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TVCF Productions, Margaret Goodman 2017, Korean TV Commercials_Kim Go Eun CF Compilation 2016 #1.mp4, 15 October, 20 November 2018,
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8HmkXET5uuw>

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Korean TV Commercials _ Kim Go Eun CF Compilation 2016 #1.mp4

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Damien Hirst, DH, 2018, "Damien Hirst-Damien Hirst", Damien Hirst, viewed on 20 november 2018, http://www.damienhirst.com/home

Although he is a visual artist that focus mostly on creating realistic animal aquariums, as if displaying in a natural museum, he has a famous line of work called "Steak and Kidney";  he mocks the people and the pharmacy industry by creating huge packaging of medicine-like substance (vitamins and pills) and changing their name to the equivalent found in a most natural form (as food)
https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/hirst-steak-and-kidney-p11643

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Damien Hirst (b.1965) is a British contemporary artist. His varied practice explores the complex relationships between art, religion, science, life and death.

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Skittles, Chris Helmbrecht 2006, Russian Skittles Commercial, 16 November, 20 November 2018,
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=leVxa8l684o>

Russians have the tendancy of making their commecials funny, I particulary liked this one

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Terence Cullen, TC 2018, Let's not forget all the horrible things Kim Jong Un has done in North Korea, Daily News, 20 November 2018,
<https://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/ny-news-kim-korea-atrocities-20180612-story.html>

Horrible things Kim has already done

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Let's not forget all the horrible things Kim Jong Un has done in North Korea - NY Daily News

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President Trump heaped praise on North Korean strongman Kim Jong Un, commending him as a dedicated leader who's beloved in his isolated homeland.

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Alessandro Martins, AM, 2015"

Artista Cildo Meireles ensina a fazer coquetel molotov em garrafa de Coca-cola ", Gazeta do Povo, viewed 20 november 2018, https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/blogs/o-transgressor/artista-cildo-meireles-ensina-a-fazer-coquetel-molotov-em-garrafa-de-coca-cola/

"Em plena ditadura militar, o artista plástico Cildo Meireles aplicava decalques em silk-screen em garrafas retornáveis de Coca Cola que, então, voltavam à circulação com mensagens que questionavam o regime milico ou mesmo com instruções para fazer um coquetel molotov.

Nas garrafas vazias as mensagens ficavam praticamente invisíveis. Quando as garrafas voltavam à circulação, traziam as mensagens bem visíveis, em contraste com o líquido escuro, para os consumidores do produto.

A ideia era usar a própria estrutura consumista para denunciar o regime apoiado por esse sistema de consumo."- Alessandro Martins

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Alessandro Martins, AM, 2015"

Artista Cildo Meireles ensina a fazer coquetel molotov em garrafa de Coca-cola ", Gazeta do Povo, viewed 20 november 2018, https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/blogs/o-transgressor/artista-cildo-meireles-ensina-a-fazer-coquetel-molotov-em-garrafa-de-coca-cola/

"Outra intervenção importante foi carimbar notas de baixo valor com os dizeres “Quem matou Herzog?” logo depois de o regime que prendeu o jornalista Vladimir Herzog jurar que ele tinha se suicidado, inclusive montando a cena toda.

Assim, apesar da lei do silêncio a respeito do acontecido, o questionamento estaria circulando entre a população.

Mesmo aqueles que não soubessem de quem se tratava esse tal de Vladimir, passariam, a partir do momento em que recebessem a nota, a se perguntar sobre o tema." Alessandro Martins

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Biography.com Editors, BE 2014, Kim Jong-un Biography: Military Leader, Dictator, A&E Television Networks, 20 November 2018,
<https://www.biography.com/people/kim-jong-un-21125351>

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Early Life

The birthdate and early childhood of North Korean leader Kim Jong-un is shrouded in mystery. It is known that he is the third and youngest son of Korean military leader Kim Jong-il (also written Jong Il), who, under the Communist Worker's Party, had ruled North Korea since 1994; and the grandson of Kim Il-sung, his father's predecessor.

Kim Jong-un's mother was opera singer Ko Young-hee, who had two other children and is thought to have campaigned for Kim Jong-un to be his father's successor before her death in 2004. Kim Jong-il reportedly took a liking to Kim Jong-un, noting that he saw in the youth a temperament similar to himself. It is also thought that Kim Jong-un may have been educated abroad in Switzerland before attending the Kim Il-sung Military University (named after his grandfather) in the capital of Pyongyang in the mid-2000s.

Kim Jong-il began to prepare Kim Jong-un for succession to leadership in 2010. Upon his father's death in December 2011, Kim Jong-un assumed power. He was believed to be in his late 20s at the time.

Suppression of Opposition

After Kim assumed supreme leadership of North Korea, he reportedly executed or removed many senior officials that he had inherited from his father's regime. Among those purged was his own uncle, Jang Song-thaek (also known as Chang Sŏng-t'aek), who is believed to have played an important role during Kim Kim Jong-il's rule and had been considered one of Kim Jong-un's top advisers.

In December 2013, Jang was reportedly arrested and executed for being a traitor and plotting to overthrow the government. It is also believed that members of Jang's family were executed as part of the purge.

In February 2017, Kim's older half-brother Kim Jong-nam died in Malaysia. Although many details remained unclear, it was believed he was poisoned at Kuala Lumpur airport, and multiple suspects were arrested. Kim Jong-nam had been living in exile for many years, during which time he served as a vocal critic of his half-brother's regime.

Weapons Testing

Under Kim Jong-un's authority, North Korea continued its weapons-testing programs. Though agreeing in February 2012 to halt nuclear testing and to a cessation on long-range missile launching, in April 2012 the country launched a satellite that failed shortly after takeoff. Then, in December of the same year, the government launched a long-range rocket that put a satellite in orbit. The U.S. government believed that these launches were meant to cover up work and testing on ballistic missile technology.

In February 2013, North Korea held its third underground nuclear test. The act was roundly condemned by the international community, including the United States, Russia, Japan and China. In the face of further sanctions, analysts stated that Kim's continued focus on armament while calling for U.S. peace talks was a strategy of positioning North Korea as a formidable entity and cementing his standing as a regional leader.

By September 2016, the country reportedly conducted its fifth underground nuclear test, despite a history of sanctions imposed by the U.S. Other countries staunchly denounced the move and called for North Korea's denuclearization, with South Korean president Park Geun-hye particularly concerned about the security implications of the continued weapons testing and Kim's mental state.

In February 2017, North Korea launched what its state media described as a medium long-range ballistic missile, with Kim said to be present at the site to supervise. The test sparked more outrage from the international community and calls for an urgent U.N. Security Council meeting.

Kim notably butted heads with Donald Trump after the latter's election to the U.S. presidency in November 2016. The two exchanged numerous threats of warfare, and even took to personally insulting the other. In November 2017, during a stop on a tour of Asia, President Trump took a softer stance, urging North Korea to "come to the table" to discuss disarmament.

After the conclusion of Trump's tour, North Korean officials said the regime would continue to expand its nuclear capabilities as long as South Korea and the U.S engaged in joint military exercises. Kim punctuated that statement by calling Trump a "depraved and stupid guy," and the U.S. president responded on November 20 by officially designating North Korea as a state sponsor of terrorism.

