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Here's Something New...
- Antibodies can have different properties. So-called binding antibodies simply attach to part of HIV and may or may not have antiviral effects.
- Besides, outer envelope of HIV is important for stimulating neutralizing antibodies.
- HIV continually evolves because of genetic mutation and recombination. Thus, researches must estimate the significance of strain variation within individuals and among populations when developing HIV vaccines.
-Once HIV infection becomes established in one body, however, the virus continually undergoes changes, and many variants may arise within an infected person.

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Here I have some interesting and beneficial information that I would like to share...
1. AGE
- When the age increases, the progression of AIDS will be much slower.
- CD$ T-cells are replaced at a slower rate as age increases, largely because the thymus gland generates fewer new, naive CD4 T-cells.
- Another possibilities is that, with increasing age, there are lower levels of chemokines to interfere with HIV's ability to infect CD4 T-cells.

2. INFECTION ROUTE
- Blood transfusion and drug injection causes high clinical progression and mortality of diseases.

3. PREGNANCY
- Viral load increases in the twelve weeks after giving birth, even in women on stable antiretroviral therapy, and that viral load gradually increases thereafter.

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I want to share some interesting facts and updated informations about HIV that i have read from the World Health Organization(WHO) webpage. I hope this extra informations can help us to be more aware on virus.

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HIV remains one of the world's most significant public health challenges, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.

As a result of advances in access to antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-positive people now live longer and healthier lives. In addition, it has been confirmed that ART prevents onward transmission of HIV.

An estimated 29.8 million people were receiving HIV treatment in 2022. Globally, 76% of the 39.0 million people living with HIV in 2022 were receiving ART.

Progress has also been made in preventing and eliminating mother-to-child transmission and keeping mothers alive. In 2022, 82% of all pregnant women living with HIV, or 1.2 million women, received antiretrovirals (ARVs).

WHO has released a set of normative guidelines and provides support to countries in formulating and implementing policies and programmes to improve and scale up HIV prevention, testing, treatment, monitoring, care and support services for all people in need.

This fact file provides current data on the disease, and ways to prevent and treat it.

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HIV remains one of the world's most significant public health challenges, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. As a result of advances in access to antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-positive people now live longer and healthier lives. In addition, it has been confirmed that ART prevents onward transmission of HIV.

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hi everyone, i want to share a little bit to all of you about the replication of HIV.

As we know,HIV is a retrovirus. This  means it carries single-stranded RNA is its genetic material rather. Retroviruses also have the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which allow it to copy RNA into DNA and use that DNA "copy" to infect human, or host

First, it attaches and fuses with the host cell. Then the viral RNA is converted into DNA and the virus uses the host cell’s machinery to replicate itself during a process called reverse transcription. The new copies of HIV then leave the host cell and move on to infect other cells.

i also paste the clear image of the replicate stages of HIV

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Wow guys so I have been thinking what info i want to share with you guys and I think the history of HIV is very interesting! I mean do you guys ever wonder where HIV originated from? I don't know if you guys knew already but scientists actually suspected that HIV originated from chimpanzees and when the virus infected the humans, they mutated. Heres the link :

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HIV crossed from chimps to humans in the 1920s in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo. This was probably as a result of chimps carrying the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV), a virus closely related to HIV, being hunted and eaten by people living in the area.

The origin of the Human Immunodifiency Virus (HIV) has been a subject of scientific research and debate since the virus was identified in the 1980s. There is now a wealth of evidence on how, when and where HIV first began to cause illness in humans.

You can find out more about the origins and history of HIV through our interactive timeline, where you can read, watch, listen and explore key events from the history of the epidemic.

The link between HIV and SIV

HIV is a type of lentivirus, which means it attacks the immune system. In a similar way, the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) attacks the immune systems of monkeys and apes. 1

Research found that HIV is related to SIV and there are many similarities between the two viruses. HIV-1 is closely related to a strain of SIV found in chimpanzees, and HIV-2 is closely related to a strain of SIV found in sooty mangabeys. 2

Did HIV come from monkeys?

In 1999, researchers found a strain of SIV (called SIVcpz) in a chimpanzee that was almost identical to HIV in humans.

