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Ruhollah Khomeini, who served as the Ayatollah, was the religious and political leader who overthrew the Shah during Iran’s revolutionary war. Ruhollah Khomeini was born on September 24, 1902, in Khomeyn, Iran to a Shiite religious scholar, his father Mustapha Musavi and his mother Hajar. However his father was brutally murdered and Khomeini was mostly raised by his mother and his aunt Sahebeth, they both died of cholera when he turned fifteen. His parent's death made Khomeini’s older brother, Seyed Morteza responsible to take care of Khomeini. Ruhollah Khomeini got his last name from his homeland. Both Khomeini and his older brother were avid scholars of Shiite. His older brother sent him to the city of Arak, where he studied with an Islamic scholar.

Khomeini moved to Qom to become a teacher that taught the studies of Islamic writing, training and teaching younger students. He furthered his religious studies that varied from Islamic law, ethics, and spiritual philosophy. The political thoughts and activism of  Khomeini were inspired by his teachings, studies, and writings. Khomeini believed that religion and government should be united however during Khomeini’s reign he decided to reverse his claim to state that religion and government to be secularised to deceive the activist in Iran in order to kill them off. After killing off all the activists, Khomeini went back to his original claim making religion and government united in Iran. Khomeini’s political thoughts brought him to speak out on his thoughts on the Shah’s regime of pro-Western leadership.

This started a rebellion of religion and political thought against the Shah that caused Khomeini to be arrested. The arrest of Khomeini brought him popularity and him being known as a “national hero.” He was exiled to Turkey, Iraq, and then France in 1967. Khomeini’s outspokenness brought him devoted followers that listened to him about wanting to overthrow the Shah of Iran.

The uprising of Khomeini brought him to have many ideas of change in Iran. The extreme political ideas of Rouhollah brought him into becoming an active political opposition. Over time Khomeini  overthrew the Shah of Iran, Muhammad Reza Shah, after two weeks when Khomeini returned to Iran after his exile. As Khomeini’s power took over Iran, he became Iran’s founder and dictator of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Khomeini was given the title of “Ayatollah” which is given as a high title to a leader. Khomeini made Iran the first Islamic Republic. It was declared when Khomeini took over the Shah that Khomeini will become Iran’s political and religious leader for life.

Khomeini started a revolution in Iran to diminish anyone or anything standing in the way of Iran becoming the Islamic Republic. The breakout of the revolution had 4 phases to make Islam above anyone and anything stopping Iran from becoming a powerful Islamic nation. Khomeini’s power over Iran and his followers started a revolution in Iran by taking over the U.S. embassy headquarter in Iran. The next step taken by Khomeini into Iran’s revolution was when Khomeini took over control and destroyed nationalist forces and forces that are loyal to the interests of a culture. To force the Shah not to come back, Khomeini directed all students in Iran to attack the U.S. with all their might. Iran took hostages from the U.S. to show that Iran is against the western influence of the U.S. which caused the U.S. to react until Iran released the hostages after 444 days from when they captured hostages. Khomeini destroyed ties with the U.S. with starting the revolution and going against the U.S. Khomeini became strict toward the secular left who were against his ruling Iran. Those who protested against Khomeini’s leadership instantly were put to death by Khomeini. Iran has been disputing with Iraq over border areas until

Iraq’s leader attacked Iran to try to get Iran weakened by the revolution. UN mediated a cease-fire to keep Iran and Iraq at peace. Khomeini released a fatwa (legal document made by a Muslim cleric) to bring death to an Indian - British author who wrote about how prophet Mohammed is a false prophet, the fatwa was declared. Ayatollah Khomeini Khomeini died on  June 3rd, 1989 from a heart attack 11 days after having surgery for internal bleeding from cancer. Khomeini left a mark on Iran, even 27 years after his death, Iran is still a religion based country and Khomeini continues to influence Iran by his successor carrying on his policies.

Bibliography

“Ayatollah Khomeini Biography.” Encyclopedia of World Biography, www.notablebiographies.com/Jo-Ki/Khomeini-Ayatollah.html.

Ayatollah Khomeini Biography. www.notablebiographies.com/Jo-Ki/Khomeini-Ayatollah.html+bcc.

McTighe, Kristen. “Years of Torture in Iran Comes to Light.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 21 Nov. 2012, www.nytimes.com/2012/11/22/world/middleeast/years-of-torture-in-iran-comes-to-light.html.

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On September 28, 1979 the U.S. president Jimmy Carter allowed the overthrown Shah to travel to the United States for his cancer treatment. As a result, Khomeini retaliated against president Jimmy Carter’s decision. On November 4, 1979, Khomeini ordered a group of Iranian students to break into the U.S. embassy located in Tehran, to take more than 66 hostages from the U.S. embassy. This decision prompted a strong response from Iranian revolutionaries to stand up and protest America's interference in Iranian economic stability. The hostage situation was also used as a political stunt to publicize Khomeini internationally. After 444 days, the hostages were set free just after President Ronald Reagan was sworn into office.Half a century before the hostage crisis, there was a conflict over oil between Iran and the United States. Iran had a plethora of petroleum reserves, later overtaken by British and American corporations. American C.I.A. and British intelligence services collaborated, devising a plan to replace Iran's prime minister with Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi who was member of Iran’s royal family. The Shah restored 80 percent of the oil reserves to Americans and the British in exchange for millions in foreign aid. Overtime, the Shah had committed brutal acts by torturing and killing the people of Iran to the point where Iranians resented America for their part in introducing this new brutal form of government.