In late November, North Korea crossed another threshold with the launch of its Hwasong-15 missile, which reached a height of approximately 2,800 miles above ground, before splashing down off the coast of Japan. Afterward, Kim declared that North Korea had "finally realized the great historic cause of completing the state nuclear force."

U.S. Defense Secretary James Mattis admitted that the test missile soared "higher, frankly, frankly, than any previous shot they have taken" and confirmed that North Korea was now capable of reaching any location on the planet with a strike. The launch drew swift condemnation from Japan and South Korea, while President Trump tersely noted, "We will take care of it."

In April 2018, before his summit with President Moon Jae-in of South Korea, Kim announced that he would suspend the country's nuclear and missile testing and shut down the site where the previous six nuclear tests were held. "We no longer need any nuclear test or test launches of intermediate and intercontinental range ballistic missiles, and because of this the northern nuclear test site has finished its mission," he said, according to the Korean Central News Agency.

Relations With South Korea

Kim struck a measured tone during his New Year's Day speech to open 2018, in which he stressed the need to "lower the military tensions on the Korean Peninsula" and suggested he would send a delegation to compete in the upcoming Winter Olympics in PyeongChang, South Korea. Nevertheless, he made sure to issue one of his usual threats to his overseas antagonists, warning the U.S. that "the button for nuclear weapons is on my table."

His overtures, viewed by some analysts as an attempt to drive a wedge between U.S.-South Korea relations, were welcomed by his neighbors: "We have always stated our willingness to talk with North Korea any time and anywhere if that would help restore inter-Korean relations and lead to peace on the Korean peninsula," said a spokesman for South Korean President Moon.

On January 9, 2018, representatives from North and South Korea met at the Panmunjom truce village, on the border between the two countries, for their first discussions in more than two years. The talks led to an arrangement in which North Korea would participate in the following month's Winter Olympics.

"The North said that they will send a high-level delegation, including Olympic committee representatives, athletes, a cheering squad, an art performance group, spectators, taekwondo demonstrators and press," reported South Korean vice minister of unification Chun Hae-sung.

Along with its delegation, North Korea made its mark on the Games with the high-profile appearance of Kim Yo-jong, the leader's younger sister and the first member of the North's ruling family to visit South Korea. She offered hope for peace during a dinner with President Moon, saying, "Here's to hoping that we could see the pleasant people (of the South) again in Pyeongchang and bring closer the future where we are one again."

Shortly after the conclusion of the Olympics, two of President Moon's top aides traveled to Pyongyang for the first visit by South Korean officials since Kim took power in 2011. Although few details about the discussions emerged, the meeting did produce plans for a summit between the North and South Korean leaders at the demilitarized zone separating the two countries.

Summit with South Korean President

On April 27, 2018, Kim and Moon met at Panmunjom and crossed over to the South Korean side, the first time a North Korean ruler had done so. The partly televised meeting was marked by moments of levity, with Kim jokingly apologizing for interrupting his counterpart's sleep with late-night missile testing.

But they also addressed the serious matters at hand, discussing a possible conference with the U.S. and China that would formally end the Korean War, as well as efforts to do away with the nuclear weapons that Kim's regime had been developing. "South and North Korea confirmed the common goal of realizing, through complete denuclearization, a nuclear-free Korean Peninsula," read a statement signed by both leaders.

Visit to China

In late March 2018, a green train pulled into the central station of Beijing, China, bearing hallmarks of the armored types previously used by North Korean leaders. It was later confirmed that the train was carrying Kim and his top aides, on what was believed to be his first foreign trip since taking power in 2011.

According to Chinese and North Korean outlets, Kim and Chinese President Xi Jinping held talks at the Great Hall of the People. Additionally, Xi hosted a banquet for Kim and his wife, and treated them to an art performance. Kim reportedly offered the toast, "It is appropriate that my first trip abroad is in China's capital, and my responsibility to consider continuing NK-China relations as valuable as life."

The surprise meeting came shortly before North Korea's scheduled talks with the South, and another historic summit, with the United States, on the horizon.

Meeting with U.S. President Trump

On June 12, 2018, Kim and Trump shook hands at the secluded Capella resort in Singapore, before heading off for private talks with their interpreters. Their meeting, the first between a member of the Kim ruling family and sitting U.S. president, came just weeks after the latest round of belligerent rhetoric threatened to torpedo the effort.

After top staffers joined them for extended discussions, the two leaders signed a joint statement in which Trump "committed to provide security guarantees" to North Korea and Kim "reaffirmed his firm and unwavering commitment to complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula." The statement was short on specifics, though the two men said that negotiations would resume in short order.

"We had a historic meeting and decided to leave the past behind," said Kim at the signing ceremony, noting that "the world will see a major change."

Despite Kim's expressed commitments to the peace process, North Korean factories continued to produce fissile material used in the creation of nuclear weapons. In late July, The Washington Post reported that the regime was potentially building new liquid-fueled intercontinental ballistic missiles, according to U.S. intelligence officials.

Public Persona

In the summer of 2012, it was revealed that Kim had taken a wife, Ri Sol-ju. While the couple's exact wedding date is unknown, one source reported it as 2009. In the months after the marriage was uncovered, the country's first lady frequently appeared in the media-a striking departure from previous protocols. It has also been speculated that the couple has a child.

Kim Jong-un, part of the cyber-generation, is seen as having a more mediagenic style then his father, with the younger Kim having given a New Year's broadcast, taking in musical performances with his wife and being seen as more engaging with soldiers and workers.

He has also embraced more Western cultural tastes, notably highlighted when former American professional basketball player Dennis Rodman paid North Korea a two-day visit in February 2013. During Rodman's stay, Kim accompanied him to watch a basketball game. Rodman claimed that he wanted to help improve relations between the United States and North Korea.

By 2018, when he was extending an olive branch to South Korea for denuclearization talks, Kim was also seeking to portray a kinder, gentler side of himself. The new version of Kim was apparent when he attended a concert for South Korean pop group Red Velvet in Pyongyang, which he called a "present" to his citizens.

Cyber Warfare

North Korea demonstrated its capacity for cyber attacks in 2014 with the release of Sony's The Interview, a Seth Rogen/ James Franco comedy in which a tabloid reporter is recruited to assassinate a fictional Kim. After North Korean authorities railed against the film, the FBI asserted that the country was responsible for a subsequent breach of Sony Pictures files, leading to the release of emails and other private information.

In December 2017, the Trump administration fingered North Korea as the source of the powerful WannaCry computer virus, which had affected approximately 230,000 computers worldwide that year. "This was a reckless attack and it was meant to cause havoc and destruction," said Thomas P. Bossert, Trump's homeland security adviser. He admitted that the U.S. had few means of retaliation left against the already heavily sanctioned country, but said it was nonetheless important to call out North Korea for its cyber crimes.

Economic Plight of North Korea

North Korea has been mired in poverty and economic ruin, with a devastating famine and food shortages in the 1990s. The country also reportedly has a concentration camp system with torturous, horrifying conditions for thousands of prisoners.

Kim has vowed to focus on educational, agricultural and economic reforms for the betterment of North Koreans. Nonetheless, South Korea has asserted that human rights violations have continued within the borders of their northern neighbor, with dozens of officials executed by the state under Kim. In July 2016, the administration of President Barack Obama placed sanctions on Kim for human rights abuses, marking the first time the North Korean leader received a personal sanction from the U.S.

