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Nada, Nadie, Nunca, Jamás, Ninguno, in sentences which are affirmative in meaning and shape

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Nada, Nadie, Nunca, Jamás, Ninguno, in sentences which are affirmative in meaning and shape

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Depending on a situation we use them. They are negative words but can be used in affirmative sentences after comparisons, in expressions of doubts, denegations, impossibilities, etc.

Mas que nada, es guapo. = More than anything, he is handosome.
Quiere a su mujer mas que a nadie = He loves his wife more than anyone else.
Es dudoso que nadie haya visto nada= It is doubtful whether anyone has seen anything.
Se negó a pedir ayuda. = He refused to ask for help.
Es imposible vender nada de estas cosas. = It is impossible to sell anything of this stuff.

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In Spanish if the word "ninguno" follows the verb, then we must apply the double negation structure, while in English, we already know we cannot use doble negation.

No lo hizo ninguno de ellos. = None of them did it.

In Spanish when "ninguno" or "ninguna" are used as adjectives, they drop the final "o" if the noun which comes is masculine and the final "a" if the noun coming later is feminine.

En ningún lado vi la llave. = I saw the key nowhere.
Ningún atleta es lo suficientemente bueno. = No athlete is good enough.

The plural "ningunos" and "ningunas" seldom appears, unless they are followed by a noun which is always plural.

Ningunos análisis tienen buenos resultados.
=No analysis has good results.

Ningunas síntesis son mías.
= No synthesis is mine.

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In Spanish if "ni" follows the verb which is making reference to, the same verb must be negated.

No hemos comprando ni mi madre ni yo.

In English, we change the structure of the sentence and make use of the words "neither... nor".

Neither my mum not me have bought.

In Spanish we can repeat the word "ni" when we are making a sequence, while in English, we make use of the structure "neither" at the beginning and "nor" only once at the end of a sequence.

No han visto ni a Paul, ni a Rachel, ni a Edward, ni a Mary.
= Neither Paul, Rachel, Edward nor Mary have been seen.

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In Spanish all the constituents of a sentence must be negated but in English it cannot happen.

No debes decir nada al respecto. = You should never say anything on the matter.

In Spanish if there is  negative word after the verb, there must also come a negative word before the verb. If we did the same in English, we would create confusion so we avoid it.

No vi a nadie. = I saw nobody.

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The English word "no" is multifunctional and may have different meanings in Spanish.

No comments. = Sin comentarios
No cash. = No tengo efectivo.
No chance = No hay chance.
No way = De ninguna manera.
No parking = Prohibido estacionar.

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In Spanish, the word "no" usually precedes the word it negates, but if there's an objective pronoun, it cannot be separated from the verb.

No hagas eso.
No le hagas eso.

in English, we need an auxiliary to form the negation, and when adding an objective pronoun, we may need the presence of the particle "to" after the direct object.

Do not do that.
Do not do that to him.

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Negation is a language universal.

Every language has a different way of expressing negation

"Negation always involves the addition of an overt morpheme to an affirmative clause” (Lindstad 2007:24).

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It may occur when a prefix is attached  to a word to make it negative.

Estoy en desacuerdo con tu oferta.

There are other two types of syntactic negations:

* Using the adverb "no" to modify the main verb of the sentence.

Marcos no vino a casa.

* Using a negative word or phrase like "nadie", "ningún", "en mi vida", etc.

Nadie vino a mi fiesta.
Ninguno la vio.
En mi vida comí sushi.

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It may occur that just a part of the clause is negated through the use of negative prefixes and suffixes.

Alan was unkind and so was Brian.

It may also occur that the whole close is negated through two ways:

* Using the auxiliary do plus "not".

Paula doesn't speak French.

* Using no-verbal negation (with words like no, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, no one.)

Nobody saw the man.