conducive for tornado formation, the National Weather Service issues a tornado watch. When a tornado has been sighted or indicated on radar, a tornado warning is issued.

Some scientists, meteorology buffs, and adrenaline junkies hit the road during tornado season to chase storms. Researchers race to place sensors in tornadoes' paths. The sensors measure data such as wind speed, barometric pressure, humidity, and temperature.

The challenge for researchers is being in the right place at the right time. Every morning they study weather conditions and head for the area that seems most likely to spawn a twister. They drive through severe storms, dodge lightning, face flash floods, and get pounded by hail-sometimes for years-before ever spotting a tornado.

All at considerable risk. In 2013, National Geographic Explorer Tim Samaras and his team were killed while trying to study a tornado in Oklahoma. ( See photos of Samaras's work.)

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Learn how these deadly storms form and wreak havoc, and how you can reduce your risk.

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http://www.plantatreeforme.org.au/animalswall/koala?gclid=CjwKCAjw1tDaBRAMEiwA0rYbSA2lRNklv62jkGrJBLYTt06M_azmJCo0-B7PkO-IgW7tLzqrMCHviBoCWU0QAvD_BwE

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http://www.kiddyhouse.com/Farm/ducks.html

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https://www.famousbirthdays.com/people/brett-ambler.html

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https://www.taste.com.au/recipes/peanut-butter-swirl-brownies/ZaIoToIk
Instruction guide

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https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/7552387-bones

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https://a-z-animals.com/animals/proboscis-monkey/

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electric cars are they good for the enviroment

newspaper or website artile

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It has become clear to me there is some confusion over whether electric cars offer an environmental benefit in this country. Craig Kelly, who is an extremely honorable Member of Parliament, has told the nation they result in more greenhouse emissions than conventional petrol cars.

If you are standing up while reading this you may want to sit down due to your shock when I tell you Craig Kelly is actually wrong on this.

When charged from the grid an electric car will result in around half the CO2 emissions per kilometer driven than the average Australian passenger car. When the greater emissions resulting from its manufacture are taken into account, EVs emit around one-third less per kilometer.

But at the moment what beats both conventional petrol powered cars and electric vehicles charged from the grid is a fuel-efficient hybrid. Currently the most efficient model of Toyota Prius is almost certain to beat a grid charged electric car on total emissions over an average lifespan of 10+ years. But as Australia's grid becomes cleaner, grid charged electric cars will eventually beat hybrids on total emissions.

How Much CO2 Does A Petrol Car Emit?

According to the Department of Environment and Energy a litre of petrol contains 629 grams of carbon. When burned this will combine with 1.68 kilograms of oxygen to create 2.3 kilograms of CO2. While this is bad enough, it's actually much worse because:

1. Small amounts of other gases that are very strong greenhouse gases are also released, such as nitrous oxide (laughing gas) which has 300 times the warming potential of CO2.

2. Large amounts of greenhouse gases are released extracting, transporting, and refining oil.

This study gives a total CO2 equivalent of 3.15 kilograms of CO2 emitted per litre of petrol burned with around 81% of the emissions directly from burning the petrol, 13% from extraction and transportation, and around 6% from refining.

The average Australian passenger car gets 9.1 kilometers per liter so each kilometer results in greenhouse gases equal to 346 grams of CO2 equivalent being emitted into the atmosphere. This is mostly CO2, but the figure is bumped up slightly to account for other greenhouse gases. As the average Australian passenger car is driven around 14,000 kilometers a year this comes to around 4.8 tonnes of CO2 equivalent emissions per year.

Not All Petrol Powered Cars Are Equal

The modern internal combustion engine is a miracle of engineering and is pretty much at the limit of what can be achieved without adding an extra layer of complexity and expense to what is already an extremely sophisticated machine. While there are always reports of new improvements that can be made to boost efficiency, not a lot is likely to come from them because the resulting price increase means it will probably make more sense to get a hybrid or go electric.

Because of this, the main way to reduce the fuel consumption of petrol powered cars is to buy a small one with low performance. While having a car with poor performance has little effect on our lives and is more likely to keep you out of trouble than put you in a situation where low acceleration stops you getting out of trouble, a lot of people want good performance and all electric cars capable of highway speeds (which is all of them in Australia) offer this.