Prison Camps

In December 2017, the International Bar Association published a report describing North Korea's political prison system. According to Thomas Buergenthal, one of the association's three jurists and a survivor of the infamous Auschwitz camp in Nazi Germany, Kim's prisoners endured conditions that were unmatched in their brutality.

"I believe that the conditions in the [North] Korean prison camps are as terrible, or even worse, than those I saw and experienced in my youth in these Nazi camps and in my long professional career in the human rights field," he said.

The panel heard from former prisoners, prison guards and others as part of their investigation into North Korea's prison system from 1970 to 2006. They concluded that Kim's political prison camps were guilty of 10 of the 11 internationally recognized war crimes, including murder, enslavement and sexual violence.

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Kim Jong-un and Donald Trump met for a historic 5 hours of talks, signing a joint statement where the North Korean leader "reaffirmed his firm and unwavering commitment to complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula," while the U.S. president agreed to "provide security guarantees" to North Korea.

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Biography.com Editors, BE 2014, Donald Trump Biography, A&E Television Networks, 20 November 2018,
<https://www.biography.com/people/donald-trump-9511238>

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Who Is Donald Trump?

Donald John Trump is the 45th and current President of the United States; he took office January 20, 2017. Previously, he was a real estate mogul, and a former reality TV star.

Born in Queens, New York, in 1971, Trump became involved in large, profitable building projects in Manhattan. In 1980, he opened the Grand Hyatt New York, which made him the city's best-known developer.

In 2004, Trump began starring in the hit NBC reality series The Apprentice, which also spawned the offshoot The Celebrity Apprentice. Trump turned his attention to politics, and in 2015 he announced his candidacy for president of the United States on the Republican ticket.

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After winning a majority of the primaries and caucuses, Trump became the official Republican candidate for president on July 19, 2016. That November, Trump was elected the 45th President of the United States, after defeating Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton.

Donald Trump's Birthday

Donald Trump was born on June 14, 1946, in Queens, New York.

Net Worth

According to a September 2017 Forbes estimate, Donald Trump's net worth is $3.1 billion. Of that, $1.6 billion is in New York real estate; $570 million is in golf clubs and resorts; $500 million is in non-New York real estate; $290 million is in cash and personal assets; and $200 million is in brand businesses. That's down from $3.7 billion in 2016, according to Fortune, mostly due to declining New York real estate values.

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Over the years, Trump's net worth has been a subject of public debate. In 1990, Trump asserted his own net worth in the neighborhood of $1.5 billion. However the real estate market was in decline, reducing the value of and income from Trump's empire; a Forbes magazine investigation into his assets revealed that his existing debt likely brought the number closer to $500 million.

In any event, the Trump Organization required a massive infusion of loans to keep it from collapsing, a situation which raised questions as to whether the corporation could survive bankruptcy. Some observers saw Trump's decline as symbolic of many of the business, economic and social excesses that had arisen in the 1980s.

Donald Trump eventually managed to climb back from a reported deficit of nearly $900 million, claiming to have reached a zenith of more than $2 billion. However, independent sources again questioned his math, estimating his worth at something closer to $500 million by 1997.

Over the course of his 2016 presidential run, Trump's net worth was questioned and he courted controversy after repeatedly refusing to release his tax returns while they were being audited by the Internal Revenue Service. He did not release his tax returns before the November election - the first time a major party candidate had not released such information to the public since Richard Nixon in 1972.

Religion

Donald Trump was raised Presbyterian by his mother, and he identifies as a mainline Protestant.

Family

Father

The fourth of five children, Donald Trump's parents were Frederick C. and Mary Anne MacLeod Trump. Frederick Trump was a builder and real estate developer who specialized in constructing and operating middle-income apartments in Queens, Staten Island and Brooklyn.

Mother

Mary MacLeod immigrated from Tong, Scotland, in 1929 at the age of 17. She married Fred Trump in 1936, and the couple settled in Jamaica, Queens, a neighborhood that was, at the time, filled with Western European immigrants.

In the 1950s the Trumps' wealth increased with the postwar real estate boom, and Mary became a New York socialite and philanthropist. Fred died in 1999, and Mary passed away the following year.

Wife and Kids

Donald J. Trump has had three wives and is currently married to former Slovenian model Melania Trump (née Knauss), over 23 years his junior. In January 2005, the couple married in a highly-publicized and lavish wedding.

Among the many celebrity guests at the wedding were Hillary Clinton and former President Bill Clinton. Melania gave birth to their son, Barron William Trump, in March 2006.

Ivana Trump

In 1977, Trump married his first wife Ivana Trump, (née Zelnickova Winklmayr) a New York fashion model who had been an alternate on the 1972 Czech Olympic Ski Team. After the 1977 birth of the couple's first of three children, Donald Trump Jr., Ivana Trump was named vice president in charge of design in the Trump Organization and played a major role in supervising the renovation of the Commodore and the Plaza Hotel.

The couple had two more children together - Ivanka Trump (born 1981) and Eric Trump (born 1984) - and went through a highly publicized divorce which was finalized in 1992.

Marla Maples

In 1993 Trump married his second wife, Marla Maples, an actress with whom he had been involved for some time and already had a daughter, Tiffany Trump (born in 1993).

Trump would ultimately file for a highly publicized divorce from Maples in 1997, which became final in June 1999. A prenuptial agreement allotted $2 million to Maples.

Trump's sons - Donald Jr. and Eric- work as executive vice presidents for The Trump Organization, and took over the family business while their father serves as president.

Trump's daughter Ivanka was also an executive vice president of The Trump Organization, but left the business and her own fashion label to join her father's administration and become an unpaid assistant to the president. Her husband, Jared Kushner, is also a senior adviser to President Trump.

Young Donald Trump

Donald was an energetic, assertive child. His parents sent him to the New York Military Academy at age 13, hoping the discipline of the school would channel his energy in a positive manner.

Trump did well at the academy, both socially and academically, rising to become a star athlete and student leader by the time he graduated in 1964.

Education

He then entered Fordham University and two years later transferred to the Wharton School of Finance at the University of Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in 1968 with a degree in economics.

During his years at college, Trump worked at his father's real estate business during the summer. He also secured education deferments for the draft for the Vietnam War and ultimately a 1-Y medical deferment after he graduated.

2016 Presidential Campaign

Trump began his political career by seeking the nomination for the Reform Party for the 2000 presidential race and withdrew; he again publicly announced he would be running for president in the 2012 election.

However, it wasn't until the 2016 election that Trump became the official Republican nominee for president and, defying polls and media projections, won the majority of electoral college votes in a stunning victory on November 8, 2016.

Despite losing the popular vote to Hillary Clinton by almost 2.9 million votes, Trump's electoral win - 306 electoral college votes to Clinton's 232 - clinched his victory as the 45th president of the United States.

After one of the most contentious presidential races in U.S. history, Trump's rise to the office of president was considered a resounding rejection of establishment politics by blue-collar and working-class Americans.

In his victory speech, Trump said: "I pledge to every citizen of our land that I will be president for all Americans." About his supporters, he said: "As I've said from the beginning, ours was not a campaign, but rather an incredible and great movement made up of millions of hard-working men and women who love their country and want a better, brighter future for themselves and for their families."

GOP Presidential Nomination

On July 21, 2016, Trump accepted the presidential nomination at the Republican National Convention in Cleveland. In a speech lasting one hour and 15 minutes, one of the longest in recent history, Trump outlined the issues he would tackle as president, including violence in America, the economy, immigration, trade, terrorism, and the appointment of Supreme Court justices.

