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Mesopotamia

*nomad – person who regularly moves from place to place in search of food

*domestication – to tame animals and plants for human use

specialization – the development of different kinds of jobs

civilization – complex society with cities, organized government, art, religion, class divisions, and a writing system

*irrigation -  method of bringing water to a field from another place to water crops

city-state - independent state made up of a city and the surrounding land and villages

cuneiform - Sumerian system of writing made up of wedge-shaped markings

division of labor/specialization of labor – different types of jobs to fit the skills of each person

*agriculture – growing crops for human use or farming

ziggurat – a temple built for worship in ancient Mesopotamia

Hammurabi’s Code – collection of laws created by Hammurabi that covered almost every aspect of daily life

*Mesopotamia – land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

*Sumer – a city in Mesopotamia

Babylon – a city on the Euphrates River that was home to Hammurabi

*words that will be on the quiz Friday

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Map Skills

Continent- a principal/ HUGE landmass on earth, earth has 7

Latitude – parallel lines around the earth

Longitude – lines that run from the North Pole to the South Pole

Hemispheres - two parts of the earth divided by the equator (Northern & Southern)

Prime Meridian – the line that connects the North Pole and the South Pole

Equator – imaginary line that divides the earth

Map Key (or legend) – explains the symbols on the map

Scales – used on maps as a tool for measuring distance

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Sumer Religion – polytheistic (many gods).

Built temples called ziggurats to honor their gods

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Three classes of people: Upper, Middle, & Lower

Upper – king, priests, government officials, & scribes

Middle – artisans, merchants, farmers, & fishers

Lower - slaves

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Sumer’s greatest invention was a writing called cuneiform

A few people learned to write. They were called scribes. Scribers were record keepers.

Invented the sailboat, wheel, bronze, levees & number system based on 60.

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cuneiform

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Hammurabi later became king. Created the Babylonian Empire

An empire is a group of many different lands under one ruler

Known for Hammurabi’s code. It was the first set of laws ever written down.

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Papyrus – reed plant of the Nile Valley; used to make a form of paper

Hieroglyphics – system of writing made up of thousands of picture symbols developed by the ancient Egyptians

Pharaoh – all powerful king in ancient Egypt

Deity – god or goddess

Agriculture - growing crops for human use or farming

Irrigation - method of bringing water to a field from another place to water crops

Domestication - to tame animals and plants for human use

Nile River Valley– river that supported the Egyptian civilization

Dynasty – a line of rulers from one family

Pyramid – a tomb built for Egyptian pharaohs

Mummy – a body tightly wrapped in linen strips

Polytheistic- Belief in more than one god

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Flooded every year from July – October

Gentle not a threat, like Mesopotamia

Could farm very easily

Hot

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Egypt has coastlines on the Mediterranean Sea, the River Nile and the Red Sea. Egypt borders Libya to the west, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, and Sudan to the south.

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Worshiped many deities (or gods)-polytheism

Believed the pharaohs needed a body in the afterlife

After death even better life than present life

Invented embalming to preserve the body of pharaohs

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1. Pharaohs

2. Upper Class (nobles, priests, & gov’t officials)

3. Middle Class (artisans, traders, scribes, shopkeepers)

4. Farmers & Herders (largest group)

5. Unskilled Workers (did physical labor & lived in the city

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Papyrus – a reed plant that grew along the Nile River Valley

Papyrus was used for baskets, sandals, river rafts, & paper

Used geometry to survey land

Hieroglyphics – Egyptian system of writing made up of picture symbols

Each symbol stood for an object or idea. Some stood for sounds like the alphabet.

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Hieroglyphics – Egyptian system of writing made up of picture symbols

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Early on there was 2 kingdoms

(Upper & Lower)

United into one kingdom by 4000 B.C.

(Narmer)

A dynasty was developed. A line of rulers from one family.

Theocracy- political ruler and religious ruler same person

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Monotheism – the belief in one god

Torah –first 5 chapters of the Old Testament

Covenant – agreement

Prophet – person who claims to be instructed by God to share God’s word

Sabbath – weekly day of worship and rest for Jews (Saturday)

Synagogue - Jewish house of worship

Messiah – in Judaism, a deliverer sent by God

Rabbi – Jewish leader and teacher of the Torah

Judaism – monotheistic religion of the Jews

Moses – a prophet of God who was given the Ten Commandments

Abraham – founder of Judaism

Ten Commandments – laws given to Moses by God; part of the Torah

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Abraham-founder of Judaism.

Promised the land of Canaan by God if they worshipped the one true God.

Land dried up and people went to live in Egypt.

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Monsoon – in South Asia, a strong wind that blows one direction in winter and the opposite direction in summer

Subcontinent – large landmass that is part of a continent but distinct from it

Sanskrit – written language developed by the Aryans

Caste – social group a person is born into and cannot change

Hinduism – system of religion that grew out of the religion of the Aryans in ancient India

Brahman – in Hinduism, the universal spirit of which all gods and goddesses are different parts

Reincarnation – rebirth of the soul or spirit in different bodies over time

Dharma – in Hinduism, the divine law that requires people to perform the duties of their caste

Karma – in Hinduism, the good or bad energy a person build up based upon whether he or she lives a good or bad life

Buddhism – religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha; taught that the way to find truth was to give up all desires

Nirvana – in Buddhism, a state of wisdom and freedom from the cycle of rebirth

Indus River Valley – river valley that supported Ancient India

Polytheism – belief in many gods and goddesses

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1. Where did Abraham and his family migrated from?

migrated from mesopotamia Topia and settled in Canaan

2. What is the ancient ancestor of the Israelites?

Abraham's family

3. Who told Abraham and his family to travel to Canaan?

god

4. Why is Canaan called the Promise Land?

God promise to Abraham

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Judaism

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“I am the Lord thy God, thou shalt not have any strange gods before Me.” ...

“Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain.” ...

“Remember to keep holy the Sabbath day.” ...

“Honor thy father and mother.” ...

“Thou shalt not kill.” ...

“Thou shalt not commit adultery.” ...

“Thou shalt not steal.”

“Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor.”

“Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor’s wife.”

“Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor’s goods.”