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The Australian night sky is clear most of the year.There are several constellations, or groups of stars, that are visible only in the Southern Hemisphere. One of these is the Southern Cross, or Crux.

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Australia is very crowded on their beaches.  It's common to see young people surfing.In 1985, scientists discovered that the ozone over Antarctica was thinning. They called this thin patch an ozone hole.The thinning of the ozone layer has created health problems for Australians.

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Australia was separated from the rest of the continents a very long time ago. Its plants and animals were isolated. They developed without contact with other species elsewhere. Within Australia, however, plants and animals adapted to a wide variety of climates. As a result, some native species have disappeared.

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As you recall, Australia is in the Southern Hemisphere. Its seasons are the opposite of those in the northern half of the world.Warm days and beautiful beaches attract tourists from north of the equator.The reversed seasons give Australians another advantage. Countries such as the United States and Japan import out-of-season flowers and fruit.

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SVS: Australia: Showing the Changing Seasons

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SeaWiFS false color data showing seasonal change in the oceans and on land for Australia. The data is seasonally averaged, and shows spring, summer, fall, winter, spring, summer, and fall.

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33.4 New relationships with near neighbors

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33.4 New relationships with near neighbors

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After independence, Australians adopted a “white Australia” immigration policy. The purpose of that policy was to keep people of color from entering the country. The “white Australia” policy ended in the 1970s. Sometimes this has led to tension between ethnic groups. But the main result has been the creation of a lively plural society.

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Australia's first people are known as Aborigines.  In 1770, a British sea captain named James Cook discovered Australia while exploring the South Pacific. The loss of the American colonies created a problem for British prisons.

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Australia is the only country in the world that is also a continent. It is set off from the rest of the world by the vast Pacific and Indian oceans. Australia also has one of the most diverse collections of flora and fauna in the world. About 200 million years ago, all the land was joined in one super continent.

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The introduction is As you know, the absolute location of a place describes its exact position on Earth. Canberra, the capital of Australia, is located at 35°S latitude and 149°E longitude. The letters S and E refer to hemispheres. In contrast, the relative location of a place describes where it is in relation to other places.