So if you get a little petrol powered car like a Fiat Cabrino it will burn less than half the petrol per kilometer of the average passenger car and only result in around 155 grams of emissions per kilometer, but regrettably it doesn't have the size or performance most people are looking for. The proper comparison would be a small, poor performance hybrid or electric car, but they don't really exist in this country. (The smaller and cheaper Prius C has worse fuel efficiency than the larger one.) But if it's all you need, a small, low performance, petrol powered car can result in less emissions than an electric car such as the Nissan Leaf charged with today's grid power.

How Much CO2 Does A Fuel Efficient Hybrid Emit?

According to the Australian Government's GreenVehicleGuide site the most fuel-efficient model of Toyota Prius hybrid gets 29.4 kilometers per litre.

This results in only 31% as much CO2 emissions as the average passenger car, which comes to around 107 grams per kilometer driven. Using the 14,000 kilometer a year average, that comes to 1.5 tonnes a year or 3.3 tonnes less than the average conventional petrol powered passenger car.

There are a number of hybrid cars in Australia but this is the most efficient one. Note that while the Prius does have a battery onboard, it is only charged by the petrol motor or by braking and this model is never plugged in to charge.

How Much CO2 Does An Electric Car Emit?

The 2018 Nissan Leaf has a 40 kilowatt-hour battery pack. But not all of it is usable. The car will always keep some charge in the battery because being completely drained is bad for its health. The original Leaf battery would allow a depth of discharge of 89%.

The Tesla S 85 kilowatt-hour battery pack is actually only an 81 kilowatt-hour battery back and would only let you use around 77 of them for a depth of discharge of 95%. But the newer Tesla 100 kilowatt-hour battery pack is actually 102.4 kilowatt-hours and allows you to use 98.4 of them for a depth of discharge of 96%. I don't know what depth of discharge the 2018 Nissan Leaf will allow but I will go with 95%. If you feel this is too high please feel free to fill in your own figures with a permanent marker on your screen.

According to the US EPA the 2018 Leaf has a range of 243 kilometers on a single charge. So with 38 usable kilowatt-hours this means each kilometer driven would consume 0.16 kilowatt-hours.

Battery Charging Losses

But that's for energy already in the battery and shoving it in there can can involve considerable losses. People charging an electric vehicle from a normal power point can have charging losses of 30% or more. When using a dedicated home charger losses can be only 12%, although they are often worse. For now I will use a figure of 12% for charging losses and hope things improve in the future. (Which they should.)

This means the 2018 Nissan Leaf will need to be charged with 0.18 kilowatt-hours of electricity to drive 1 kilometer. On average 910 grams of CO2 are emitted for each kilowatt-hour of grid electricity consumed in Australia, according to page 74 of this report, so each kilometer driven in the Leaf will result in approximately 164 grams of CO2 emissions when it is charged with grid electricity. This comes to around 2.5 tonnes less CO2 per year than the average petrol burning passenger vehicle.

Tesla S Emissions

If you want to look at an electric sports car, while there is some variation between battery sizes, the Tesla S will result in around 182 grams of CO2 emissions per kilometer driven when charged from the grid. So an electric sports car only uses around 11% more energy per kilometer than the Leaf while a conventional sports car like the Ferrari 430 results in about 75% more CO2 emissions per kilometer than the average petrol powered passenger car.

Hybrids Are Clear Winners On Emissions Per Kilometer

When the information is put in a graph it is very easy to see that an electric car like the Leaf results in less than half the emissions of an average petrol powered car per kilometer driven when charged from the grid, while a fuel efficient hybrid results in less than one-third.

Craig Kelly Clearly Either Didn't Read Or Didn't Understand The Study He Uses To Support His Position

So if a Leaf only emits 47% as much CO2 per kilometer as the average passenger car when charged from the grid and a Tesla S about 53%, how did Member for Parliament Craig Kelly conclude that electric cars emit more than conventional passenger vehicles? He did it by including emissions that result from their manufacture. But he didn't do it correctly.

On his facebook page he wrote:

"Study after study clearly demonstrates that buying & driving an electric car in Australia actually INCREASES carbon dioxide emissions."