The researchers who discovered this connection concluded that it proved chimpanzees were the source of HIV-1, and that the virus had at some point crossed species from chimps to humans. 3

The same scientists then conducted more research into how SIV could have developed in the chimps. They discovered that the chimps had hunted and eaten two smaller species of monkeys (red-capped mangabeys and greater spot-nosed monkeys). These smaller monkeys infected the chimps with two different strains of SIV.

The two different SIV strains then joined together to form a third virus (SIVcpz) that could be passed on to other chimps. This is the strain that can also infect humans. 4

How did HIV cross from chimps to humans?

The most commonly accepted theory is that of the 'hunter'. In this scenario, SIVcpz was transferred to humans as a result of chimps being killed and eaten, or their blood getting into cuts or wounds on people in the course of hunting. 5 Normally, the hunter's body would have fought off SIV, but on a few occasions the virus adapted itself within its new human host and became HIV-1.

There are four main groups of HIV strains (M, N, O and P), each with a slightly different genetic make-up. This supports the hunter theory because every time SIV passed from a chimpanzee to a human, it would have developed in a slightly different way within the human body, and produced a slightly different strain. This explains why there is more than one strain of HIV-1. 6

The most studied strain of HIV is HIV-1 Group M, which is the strain that has spread throughout the world and is responsible for the vast majority of HIV infections today.

How did HIV-2 get passed to humans?

HIV-2 comes from SIVsmm in sooty mangabey monkeys rather than chimpanzees. 7 The crossover to humans is believed to have happened in a similar way (through the butchering and consumption of monkey meat).

It is far rarer, and less infectious than HIV-1. As a result, it infects far fewer people, and is mainly found in a few countries in West Africa like Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria and Sierra Leone. 8

When and where did HIV start in humans?

Studies of some of the earliest known samples of HIV provide clues about when it first appeared in humans and how it evolved. The first verified case of HIV is from a blood sample taken in 1959 from a man living in what is now Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The sample was retrospectively analysed and HIV detected. There are numerous earlier cases where patterns of deaths from common opportunistic infections, now known to be AIDS-defining, suggest that HIV was the cause, but this is the earliest incident where a blood sample can verify infection. 9

Did HIV start in Africa?

Using the earliest known sample of HIV, scientists have been able to create a 'family-tree' ancestry of HIV transmission, allowing them to discover where HIV started.

Their studies concluded that the first transmission of SIV to HIV in humans took place around 1920 in Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo). 10

The same area is known for having the most genetic diversity in HIV strains in the world, reflecting the number of different times SIV was passed to humans. Many of the first cases of AIDS were recorded there too.

How did HIV spread from Kinshasa?

The area around Kinshasa is full of transport links, such as roads, railways and rivers. The area also had a growing sex trade around the time that HIV began to spread. The high population of migrants and sex trade might explain how HIV spread along these infrastructure routes. By 1937, it had reached Brazzaville, about 120km west of Kinshasa.

The lack of transport routes into the North and East of the country accounts for the significantly fewer reports of infections there at the time. 11

By 1980, half of all infections in DR Congo were in locations outside of the Kinshasa area, reflecting the growing epidemic. 12

Why is Haiti significant?

In the 1960s, the 'B' subtype of HIV-1 (a subtype of strain M) had made its way to Haiti. At this time, many Haitian professionals who were working in the colonial Democratic Republic of Congo during the 1960s returned to Haiti. 13 Initially, they were blamed for being responsible for the HIV epidemic, and suffered severe racism, stigma and discrimination as a result.

HIV-1 subtype M is now the most geographically spread subtype of HIV internationally. By 2014, this subtype had caused 75 million infections. 14

What happened in the 1980s in the USA?

People sometimes say that HIV started in the 1980s in the United States of America (USA), but in fact this was just when people first became aware of HIV and it was officially recognised as a new health condition.

In 1981, a few cases of rare diseases were being reported among gay men in New York and California, such as Kaposi's Sarcoma (a rare cancer) and a lung infection called PCP. 15 16 No one knew why these cancers and opportunistic infections were spreading, but they concluded that there must be an infectious 'disease' causing them.