On immigration, he said: "We are going to build a great border wall to stop illegal immigration, to stop the gangs and the violence, and to stop the drugs from pouring into our communities."

He also promised supporters that he would renegotiate trade deals, reduce taxes and government regulations, repeal the Affordable Care Act (otherwise known as Obamacare), defend Second Amendment gun rights, and "rebuild our depleted military," asking the countries the U.S. is protecting "to pay their fair share."

'Access Hollywood' Controversy

On October 7, 2016, just two days before the second presidential debate between Trump and Clinton, the Republican presidential nominee was embroiled in another scandal when the Washington Post released a 2005 recording in which he lewdly described kissing and groping women, and trying to have sex with then-married television personality Nancy O'Dell.

The three-minute recording captured Trump speaking to Billy Bush, co-anchor of Access Hollywood, as they prepared to meet soap opera actress Arianne Zucker for a segment of the show.

"I've gotta use some Tic Tacs, just in case I start kissing her," Trump said in the recording which was caught on a microphone that had not been turned off. "You know I'm automatically attracted to beautiful - I just start kissing them. It's like a magnet. Just kiss. I don't even wait. And when you're a star they let you do it. You can do anything."

He also said that because of his celebrity status he could grab women by their genitals. In response, Trump released a statement saying: "This was locker room banter, a private conversation that took place many years ago. Bill Clinton has said far worse to me on the golf course - not even close. I apologize if anyone was offended."

Trump later posted a videotaped apology on Facebook in which he said: "I've never said I'm a perfect person, nor pretended to be someone that I'm not. I've said and done things I regret, and the words released today on this more than a decade-old video are one of them. Anyone who knows me knows these words don't reflect who I am. I said it, I was wrong, and I apologize."

The backlash was immediate with some top Republicans, including Senators John McCain, Kelly Ayotte, Mike Crapo, Shelley Moore Capito and Martha Roby, withdrawing their support for Trump. House Speaker Paul Ryan reportedly told fellow GOP lawmakers that he would not campaign with or defend the presidential candidate.

Some GOP critics also called for Trump to withdraw from the race, including former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. Trump remained defiant, tweeting that he would stay in the race.

Around the same time as the video leak, numerous women began speaking publicly about their past experiences with Trump, alleging he had either sexually assaulted or harassed them based on their looks.

Russian Hacking

Throughout the election, Trump vehemently denied allegations he had a relationship with Russian President Vladimir Putin and was tied to the hacking of the DNC emails.

In January 2017, a U.S. intelligence report prepared by the CIA, FBI and NSA concluded that Putin had ordered a campaign to influence the U.S. election. "Russia's goals were to undermine public faith in the U.S. democratic process, denigrate Secretary Clinton, and harm her electability and potential presidency. We further assess Putin and the Russian Government developed a clear preference for President-elect Trump," the report said.

Prior to the release of the report, President-elect Trump had cast doubt on Russian interference and the intelligence community's assessment. Trump received an intelligence briefing on the matter, and in his first press conference as president-elect on January 11, he acknowledged Russia's interference.

However, in subsequent comments he again refused to condemn Russia for such activity, notably saying on multiple occasions that he believed Putin's denials.

In March 2018, the Trump administration formally acknowledged the charges by issuing sanctions on 19 Russians for interference in the 2016 presidential election and alleged cyberattacks. Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin delivered the announcement, with the president remaining silent on the matter.

In July, days before President Trump was to meet with Putin in Finland, Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein announced additional charges against 12 Russian intelligence officers accused of hacking the DNC and the Clinton campaign.

Inauguration

On January 20, 2017, Trump was sworn in as the 45th president of the United States by Chief Justice of the United States John Roberts. Trump took the oath of office placing his hand on the Bible that was used at Abraham Lincoln's inauguration and his own family Bible, which was presented to him by his mother in 1955 when he graduated from Sunday school at his family's Presbyterian church.

In his inaugural speech on January 20th, Trump sent a populist message that he would put the American people above politics. "What truly matters is not which party controls our government, but whether our government is controlled by the people," he said. "January 20, 2017, will be remembered as the day the people became the rulers of this nation again."

He went on to paint a bleak picture of an America that had failed many of its citizens, describing families trapped in poverty, an ineffective education system, and crime, drugs and gangs. "This American carnage stops right here and stops right now," he said.

The day after Trump's inauguration, millions of protesters demonstrated across the United States and around the world. The Women's March on Washington drew over half a million people to protest President Trump's stance on a variety issues ranging from immigration to environmental protection.

Activists and celebrities taking part in the protests included Gloria Steinem, Angela Davis, Madonna, Cher, Ashley Judd, Scarlett Johansson, America Ferrera, Alicia Keys and Janelle Monáe. The president tweeted in response:

First 100 Days

The first 100 days of Trump's presidency lasted from January 20, 2017 until April 29, 2017. In the first days of his presidency, President Trump issued a number of back-to-back executive orders to make good on some of his campaign promises, as well as several orders aimed at rolling back policies and regulations that were put into place during the Obama administration.

Several of Trump's key policies that got rolling during Trump's first 100 days in office include his Supreme Court nomination; steps toward building a wall on the Mexico border; a travel ban for several predominantly Muslim countries; the first moves to dismantle the Affordable Care Act; and the U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Climate Agreement.

In addition, Trump signed orders to implement a federal hiring freeze, withdraw from the Trans-Pacific Partnership, and reinstate the Mexico City policy that bans federal funding of nongovernmental organizations abroad that promote or perform abortions.

He signed an order to scale back financial regulation under the Dodd-Frank Act, created by the Obama administration and passed by Congress after the financial crisis of 2008. And he called for a lifetime foreign-lobbying ban for members of his administration and a five-year ban for all other lobbying.

On March 16, 2017, the president released his proposed budget. The budget outlined his plans for increased spending for the military, veterans affairs and national security, including building a wall on the border with Mexico.

It also made drastic cuts to many government agencies including the Environmental Protection Agency and the State Department, as well as the elimination of the National Endowment for the Arts, the National Endowment for the Humanities, funding for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and the Community Development Block Grant program which supports Meals on Wheels.

Supreme Court Nominations

On January 31, 2017, President Trump nominated Judge Neil Gorsuch to the Supreme Court. The 49-year-old conservative judge was appointed by President George W. Bush to the United States Court of Appeals for the 10th Circuit in Denver.

Judge Gorsuch was educated at Columbia, Harvard and Oxford and clerked for Justices Byron White and Anthony Kennedy. The nomination came after Merrick Garland, President Obama's nominee to replace the late Antonin Scalia, was denied a confirmation hearing by Senate Republicans.

As Gorsuch's legal philosophy was considered to be similar to Scalia's, the choice drew strong praise from the conservative side of the aisle. "Millions of voters said this was the single most important issue for them when they voted for me for president," President Trump said. "I am a man of my word. Today I am keeping another promise to the American people by nominating Neil Gorsuch to the Supreme Court."

After Gorsuch gave three days of testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee in March, the Senate convened on April 6 to advance his nomination. Democrats mostly held firm to deny the 60 votes necessary to proceed, resulting in the first successful partisan filibuster of a Supreme Court nominee.