And then he mentions this study:

Kelly says the study concludes:

"Greenhouse gas emissions of battery electric vehicles are 50% higher than internal combustion engine vehicles"

But it doesn't conclude this at all, so Kelly either didn't read it or he read it and didn't understand it. Those are the only two options I can see unless you want to get all Machiavellian and think he read it, understood it, and then for secret reasons of his own devising he decided to lie in order to give the impression he is either incompetent or uncomprehending.

What the study does conclude is that manufacturing an electric vehicle in China emits 50% more greenhouse gases than manufacturing an internal combustion engine vehicle. It's about cradle-to-gate emissions, which means from the start of manufacture to out the factory gate. I can only guess that Kelly misunderstood and thought it was cradle-to-grave, which is until the vehicle gets scrapped.

The study found manufacturing an electric car resulted in around 5.1 tonnes more CO2 emissions than a conventional one in China. Assuming the same figure applies for the Nissan Leaf manufactured in Japan, if it is charged from the grid and driven the average number of kilometers per year it will result in around 2.5 tonnes less CO2 per year than a conventional car. This means it will only take two years to make up for the additional emissions from its manufacture.

The average car age in Australia is 10.1 years, but if a Leaf lasts for 12 years, which I don't think is unreasonable as electric motors are far more durable than internal combustion ones, then its total cradle-to-grave emissions would be 63% that of the average petrol passenger car with the same lifespan. That's more than one-third less.

I hope Kelly realizes that after a mistake of this magnitude he has to admit he was wrong, otherwise people will start to assume he doesn't care about the truth and begin to suspect everything that comes out of his mouth.

A Cradle-To-Grave Comparison

Unfortunately, I don't have good figures for the additional emissions that result from producing a Prius hybrid compared to a conventional car. It appears Toyota hasn't released them. While there will be additional emissions they should be much less than those that result from an electric car, so I'm just going to say one tonne more. Graphing the estimated lifetime emissions of the three vehicles gives:

The Grid Is Getting Cleaner

In the example above I assumed the grid will remain as dirty as it is now for 12 years but, fortunately, that is not going to be the case. Over the past 10 years the amount of CO2 emitted per kilowatt-hour of grid electricity consumed has fallen by around 11% and this will accelerate as Australia's aging coal power plants are shut down and replaced with renewable energy. The next big planned closure is Liddell Power Station in 2022 and AGL is planning to mostly replace its capacity with renewables and demand management.

Batteries Will Become Cleaner

Battery technology has come a long way over the last 10 years and while the rate of improvement may slow, it's not about to stop. Battery manufacture will become more efficient over time and the energy requirements less. In addition, the energy used will become cleaner as more renewable capacity is added to the world's electricity grids. Hybrid cars may become more efficient in the future, but there doesn't seem to be a lot of room for further improvements. At least not when it comes to burning petrol.

Electric Cars Will Eventually Beat Hybrids

For a grid charged electric car to beat a current fuel-efficient hybrid on total emissions including manufacture, the amount of CO2 emitted by grid generation would have to fall by almost half. If the manufacture of an electric car results in 4 tonnes more emissions than manufacturing a hybrid, then over a 12 year lifespan grid electricity emissions would have to average 54% of what they are now for a electric cars to be cleaner than hybrids. While I hope emissions from Australia's electricity sector will fall by almost half within 6 years, this is not what is generally predicted. So it looks like a fuel efficient hybrid will beat a grid charged electric car on total emissions for years to come.

What If I Live In A State With Lots Of Renewables?

So far I've assumed electric cars will be charged with grid electricity with average CO2 emissions for Australia. But South Australia and Tasmania both generate huge amounts of electricity from renewables. In Tasmania emissions from grid electricity are less than 19% of the nation's average. This makes it appear an electric car would already result in less emissions than a hybrid there, but in practice this isn't the case.

This is because Tasmania's grid is connected to Victoria and any clean electricity that isn't used in state is exported to the mainland where it reduces emissions there. So charging your electric car in Hobart will result in greater emissions across Bass Strait. Because of transmission losses it will be slightly greener than charging it in Victoria, but it's not a large difference and using a grid powered electric car in Tasmania will result in greater emissions than charging one in mostly fossil fuel powered Western Australia, which is not connected to Victoria's extremely dirty grid.