At first the disease was called all sorts of names relating to the word 'gay'. 17 It wasn't until mid-1982 that scientists realised the 'disease' was also spreading among other populations such as haemophiliacs and heroin users. 18 19 By September that year, the 'disease' was finally named AIDS. 20

It was only in 1983 that the HIV virus was isolated and identified by researchers at the Pasteur Institute in France. Originally called Lymphadenopathy-Associated Virus (or LAV) the virus was confirmed as the cause of AIDS, when scientists working at the USA National Cancer Institute isolated the same virus and called it HTLV-III. LAV and HTLV-III were later acknowledged to be the same.

What is the 'Four-H-Club'?

In 1983, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in the United States listed the main at-risk groups, including partners of people with AIDS, people who inject drugs, haemophiliacs and people who have recently been to Haiti. At the time that cases of AIDS began to emerge in the USA, the absence of definitive information about HIV and its link to AIDS, inflated the panic and stigma surrounding the epidemic. Before long people began to talk colloquially of a "4-H Club" at risk of AIDS: homosexuals, haemophiliacs, heroin addicts and Haitians, contributing to further stigmatisation. 21
Photo credit: ©Flickr/Joseph King

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HIV crossed from chimps to humans in the 1920s in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo. This was probably as a result of chimps carrying the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV), a virus closely related to HIV, being hunted and eaten by people living in the area.

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HIV infection is one of the serious life-threatening health concerns worldwide. Consequently, many people lose their lives if they do not diagnose and treat it promptly. There are three stages of HIV;
1) Acute HIV Infection,
2) Chronic HIV Infection, and
3) AIDS.
The different stages of HIV infection determine the risk of infecting other people and your life as well.

Here Are the 10 Early Warning Signs of HIV Infection:

1. Mouth Ulcers
2. Muscle and Joint Pain
3. A Sore Throat
4. Swollen Lymph Nodes
5. Night Sweats
6. Diarrhoea
7. Rashes
8. Fever
9. Growing Tired and Fatigue
10. Headache

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Requires the transfer of, @ direct contact with, infected body fluids.

Routes of HIV transmission includes:
~intimate sexual contact
~breast milk
~transplacental infection of a fetus
~blood contaminated needles
~organ transplants
~blood transfusion
~artificial insemination

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Here is a video about the life cycle of HIV virus that i found very interesting and informative. I really hope that this short video will help you to understand more about the HIV virus :)

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HIV life cycle:  How HIV infects a cell and replicates itself using reverse transcriptase

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HIV is a virus spread through certain body fluids that attacks the body’s immune system, specifically the CD4 cells, often called T cells. Over time, HIV can destroy so many of these cells that the body can’t fight off infections and disease.

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1)Chemotherapy
Increasing number of drugs at least temporarily control reproduction of virus.
*Major obstacles to treating HIV, as with the developing a vaccine is = high mutation rate that quickly leads to resistant strains and the persistence of latent viral reservoirs.
2) Fusion/ Cell entry inhibitors
These drugs will blocks the fusion of HIV with the cell and prevent viral entry.
Eg; enfurvirtide target the gp41 region of viral envelope, which facilitates fusion.
3) Reverse Trancriptase Inhibitors
antiretroviral drugs
-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI)- terminate viral DNA by competitive inhibition, analogue as nucleoside.
-current treatment: Highly Active Anttiretroviral Therapy (HAART)

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HIV tests are used to detect the presence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), in serum, saliva, or urine. Such tests may detect antibodies, antigens, or RNA.

1. Antibody test
2. Antigen tests
3. Antigen/Antibody Combination tests
4. Nucleic acid-based tests (NAT)
5. Screening

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Showing a Positive instant home HIV test

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Stage 1 : Acute HIV infection

- 2 to 4 weeks after infection with HIV

- Experiences flu-like illness which may last for a few weeks.

- When have accute HIV AIDS Action,  they have a large amount of virus in their blood & are very contagious.

Stage 2 : Clinical latency(HIV inactivity and dormancy)

- asymptomatic HIV infection or chronic HIV infection

- HIV still active but reproduced at very low levels

- people may not have any symptoms or get sick

Stage 3 : Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

- most severe phase of HIV infection

- without treatment, people with AIDS can only survive about 3 years