But Republicans quickly countered with another historic move, invoking the "nuclear option" to lower the threshold for advancing Supreme Court nominations from 60 votes to a simple majority of 50. On April 7, Gorsuch was confirmed by the Senate to become the 113th justice of the Supreme Court.

The following year, President Trump had another opportunity to continue the rightward push of the Supreme Court with the retirement of Justice Kennedy. On July 9, 2018, he nominated Brett Kavanaugh, another textualist and orginalist in the mold of Scalia. Democrats vowed to fight the nomination, and Kavanaugh was nearly derailed by accusations of sexual assault, before earning confirmation in a close vote that October.

Wall on the Mexican Border

Trump issued an executive order to build a wall at the United States' border with Mexico. In his first televised interview as president, President Trump said the initial construction of the wall would be funded by U.S. taxpayer dollars, but that Mexico would reimburse the U.S. "100 percent" in a plan to be negotiated and might include a suggested import tax on Mexican goods.

In response to the new administration's stance on a border wall, Mexican president Enrique Peña Nieto cancelled a planned visit to meet with President Trump. "Mexico does not believe in walls," the Mexican president said in a video statement. "I've said time again; Mexico will not pay for any wall."

After funding for the wall failed to materialize, from either Mexico or Congress, Trump in April 2018 announced that he would reinforce security along the U.S. border with Mexico by using American troops because of the "horrible, unsafe laws" that left the country vulnerable. The following day, the president signed a proclamation that directed National Guard troops to the U.S.-Mexico border.

The Department of Homeland Security said that the deployment would be in coordination with governors, that the troops would "support federal law enforcement personnel, including [Customs and Border Protection]," and that federal immigration authorities would "direct enforcement efforts."

In December 2018, shortly before a newly elected Democratic majority was set to take control of the House, Trump announced he would not sign a bill to fund the government unless Congress allocated $5.7 billion toward building his long-promised border wall. With Democrats refusing to give in to his demand, a partial government shutdown ensued for a record 35 days, until all sides agreed to another attempt at striking a compromise.

On February 14, 2019, one day before the deadline, Congress passed a $333 billion spending package that allocated $1.375 billion for 55 miles of steel-post fencing. After indicating that he would sign the bill, the President made good on his threat to declare a national emergency the following day, enabling him to funnel $3.6 billion slated for military construction projects toward building the wall.

In response, a coalition of 16 states filed a lawsuit that challenged Trump's power to circumvent Congress on this issue.

"Contrary to the will of Congress, the president has used the pretext of a manufactured 'crisis' of unlawful immigration to declare a national emergency and redirect federal dollars appropriated for drug interdiction, military construction and law enforcement initiatives toward building a wall on the United States-Mexico border," the lawsuit said.

Border Separation Policy

As part of attempts to seal the U.S. border with Mexico, the Trump administration in 2018 began following through on a "zero-tolerance" policy to prosecute anybody found to have crossed the border illegally. As children were legally not allowed to be detained with their parents, this meant that they were to be held separately as family cases wound through immigration courts.

A furor ensued after reports surfaced that nearly 2,000 children had been separated from their parents over a six-week period that ended in May 2018, compounded by photos of toddlers crying in cages. President Trump initially deflected blame for the situation, insisting it resulted from the efforts of predecessors and political opponents. "The Democrats are forcing the breakup of families at the Border with their horrible and cruel legislative agenda," he tweeted.

The president ultimately caved to pressure from the bad PR, and on June 20 he signed an executive order that directed the Department of Homeland Security to keep families together.

"I didn't like the sight or the feeling of families being separated," he said, adding that it remained important to have "zero tolerance for people that enter our country illegally" and for Congress to find a permanent solution to the problem. In the meantime, the DHS essentially revived the "catch-and-release" system that the zero-tolerance policy was meant to eradicate, while dealing with the logistics of reuniting families.

Muslim Travel Ban

President Trump signed one of his most controversial executive orders on January 27, 2017, at the Pentagon, calling for "extreme vetting" to "keep radical Islamic terrorists out of the United States of America." The president's executive order was put into effect immediately, and refugees and immigrants from seven predominantly Muslim countries traveling to the U.S. were detained at U.S. airports.

The order called for a ban on immigrants from Iraq, Syria, Iran, Sudan, Libya, Somalia and Yemen for at least 90 days, temporarily suspended the entry of refugees for 120 days and barred Syrian refugees indefinitely. In an interview with the Christian Broadcasting Network, President Trump also said he would give priority to Christian refugees trying to gain entry into the United States.

After facing multiple legal hurdles, President Trump signed a revised executive order on March 6, 2017, calling for a 90-day ban on travelers from six predominantly Muslim countries including Sudan, Syria, Iran, Libya, Somalia and Yemen. Iraq, which was included in the original executive order, was removed from the list.

Travelers from the six listed countries, who hold green cards or have valid visas as of the signing of the order, will not be affected. Religious minorities would not get special preference, as was outlined in the original order, and an indefinite ban on Syrian refugees was reduced to 120 days.

On March 15, just hours before the revised ban was going to be put into effect, Derrick Watson, a federal judge in Hawaii, issued a temporary nationwide restraining order in a ruling that stated the executive order did not prove that a ban would protect the country from terrorism and that it was "issued with a purpose to disfavor a particular religion, in spite of its stated, religiously neutral purpose." At a rally in Nashville, President Trump responded to the ruling, saying: "This is, in the opinion of many, an unprecedented judicial overreach."

Judge Theodore D. Chuang of Maryland also blocked the ban the following day, and in subsequent months, the ban was impeded in decisions handed down by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit in Richmond, Virginia, and the Ninth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals once again.

However, on June 26, 2017, Trump won a partial victory when the Supreme Court announced it was allowing the controversial ban to go into effect for foreign nationals who lacked a "bona fide relationship with any person or entity in the United States." The court agreed to hear oral arguments for the case in October, but with the 90-to-120-day timeline in place for the administration to conduct its reviews, it was believed the case would be rendered moot by that point.

On September 24, 2017, Trump issued a new presidential proclamation, which permanently bans travel to the United States for most citizens from seven countries. Most were on the original list, including Iran, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Somalia, while the new order included Chad, North Korea and some citizens of Venezuela (certain government officials and their families). The tweak did little to pacify critics, who argued that the order was still heavily biased toward Islam.

"The fact that Trump has added North Korea - with few visitors to the U.S. - and a few government officials from Venezuela doesn't obfuscate the real fact that the administration's order is still a Muslim ban," said Anthony D. Romero, the executive director of the American Civil Liberties Union.

On October 10, the Supreme Court cancelled a planned hearing on an appeal of the original travel ban. On October 17, the day before the order was to take effect, Judge Watson of Hawaii issued a nationwide order freezing the Trump administration's new travel ban, writing that the order was a "poor fit for the issues regarding the sharing of 'public-safety and terrorism-related information that the president identifies."

On December 4, 2017, the Supreme Court allowed the third version of the Trump administration's travel ban to go into effect despite the ongoing legal challenges. The court's orders urged appeals courts to determine as quickly as possible whether the ban was lawful.

Under the ruling, the administration could fully enforce its new restrictions on travel from eight nations, six of them predominantly Muslim. Citizens of Iran, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Somalia, Chad and North Korea, along with some groups of people from Venezuela, would be unable to unable to emigrate to the United States permanently, with many barred from also working, studying or vacationing in the country.

