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Courtship in animals is the behavior by which different species select their partners for reproduction. Usually, the male starts the courtship, and the female chooses to either mate or reject the male based on his performance. This process help females choose which males would be better off to mate with. Males perform courtship behaviors to help attract the females attention, which they show of uniques characteristics about them. It is sort of like a competition between the males to win the female over for mating purposes.

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AgressivePhysical, sniff mare repeatedly

Excessively hyper or antsy behavior

Loud, producing lots of persistent whinnying sounds

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Flehmen is the term used to describe the behavior in which a horse extends its neck, raises its head, and inhales as it rolls its upper lip back, showing its front teeth.

Flehmen response help the stallions to stimulate chemical substance from the mare

(Price,Edward."Princples and Applications or Domestic animals Behavior)

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Libido is the term used to to define the sexual drive or the sexual urge in animals.

GnRH can be used to increase libido or sperm production.

A stallion with a high libido will exhibit an eagerness to mount and attempt to breed a mare.

Stallions exhibit a wide range of libido levels, from zero activity to extreme aggressiveness.

An extremely high or low libido may cause problems.

Low libido stallions are hard to breed and require patience from those handling them.

Young horses with very high libido require extreme caution by the handler . These horses can be very aggressive and hard to control.

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The stallion sniffs the mare's urine to determine her sexual maturity

Most stallions interact with a mare as soon as allowed

Achieve erection within 2 minutes of contact

Most are ready to mount within 5 to 10 seconds after full erection.

Pawing at the ground

vocalising

Sniffing the mare’s external genitalia

Licking the mare

Nuzzling the mare

Biting the mare

Displaying a flehmen reaction

Leaning against the mare,

Rearing

Extruding the penis

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The mare is seasonally polyestrus, having an anovulatory period during the short light days of late fall and early winter, and beginning to ovulate as the days become longer during the winter.

repeatedly approaching the stallion

Frequent urination

Deviating the tail away from the perineum

tanding still with the hind limbs spread apart.

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When a mare is in estrus, the interaction between a mare and a stallion increases to many encounters.

Precopulatory teasing

Stallion approaching a mare increases

Process:
1. Mare is in estrus
2. Stallion approaches mare
3. The mare is in "sawhorse" receptive posture
4. The mare's posture leads the stallion to mount with a  head-to-head approach
6. The stallion moves forward or swings his hips which is a sexual interest for most mares

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Estrus Behavior in Mares, provided by eXtension

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This video, produced by the University of Nebraska, illustrates the normal behavior of mares in estrus. This video was designed to help educate horse breeders on horse breeding management. This video was sponsored in part by My Horse University (http://www.myhorseuniversity.com) based out of Michigan State University Extension.

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Types of Breeding Stallion:
Natural Herd Setting
In natural herd setting, the stallion run in a pasture with a group of mares.

It is more likely to get a mare pregnant.

Risks:

Injury to the stallion.

Stallions may get aggressive with other stallions

Stallions may be stolen or escape when running of a pasture.

Stallions may breed the wrong mare

Confined or Isolated
Horses are placed in a small corral with fence, so they don't get out.
Advantages:

Less risk of injury

Control breeding of mares

Disadvantages:

Insufficient exercise

Stallions may require careful nutrient and exercise

* Types may depend on the time of the year

Reference:
http://equimed.com/health-centers/reproductive-care/articles/basic-techniques-of-handling-stallions

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After ejaculation, the stallion simply relaxes on the back of the mare.

The stallion may feel rocky and the mare is supportive during that period.

In many situation, dismounting can be a difficult step for many stallions.

Some stallions rush to dismount after ejaculation

Older stallions find it more difficult specially in hard surfaces

Some dismount during ejaculation

Reference: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fd11/f5e1bfd3abd33b14478a8ca1ddff728c4f9b.pdf

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Normal gestation length in mares averages 340 days

Preparation before the mare's expected foaling date (EFD)

Six weeks - one month before EFD give the mare a tetanus toxoid booster

Two weeks before EFD, remove cassocks (vulvar stitches) if the mare has one

Prepare the place where the mare will give birth

Three stages of parturition
1. Mare is showing signs of anxiousness such as sweating, moving around, kicking, etc.
2. Mare's water breaks. Nose should appear, then shoulders, then the hardest part which is the rest of the body
3. Placental cleansing where the mare will rest for 20 minutes

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First the mother cleans the foal

She licks the coat of her foal: licking does more than clean it, it also stimulates and provides bond and build realation between the mother and her foal.This is a very important stage after birth.

Due to stress level etc, Sometimes a foal will be rejected by its mother or even be attacked.

Within a couple of hours the foal will stand and walk around.

As soon as it is standing it will take its first important drink from its mothers milk, this will provide it with Colostrum

A mare will stay by her foal always during the first few months and is always looking out for dangers