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-  Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Nathaniel Hawthorne.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 30 June 2018, www.britannica.com/biography/Nathaniel-Hawthorne.
- "The Scarlet Letter" by Nathaniel Hawthorne
- “Nathaniel Hawthorne Facts.” Math, www.softschools.com/facts/authors/nathaniel_hawthorne_facts/2812/.
- Shmoop Editorial Team. “The Scarlet Letter.” Shmoop, Shmoop University, 11 Nov. 2008, www.shmoop.com/scarlet-letter/.
- “The Puritan Daily Life: Research Topic Ideas on Life as a Puritan in the Colonies.” Bright Hub Education, 13 Apr. 2015, www.brighthubeducation.com/history-homework-help/112142-daily-life-of-a-puritan-colonist/.
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Two of Nathaniel Hawthorne's Major Novels

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Two of Nathaniel Hawthorne's Major Novels

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- "The Scarlet Letter
- A woman named Hester Prynne has a illegitimate child while her husband has been away for 2 years.
- Hester is forced to wear a scarlet letter on her dress as a punishment for her adultery.
- Her husband Roger Chillingworth becomes obsessed with finding the identity of Hester's lover.
- Her lover Arthur Dimmesdale starts to feel guilty for not coming forward as the father of Hester's daughter and her lover. He starts to become broken because of his overwhelming guilt, this guilt ends up killing him.
-"The Marble Faun"
- Three American art students travel to Italy.
- They become involved in a murder of a person they do not know.
- Two of them become adults from the sin of the connection with the murder.
- Their involvement in the murder makes them more aware of life.

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- Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts on July 4, 1804. He is the son and grandson of New England seafarers or sailors or someone who worked on a ship.
- Hawthorne decided to add a 'w' to his surname because of his great-great grandfather being a Salem Witch Trial judge, and Hawthorne wanted nothing to do with his family's history.
- Hawthorne graduated in 1825 from Bowdoin College and published his first novel in 1828 called "Fanshawe."
- Writing did not always pay the bills so Hawthorne had to take a job at the Boston Custom House.
- In 1972 Hawthorne married Sophia Peabody and had three children with her, two daughters and a son. Una his first daughter was born in 1844, then his son Julian was born in 1846, and Rose his youngest child was born in 1851.
- Nathaniel Hawthorne was given a job in Salem as a surveyor but he soon came to loose that job which then led him to write "The Scarlet Letter.
- In his latter years in life he aged quickly and became unwell. Nathaniel Hawthorne died on May 19, 1864 at Plymouth, New Hampshire.

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Hester Prynne isolates herself from the rest of the community because of the way she is ridiculed for the sin she has committed and she because an outcast of the community. Her isolation empowers, but also at the same time makes her lose a sense of humanity because she is cut off from the rest of society. Also, Dimmesdale isolates himself because he punishes himself for the sin he nobody knew he committed because he doesn't socialize with anyone in the community outside of worship, causing him to dwell in his guilt and spiral into demise.

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Puritan 17th Century Massachusetts Bay Colony 

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Puritan 17th Century Massachusetts Bay Colony 

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The Massachusetts Bay Colony was one of the original English settlements, settled in 1630 by about 1,000 Puritans. When they settled the colony the placed god and church at the center of their lives. The minister of these colonies were seen as very highly respected and influential people of the colony. Most homes built in the colony were single room mud homes with thatched roofs. For females there voice was limited in the community they were not allowed to vote and could not make decisions in the church. Females worked at home and and in the garden or farm. Males however, were aloud to vote if they followed the church and were "chosen" to vote. Males had a multitude of jobs they could have ranging from a minister to a farmer or a hunter to a surveyor.

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Puritan 17th Century Massachusetts Bay Colony 

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Puritan 17th Century Massachusetts Bay Colony 

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In the Puritan 17th Century Massachusetts Bay Colony literacy rates were very high because parents wanted their children to be able to read the bible, so schools were mandatory in the Puritan colonies. Puritans had to attend church at least two times a week and members of the church had to pay tithes or taxes to church and attend regularly. Punishment in the Puritan colony was based on God's laws and if you did not follow them you would be punished for your sins. Punishment for not following God's laws was very harsh for instance there were hangings, public whippings, cutting off ears, boring holes in tongues, and stockades.

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Symbolism: The Red Mark On Dimmesdale's Chest

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Symbolism: The Red Mark On Dimmesdale's Chest

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We don't know how Dimmesdale got the mark on his chest, it could have been from when he went to the secret room and whipped himself, he could have carved it in his chest there himself or it could have arose from his chest from the all the guilt that was inside him. Nevertheless, the red mark on Dimmesdale's chest represents his guilt for not coming forward about being Hester's lover and Pearl's father. This symbol of guilt is permanent unlike Hester's symbol which can be taken off her dress, meaning that Hester can overcome her guilt unlike Dimmesdale. Dimmesdale's guilt is so permanent and throbbing that it begins to break Dimmesdale to the point where he is so broken it drives him to death.

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Pearl is the living and breathing creation of Hester Prynne's sin of adultery, she is the scarlet letter. Pearl is the price Hester had to pay for committing her sin, but the price Hester had to pay for is not all bad. Pearl's presence in Hester's life allows her to focus on the care of the child and helps her to evade from her sin and helps her to not commit further sin. Even though Hester has had to pay a great price for having Pearl in her life, the price is well worth it because it allows her to escape from the ridicule of her sin.

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Hypocrisy is one of the book's themes because Arthur Dimmesdale a Puritan minister that has to lead the community worship where the people see him as a saint who walks among them on Earth. But in reality he is a hypocrite because he talks of how sin is unwelcome in the Puritan community and those who do sin should be punished for their sin. However, Dimmesdale is hiding his sins of lying about committing adultery with Hester Prynne producing an illegitimate child. His Hypocrisy leads to Dimmesdale's demise because it cause him to feel overwhelmed with guilt and anguish over the sins he has committed but not admitted to.