On June 26, 2018, the Supreme Court upheld the president's travel ban by a 5-4 vote. Writing for the majority, Chief Justice John Roberts said that Trump had the executive authority to make national security judgments in the realm of immigration, regardless of his previous statements about Islam. In a sharply worded dissent, Justice Sonia Sotomayor said that the outcome was equivalent to that of Korematsu v. United States, which permitted the detention of Japanese-Americans during World War II.

Donald Trump on Guns

The Valentine's Day 2018 shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, which left a total of 17 students and faculty dead, sparked a strong response from President Trump.

He ordered the Justice Department to issue regulations banning bump stocks, and suggested he was willing to consider a range of measures, from strengthening background checks to raising the minimum age for buying rifles. He also backed an NRA-fueled proposal for arming teachers, which drew backlash from many in the profession.

The president remained invested in the issue even as the usual cycle of outrage began diminishing: In a televised February 28 meeting with lawmakers, he called for gun control legislation that would expand background checks to gun shows and internet transactions, secure schools and restrict sales for some young adults.

At one point he called out Pennsylvania Senator Pat Toomey for being "afraid of the NRA," and at another he suggested that authorities should seize guns from mentally ill or other potentially dangerous people without first going to court. "I like taking the guns early," he said. "Take the guns first, go through due process second."

His stances seemingly stunned the Republican lawmakers at the meeting, as well as the NRA, which previously considered the president as a strong supporter. However, within a few days, Trump was walking back his proposal to raise the age limit and mainly pushing for arming select teachers.

North Korea

In early August 2017, intelligence experts confirmed that North Korea successfully produced a miniaturized nuclear warhead that fits inside its missiles, putting it one step closer to becoming a nuclear power. Around the same time, the North Korean state news agency said they were "examining the operational plan" to strike areas around the U.S. territory of Guam with medium-to-long-range strategic ballistic missiles.

U.S. experts estimated North Korea's nuclear warheads at 60 and that the country could soon have an intercontinental ballistic missile capable of reaching the United States. Trump responded that North Korea would be met with "fire and fury" if the threats continued and that the U.S. military was "locked and loaded."

On August 15, Korean leader Kim Jong-un said he'd "watch a little more the foolish and stupid conduct of the Yankees," which Trump tweeted was "a very wise and well reasoned decision." However on August 20, North Korea warned that the U.S. was risking an "uncontrollable phase of a nuclear war" by following through with military drills with South Korea.

On August 28, North Korea launched a missile over Japan. The following day, Trump said "all options were on the table." At the United Nations General Assembly on September 19, Trump pejoratively called Kim Jong-un "Rocketman" and said he would "totally destroy" North Korea if it threatened the United States or its allies, hours after the group voted to enact additional sanctions against the country.

Two days later, Trump widened American economic sanctions; three days later North Korea threatened to shoot down American airplanes even if they were not in its airspace, calling Trump's comments "a declaration of war." A week later, Secretary of State Rex Tillerson said the U.S. and North Korea were in "direct communication" and looking for a non-militarized path forward.

On October 20, CIA Director Mike Pompeo warned that North Korea was in the "final step" of being able to strike mainland America with nuclear warheads and the U.S. should react accordingly. However some foreign policy experts were concerned that war between the U.S. and North Korea was increasingly possible.

Summits with Kim Jong-un

Following the 2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang, South Korea, during which North Korea made a show of unity with the host country, its officials also relayed interest in opening up communications with Washington. President Trump leaped at the opportunity, announcing that he was willing to sit down with Kim.

On June 12, 2018, Trump and Kim met at the secluded Capella resort in Singapore, marking the first such encounter between a sitting U.S. president and North Korean leader. The two held private talks with their interpreters, before expanding the meeting to include such top staffers as Pompeo (now U.S. secretary of state), National Security Adviser John Bolton and White House Chief of Staff John Kelly.

Afterward, in a televised ceremony, the leaders signed a joint statement in which Trump "committed to provide security guarantees" to North Korea and Kim "reaffirmed his firm and unwavering commitment to complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula." Although their talks marked an early step in a diplomatic process that some predicted could take years to complete, the president said he believed denuclearization on the peninsula would begin "very quickly."

"We're very proud of what took place today," Trump said. "I think our whole relationship with North Korea and the Korean Peninsula is going to be a very much different situation than it has in the past."

On February 27, 2019, the two men met for a second summit, at the Metropole hotel in Hanoi, Vietnam, to discuss the next steps in denuclearization. Said President Trump to his counterpart: "I think you will have a tremendous future with your country - a great leader. And I look forward to watching it happen and helping it to happen."

However, negotiations abruptly ended the second day, after North Korea reportedly asked for sanctions to be lifted in exchange for dismantling its main nuclear facility but not all elements of its weapons program. "Sometimes you have to walk," the president said, before adding that things concluded on good terms.

Vladimir Putin

Two weeks after the first meeting with Kim, the White House announced that Trump would hold his first formal discussions with Russian President Vladimir Putin in Helsinki, Finland, on July 16, 2018.

The two men met on the heels of Trump's heavily scrutinized summit with NATO leaders, and shortly after the Justice Department announced the indictment of 12 Russian operatives for interfering in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.

Prompted to address the issue of election hacking in a joint news conference for the two leaders, President Trump refused to point a finger at his counterpart. "I think we've all been foolish. I think we're all to blame," he said, adding that "President Putin was extremely strong and powerful in his denial today."

The comments drew a harsh response stateside, with several notable Republicans joining their Democratic colleagues to question why the president was siding with Putin over his intelligence agencies. Senator McCain called it "one of the most disgraceful performances by an American president in memory," and even Trump ally Newt Gingrich weighed in with strong words, tweeting, "It is the most serious mistake of his presidency and must be corrected - immediately."

Trump sought to quiet the furor after returning to the White House, insisting that he had misspoken when saying he didn't see why Russia should be blamed and reminding that he has "on numerous occasions noted our intelligence findings that Russians attempted to interfere in our elections," though he again suggested that other parties could be responsible.

Around that time, it was revealed that Trump had instructed Bolton, his national security adviser, to invite Putin to the White House that autumn, news that caught Director of National Intelligence Dan Coats off guard. Bolton soon disclosed that he would postpone the invitation until the conclusion of the special counsel investigation into Russian meddling in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.

Despite Trump's overtures to Putin, his administration in February 2019 announced the suspension of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty with Russia, due to the Eastern power's repeated violations of the agreement. The announcement gave Russia 180 days to comply with terms before U.S. withdrawal from the treaty would be completed.

Iran

In May 2018, over the objections of European allies, President Trump announced that he was withdrawing the U.S. from the Iran nuclear deal enacted by his predecessor and reimposing sanctions on the Middle Eastern country.

The announcement initially drew a tepid response from Iran, but President Hassan Rouhani had stronger words on the issue while addressing diplomats in July, noting that "war with Iran is the mother of all wars" and warning his American counterpart to "not play with the lion's tail, because you will regret it eternally."

That seemingly enraged Trump, who fired off an all-caps tweet addressed to Rouhani: "Never, ever threaten the United States again or you will suffer consequences the likes of which few throughout history have ever suffered before," he wrote. "We are no longer a country that will stand for your demented words of violence & death. Be cautious!"

Donald Trump Health Care Bill

One of President Trump's first executive orders in office was calling on federal agencies to "waive, defer, grant exemptions from, or delay" aspects of the Affordable Care Act to minimize financial burden on states, insurers and individuals.