What If I Charge My Car With Rooftop Solar?

If you have rooftop solar at the moment then the solar electricity you export to the grid is reducing emissions from fossil fuel generation. If you buy an electric car and start charging it with your surplus solar electricity then it will no longer be reducing emissions and so the net effect will be no better than charging it with grid electricity. Technically, you will only be reducing emissions if you installed extra solar capacity that you wouldn't have got if you hadn't bought an electric car.

A 2018 Nissan Leaf will require around 2,500 or more kilowatt-hours to drive the annual average of 14,000 kilometers. For a typical Australian household this will only require around 2 kilowatts or less of north facing solar panels or less, so if you are getting solar I suggest going big and telling yourself those extra kilowatts are in case you get an electric car in the future.

Expanding Renewables Could Change Things Quickly

At the moment clean renewable energy almost never goes to waste. But this could potentially change in just a few years. If the new SA government doesn't start blocking renewables it may not be that long before before periods when there is more than enough renewable electricity generated to meet demand start to become frequent. If and when this starts to occur electric cars can be charged with clean power that would otherwise go to waste, lowering their average emissions per kilometer and allowing them to beat fuel-efficient hybrids on emissions sooner than in other states.

Other Environmental Considerations Besides CO2

In addition to greenhouse gases, petrol and diesel powered cars also spew a wide range of toxins into the air which people then suck into their lungs. It is estimate that vehicle pollution kills over 1,000 Australians per year. Last year there were under 1,300 road accident fatalities so air pollution from cars could be killing more people than car crashes and could be costing Australia over $10 billion a year.

If we assume the amount is $10 billion, then with around 1.2 million cars sold in the country each year we could spend $8,000 ensuring each new car sold is electric and the country could still come out ahead overall on cost. Toxic vehicle pollution would be greatly reduced if fuel-efficient hybrids were used, but would not be eliminated.

Should I Buy A Hybrid Or An Electric Car?

If you buy a fuel-efficient hybrid you will be reducing your greenhouse gas emissions and exhaust toxins by far more than the average car buyer, so good on you.

If you buy an electric car and a couple of kilowatts of rooftop solar capacity to power it, then you can drive with no emissions per kilometer and, when driven the average amount for an Australian car, you are likely to pay off the extra emissions that result from its manufacture in a little over a year. Also, when you drive, your car will emit zero toxins into the air we breath and you will be saving lives, provided you run over fewer people than average.

Personally I hope you'll take the electric car plus solar route, but either choice is better than the traditional approach.

Footnotes

1. These figures are for Europe, but there would be little difference for Australian petrol.

2. In the comments Athomas has made the very good point that I should be looking at the average fuel consumption for new passenger cars and not the average for the fleet. Looking at information for 2016 which appears to be the latest available I see the average fuel efficiency for conventional passenger vehicles is 9.4 kilometers per liter and not the 9.1 I used. This is a 3.5% improvement. If this improvement has continued then conventional passenger cars bought this year might use 4-5% less fuel than the figure I used. Unfortunately, it appears that over the same time fuel efficiency has actually been getting worse as car manufacturers get better at gaming the system and doing well on fuel efficiency tests and not fuel efficiency in real life. The largest cheats apparently include hybrid vehicles. Due to the nature of electric motors I would expect electric cars to cheat less, but I would want to see the results of real world testing.

3. Using natural gas instead of petrol or diesel is one way to reduce emissions - provided leaks are controlled it can result in a greater reduction than using LPG - but without a carbon price there is little incentive to use it.

4. CO2 equivalent , actually. Just add in the word "equivalent" yourself from now on. I couldn't be bothered typing it.

5. A clear breach of Australian Consumer Law.

6. A clear non-breach of Australian Consumer Law - but this doesn't make up for all the breaches they've busted through it in the past.

7. Fuel economy figures from the US EPA are reasonable but figures from Europe are way too optimistic and they really need to take a Bex and lie down.

8. An electric car home charger will probably set you back a couple of grand and electric car warranties can require you have one installed. This is an often overlooked cost of electric vehicles.