Before the Hostage crisis, Iranian Revolutionaries relied on Khomeini to object the Shah and the government of Iran. Iranians trusted the Ayatollah because of his similar views and promise to evolve Iran. The revolutionaries banded together to protest and overthrow the Shah. In the place of the Shah’s government, the Ayatollah created an aggressive Islamic government.President Jimmy Carter could not defend the shah’s reign because of the Shah’s terrible record.Once the Shah came to New York for treatment, A group of students who shared similar beliefs to khomeini took advantage of the fact that the shah was not in Iran anymore to control them. Khomeini’s ordered them to overtake the American Embassy in Tehran. Sixty of the ninety hostages captured by the group of revolutionary students were Americans. On the day of  November 17, 1979 Khomeini let go of 13 hostages due to the fact that  Ayatollah believed they are already treated poorly in American society because of they’re race and gender. Another hostage was released on July 11, 1980 due to failing health. The hostages that were kept in the embassy compound were mistreated, but not seriously hurt. The hostages were embarrassed in front of news cameras, blindfolded and displayed in front of screaming crowds. The hostages feared for their lives; they didn’t know if they were going to die in the next hour or within the next few days.The launch of Operation Eagle Claw on November 7, 1979  was a military rescue mission that was highly risky. The elite rescue team was about to storm the embassy compound to save the hostages under khomeini’s control. However, the operation was canceled due to a massive sandstorm preventing helicopters from working, and an accident that killed eight servicemen from a transport plane that curved during takeoff.The hostage Crisis had constant media reports that had a lasting impact on the presidential race. The inability to resolve the hostage crisis was difficult for President Carter as it made him look weak. In addition to this, his focus on saving the hostages kept him from focusing on campaigning.  Ronald Reagan took this as an opportunity to manipulate the campaign to his benefit. On September 12, 1980 Khomeini said that  the hostages would not be released before the election. 444 day passed since the hostages were captured that they were freed from captivity hours after the deliverance of Ronald Reagan’s inaugural address.

Bibliography

“Iran Hostage Crisis Fast Facts.” CNN, Cable News Network, 21 Oct. 2017, www.cnn.com/2013/09/15/world/meast/iran-hostage-crisis-fast-facts/index.html

History.com Staff. “Iran Hostage Crisis.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2010, www.history.com/topics/iran-hostage-crisis.

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1902 | Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini was born in  Khomein, Iran.He was born into Shiite Islam religion.His family is made up from his mother, father, and older brother
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1921 | Khomeini begins his Islamic studies when his older brother sent him to Qom to increase his studies. His studies included Islamic law, ethics, and spiritual philosophy.
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1963 | (January 3) The Shah announced the White revolution that  started allowing pro western life into iran by allowing a change happen in iran for women, non muslims, etc. (January 22) Khomeini was against this so he started to speak out with the knowledge from his Islamic studies that he started a rebellion against the Shah with his followers
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1964 | (November 4) Khomeini got arrested from starting a rebellion for going against that Shah and the white revolution. Khomeini was exiled from Iran to go to Turkey
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1965 | (October 14) During Khomeini’s exile he moved to Iraq.
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1977 | (October 6) Protesters against the Shah go on strike to get the Shah to stop ruling Iran with his Western influences.
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1978 | Khomeini left from Iraq to Paris during his exile. Khomeini still kept in touch with his followers by sending letters encouraging them to keep protesting.
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1979 | (January 16) The Shah and his family leave Iran after Khomeini and his followers overpowered (February 4 ) 2 weeks later after the Shah leaves Iran Khomeini came to Iran. Khomeini’s exile lasted 15 years until he was allowed to come back to Iran. When he came back he was  welcomed by a crowd of his followers.
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1980 | (February 1979)  Khomeini was known as the leader of the Islamic revolution after creating a revolution in Iran overthrowing the Shah.
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1989 | (June 3) After an 11 day stay in the hospital after a surgery,  Khomeini dies at the age of 86 years old due to Internal bleeding from having cancer.

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Before Ayatollah Khomeini took over Iran,Iran had A dynasty of the Pahlavi family. The last part of the Pahlavi dynasty before Ayatollah took over was Mohammed Reza Pahlavi and his Queen Farah Diba Pahlavi. The Shah was influenced by United States and European Western government.

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The Shah announcing the white revolution. In this photo he speaks about the changes Iran will go through. He also states the new rules of Iran.

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Khomeini first day in Iran after 15 years exiled out of Iran. He was welcomed by his followers in Iran that share the similar beliefs as him.

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This photo represents Khomeini’s followers in the action of supporting Khomeini. The followers praise Khomeini for overthrowing the Shah

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This photo presents the women of Iran throughout the years of 1910 till now. Ever since Ayatollah took over control of Iran and Implemented rule on Iranians.

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Iranian students broke into the U.S. Embassy in Iran and took more than 90 hostages. The hostages were hidden in the embassy compound blindfolded and mistreated

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After 444 days the hostages are set free from being captured and mistreated. This event happened after President Ronald Reagan is sworn into office after beating President Jimmy Carter in the presidential race.

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Iran and Iraq had been disputing over the border for years but during the revolution Iraq's leader attacked Iran. This dispute caused the UN to create a cease fire to keep Iran and Iraq from disputing anymore.

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Ayatollah and his wife, Khadijeh Saghafi got married when she was 16 and he was in his late twenties. After three times of being rejected by her family because of Ayatollah's Financial problems.

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Ayatollah died on June 3,1989 after 11 days in the hospital.
Photos of Khomeini's funeral were hidden from the public by Iranian authorities until recently.The funeral was hectic for Iran that 8 died, 440 hospitalized, and 10,800 had been treated for injuries by the uncontrollable crowed.