On March 7, 2017, House Republicans, led by Speaker Paul Ryan, introduced the American Health Care Act, a plan to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act (ACA). However, the controversial bill ultimately didn't have enough Republican votes and was withdrawn a few weeks later, representing a major legislative setback for Speaker Ryan and President Trump.

After intense negotiations among party factions, a new Republican health care plan was brought to a vote in the House of Representatives on May 4, 2017, and passed by a slim margin of 217 to 213. That passed the buck to the Senate.

Almost immediately after a draft was unveiled on June 22, conservative senators such as Ted Cruz declared they could not support the bill's failure to significantly lower premiums, while moderates like Susan Collins voiced concerns over its steep cuts to Medicaid. On June 27, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell elected to delay his planned vote for the bill. When the third, so-called "skinny repeal," bill finally went to a vote on in the Senate July 28, it failed by three votes.

In September, a new bill to repeal the Affordable Care Act was put forth by Senator Lindsey Graham of South Carolina and Senator Bill Cassidy of Louisiana. However, on September 26, Senate republicans announced they would not move forward with the current plan, as they were short of the required votes. "We are disappointed in certain so-called Republicans," Trump responded.

On October 12, 2017 Trump signed an executive order in a move that could dismantle the ACA without Congress's approval, expanding health insurance products - mostly less comprehensive plans through associations of small employers and more short-term medical coverage.

He also announced that he would get rid of health insurance subsidies. Known as cost-sharing reduction payments, which lower the cost of deductibles for low-income Americans, they were expected to cost $9 billion in 2018 and $100 billion over the next decade.

Birth Control

On October 6, 2017, the Trump administration announced a rollback of the birth control mandate put in place by the Obama administration's Affordable Care Act, which required insurers to cover birth control at no cost without copayments as a preventive service. For years, the mandate was threatened by lawsuits from conservative and religious groups.

The Trump administration said the new exemption applies to any employer that objects to covering contraception services on the basis of "sincerely held religious beliefs or moral convictions." The change is in line with Trump's promises as a candidate to ensure that religious groups "are not bullied by the federal government because of their religious beliefs."

Opponents of the measure say that it could potentially affect hundreds of thousands of women, and that access to the affordable contraception the mandate provided prevents unintended pregnancies and saves women's lives.

Trump's Tax Plan

On April 26, 2017, just days away from his 100th day in office, President Trump announced his tax plan in a one-page outline that would dramatically change tax codes. The plan called for streamlining seven income tax brackets to three - 10, 25 and 35 percent.

However, the initial outline did not specify which income ranges would fall under those brackets. The plan also proposed to lower the corporate tax rate from 35 to 15 percent, eliminate the alternative-minimum tax and estate tax, and simplify the process for filing tax returns. The proposal did not address how the tax cuts might reduce federal revenue and increase debt.

On December 2, 2017, Trump achieved the first major legislative victory of his administration when the Senate passed a sweeping tax reform bill. Approved along party lines by a 51-49 vote, the bill drew criticism for extensive last-minute rewrites, with frustrated Democrats posting photos of pages filled with crossed-out text and handwriting crammed into the margins.

Among other measures, the Senate bill called for the slashing of the corporate tax rate from 35 to 20 percent, doubling personal deductions and ending the Obamacare mandate. It also included a controversial provision that allowed for "unborn children" to be named as beneficiaries of college savings accounts, which critics called an attempt to support the pro-life movement. Despite estimates by the Congressional Budget Office that the bill would cost $1.5 trillion over a decade, GOP senators insisted that charges would be offset by a growing economy.

After the bill's passage, President Trump tweeted: "Biggest Tax Bill and Tax Cuts in history just passed in the Senate. Now these great Republicans will be going for final passage. Thank you to House and Senate Republicans for your hard work and commitment!" On December 20, the final tax bill formally passed both chambers of Congress.

Following partisan battles over a spending bill in early 2018, which resulted in a brief government shutdown and stopgap measures, President Trump threatened to torpedo a $1.3 trillion spending bill with a last-minute veto. Reportedly angry that the bill did not fully fund his long-promised Mexican border wall, he nevertheless signed the bill into law on March 23, hours before another government shutdown would have gone into effect.

Trade War

On March 1, 2018, after the conclusion of a Commerce Department investigation, President Trump announced that he was imposing tariffs of 25 percent on steel imports and 10 percent on aluminum.

The following month, the administration said it was adding a 25 percent tariff on more than 1,000 Chinese products to penalize the country for its trade practices, though Trump ultimately granted temporary exemptions to China, the European Union, Canada and Mexico as he sought to renegotiate deals.

His actions resulted in new agreements with South Korea and multiple South American countries to restrain their metal exports, but talks with China, the E.U. and the border countries stalled. In late May, the administration announced that it was moving forward with all tariffs, including a tax on $34 billion worth of Chinese goods that went into effect in July.

The move drew a harsh response from the E.U., Canada and Mexico, which announced retaliatory measures. With Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau condemning Trump's "unacceptable actions" and French President Emmanuel Macron threatening to isolate the U.S. from the Group of 7, the president faced a frosty reception at the G-7 summit in Quebec in June.

He ultimately left the summit early, making headlines on the way out by announcing he would not sign a communique between the seven nations and taking shots at Trudeau on Twitter. In July, Trump again had harsh words for allies at the NATO summit in Brussels, Belgium, including accusations that Germany was "captive" to Russia for its dependence on Russian natural gas, and followed with criticism of U.K. Prime Minister Theresa May for her handling of Brexit.

Back home, the president attempted to head off the political fallout of a potentially costly trade war with the announcement that the administration would provide up to $12 billion in emergency relief funds for U.S. farmers.

Transgender Students and Service Members

On February 22, 2017 the Trump administration rolled back federal protection for transgender students to use bathrooms that correspond to their gender identity, allowing states and school districts to interpret federal anti-discrimination law.

On March 27, 2017 President Trump signed several measures under the Congressional Review Act to reverse regulations related to education, land use and a "blacklisting rule" requiring federal contractors to disclose violations of federal labor, wage and workplace safety laws.

Later that year, the president tweeted that he would enact a ban on transgender people from serving in the military. The official policy went into effect the following March with the statement that "transgender persons with a history or diagnosis of gender dysphoria - individuals who the policies state may require substantial medical treatment, including medications and surgery - are disqualified from military service except under certain limited circumstances."

Following a legal challenge, the Supreme Court allowed the ban to go into effect in January 2019, while allowing lower courts to hear additional arguments.

Recognition of Jerusalem

On December 6, 2017, President Trump announced that the U.S. was formally recognizing Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, and would move the American embassy there from its current location in Tel Aviv. The declaration broke decades of precedent, in which the U.S. refused to take sides in the conflict between Israelis and Palestinians over territorial rights to the city.

Fulfilling one of his campaign pledges, Trump referred to the move as "a long overdue step to advance the peace process," noting it "would be folly to assume that repeating the exact same formula would now produce a different or better result." He also stressed that the move would not interfere with any proposals for a two-state solution.

The announcement was praised by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu but not as warmly received by American allies France, Britain and Germany, which called it disruptive to the peace process. Leaders of the predominantly Muslim countries Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Jordan, Egypt and Lebanon all condemned the move, while Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas said the U.S. could no longer be considered a mediator in the region.