9. Again, this is CO2 equivalent including any greenhouse gases other than CO2 that may have been emitted.

10. Sports cars, which the Nissan Leaf isn't, bring down the average age of cars because people like to drive them fast.

11. I know I assumed he was completely reliable up until now.

12. The generation mix will include dispatchable sources of power to ensure electricity demand is met.

13. Export limited solar systems are the exception to this and if you can charge your electric car with solar electricity that otherwise be wasted it is very effective at reducing emissions.

14. It would be more economically efficient to put a price on pollution than to subsidize electric cars, but I'm not going to go into that at the moment.

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Electric Cars Are Better For The Environment Than Petrol. Here's Proof.

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It has become clear to me there is some confusion over whether electric cars offer an environmental benefit in this country. Craig Kelly, who is an extremely honorable Member of Parliament, has told the nation they result in more greenhouse emissions than conventional petrol cars.

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Informs the reader about the life of Nelson Mandela https://www.biographyonline.net/politicians/nelson-mandela.html

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it is a brochure as it includes images, has narrow paragraphs

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Introduction to Sharks

Sharks are a large group of fish that have inhabited the oceans for over 400 million years, even before dinosaurs populated our planet. They belong to the superorder Selachimorpha, and modern sharks have specific characteristics like a cartilaginous skeleton, five or six pairs of gills and several rows of teeth.

Ancient Sharks lived before land vertebrates populated the Earth and even before many plant species developed on continents. While they were very different from those found today, sharks have been on this planet for a long time.

The shark species as we know them have been around for 100 million years; this means that they were dwelling the oceans when dinosaurs were roaming the land. This record-breaking survival cannot be anything but astonishing, developing an anatomy during this time which only has improved over those million years of evolution.

These unique animals cause all kind of human feelings: fear, awe, curiosity, respect and love. They have been widely represented in the popular culture as ruthless predators, which is the main reason why they cause all these different reactions. However, the truth is pretty different. Sharks are complex and fascinating creatures, which are distant from the general representation. Even more, many species are docile and harmless.

Learning about the world of sharks, knowing their features, discovering their secrets, and recognizing their importance in our world is the first step to their conservation. When most people think about sharks, they have a mental picture of a deadly predator. However, sharks are far more than this and play a vital role in the oceans and nature.

EVOLUTION OF SHARKS.

Some shark fossils discovered date back as far as 420-450 million years.

Their evolution has produced several species with different sizes, anatomies, habits and behaviors.

Their classification according to the features such as the fin types, spine, snout and body shape determine the genus and family of each species. For example, the great white shark has the mouth behind its eyes and a large dorsal fin by the middle of its body and a second dorsal fin behind. An angel shark, on the other hand, has a couple of fins in the dorsal area near the tail and a flat nose with the mouth underneath.

SHARK BEHAVIOR.

The evolutionary features of sharks, not only defined their look but also the adaptations they have to survive in the wild. There are three types of sharks according to the place they live which is closely related to the form and functions of their body. Some sharks dwell at the surface of the ocean and move slowly, other sharks inhabit the pelagic zone and have amazing swimming capabilities and some others stay at the seafloor, in the benthic zone, and move slowly searching for food on the sea floor.

According to those areas where sharks live, there are also specific ways of surviving. Therefore in each of these parts, the prey behave in different ways which led to the developing of the hunting skills that they acquired.

TAXONOMY OF SHARKS.

Sharks are 470 species belonging to the superorder Selachimorpha. The scientific classification of all sharks is as follows:

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Superorder: Selachimorpha

The classification continues with eight orders, organized in 37 families which include all the species. Let's take a closer look at each of these eight orders and the families that belong to each of them:

1. Hexanchiformes.
This classification includes the most primitive sharks, those with six or seven gill slits, a dorsal fin, and lack of nictitating membranes in their eyes.

Two families. Six species.
Frilled sharks. (2 species)
Cow sharks. (4 species)

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Sharks are a large group of fish that have inhabited the oceans for over 400 million years, even before dinosaurs populated our planet. They belong to the superorder Selachimorpha, and modern sharks have specific characteristics like a cartilaginous skeleton, five or six pairs of gills and several rows of teeth.

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