On December 21, the U.N. General Assembly voted 128 to 9 to demand that the U.S. rescind its formal recognition of Jerusalem. Britain, France, Germany and Japan all voted for the resolution, though others, like Australia and Canada, abstained from the symbolic vote.

After dispatching Vice President Mike Pence to help smooth things over with Arab leaders in the Middle East, Trump sought to re-establish ties with American allies at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, in January 2018. He praised U.K. Prime Minister May and enjoyed a friendly meeting with Netanyahu, though he also took a shot at the Palestinian Authority for refusing to meet with Pence.

Charlottesville Rally

On August 12, 2017 a group of white nationalists in Charlottesville, North Carolina, gathered for a "Unite the Right" rally to protest the removal of a statue of Confederate general Robert E. Lee. People in favor of removing the statue felt that it was a symbol implicitly endorsing white supremacy, while the protesters believed removing it was an attempt at erasing history.

The rally attracted Ku Klux Klan and neo-Nazis, including former KKK leader David Duke, who told reporters that the protesters were "going to fulfill the promises of Donald Trump" to "take our country back."

When counter-protesters arrived, the demonstration turned violent with racial slurs, pushing and brawling. Then a car, driven by a man who appeared to show marching earlier that day alongside Neo-Nazis in a CNN photo plowed into the crowd, killing a 32-year-old counter-protester and injuring at least 19 others.

In comments that day, Trump did not specifically criticize the white nationalists and blamed "hatred, bigotry and violence on many sides." Two days later, following criticism about his refusal to denounce hate groups, Trump delivered a speech at the White House. "Racism is evil. And those who cause violence in its name are criminals and thugs, including the K.K.K., neo-Nazis, white supremacists and other hate groups that are repugnant to everything we hold dear as Americans," he said.

However, the same day, Kevin Plank, the head of Under Armour, and Kenneth C. Frazier, the African-American head of Merck Pharmaceuticals, announced they were resigning from the president's American Manufacturing Council in reaction to the events. President Trump tweeted: "Now that Ken Frazier of Merck Pharma has resigned from President's Manufacturing Council, he will have more time to LOWER RIPOFF DRUG PRICES!" The next day, President Trump reaffirmed his initial comments, telling reporters: "I think there is blame on both sides."

On September 15, Trump re-defended his comments after meeting with Republican Sen. Tim Scott of South Carolina: "I think especially in light of the advent of antifa, if you look at what's going on there, you know, you have some pretty bad dudes on the other side also. And essentially that's what I said." (Antifa is an anti-fascist protest movement that sometimes uses violent tactics to defend against neo-Nazis and white supremacists.)

Energy and the Environment

Soon after taking office, President Trump revived the controversial Keystone XL and Dakota Access Pipelines that had been halted by President Obama following protests from environmental and Native American groups.

Trump owned shares of Energy Transfer Partners, the company in charge of construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline, but sold his stake in the company in December 2016. Energy Transfer Partners CEO Kelcy Warren also contributed to Trump's presidential campaign, raising concerns over conflict of interest.

Energy Independence Order

On March 28, 2017, the president, surrounded by American coal miners, signed the "Energy Independence" executive order, calling for the Environmental Protection Agency to roll back Obama's Clean Power Plan, curb climate and carbon emissions regulations and to rescind a moratorium on coal mining on U.S. federal lands.

Withdrawal from Paris Climate Agreement

On June 1, 2017, President Trump withdrew from the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement, which President Obama had joined along with the leaders of 195 other countries. The accord requires all participating nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in an effort to curb climate change over the ensuing century and also to allocate resources for the research and development of alternative energy sources.

With President Trump's decision, the United States joined Syria and Nicaragua as the only three countries to reject the accord. However, Nicaragua eventually joined the Paris Climate Agreement months later.

Trump's Business Ventures

Trump followed his father into a career in real estate development, bringing his grander ambitions to the family business, which includes: The Trump Organization, Trump Tower, casinos in Atlantic City, television franchises like The Apprentice and Miss Universe, as well as business deals with the Javits Center, the Grand Hyatt New York and other real estate ventures in New York City, Florida and Los Angeles.

Walk of Fame Star

Awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2007, Trump later saw the star defaced by vandals following his polarizing run to the nation's highest office. After one such incident in July 2018, the city of West Hollywood's five-member city council approved a measure to remove the star, citing the costs of its repair and the president's treatment of women as two of the primary factors behind the proposal.

The city council planned to send a letter to Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti, the Los Angeles City Council and the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce to formally request the action, with the Chamber of Commerce having the final say on whether or not to remove the star.

Lawsuits and Investigations

Fair Housing Act Discrimination Trial

In 1973, the federal government filed a complaint against Trump, his father and their company alleging that they had discriminated against tenants and potential tenants based on their race, a violation of the Fair Housing Act, which is part of the Civil Rights Act of 1968.

After a lengthy legal battle, the case was settled in 1975. As part of the agreement, the Trump company had to train employees about the Fair Housing Act and inform the community about its fair housing practices.

Trump wrote about the resolution of the case in his 1987 memoir Art of the Deal: "In the end, the government couldn't prove its case, and we ended up taking a minor settlement without admitting any guilt."

Trump University

In 2005, Trump launched his for-profit Trump University, offering classes in real estate and acquiring and managing wealth. The venture had been under scrutiny almost since its inception and at the time of his 2015 presidential bid, it remained the subject of multiple lawsuits.

In the cases, claimants accused Trump of fraud, false advertising and breach of contract. Controversy about the suits made headlines when Trump suggested that U.S. District Court Judge Gonzalo Curiel could not be impartial in overseeing two class action cases because of his Mexican heritage.

On November 18, 2016, Trump, who had previously vowed to take the matter to trial, settled three of the lawsuits for $25 million without admission of liability. In a statement from New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman, he called the settlement, "a stunning reversal by Donald Trump and a major victory for the over 6,000 victims of his fraudulent university."

Later, in a separate incident related to Trump University, it was reported that Florida attorney general Pam Bondi decided not to join the existing New York fraud lawsuit. This came just days after she had received a sizable campaign donation from the Donald J. Trump Foundation, which was founded in 1988 as a private charity organization designed to make donations to nonprofit groups. In November 2016, it was reported that Bondi's name was on Trump's list as a possible U.S. Attorney General contender.

As a result of the improper donation to Bondi's campaign, Trump was required to pay the IRS a penalty and his foundation came under scrutiny about the use of its funds for non-charitable activities. According to tax records, The Trump Foundation itself was found to have received no charitable gifts from Donald Trump since 2008, and that all donations since that time had come from outside contributors.

Inaugural Committee

In February 2019, the U.S. Attorney's Office in the Southern District of New York issued a subpoena to President Trump's inaugural committee, seeking a collection of documents that included bank accounts of committee members and names of donors, vendors and contractors.

It was believed that prosecutors were investigating crimes related to conspiracy to defraud the United States, false statements and money laundering.

Trump's Cabinet and Advisors

As Trump prepared to take office in January 2016, he put vice-president elect Pence in charge of his transition team. His children - Donald Jr., Ivanka and Eric - and son-in-law Jared Kushner were named to his 16-member executive team. The president-elect named Reince Priebus, the Republican Party Chairman, to be his chief of staff.

Steve Bannon, Trump's campaign CEO and executive chairman of Breitbart News, was named as his chief strategist and senior counselor. In his first 100 days in office, President Trump reorganized the National Security Council, bringing Bannon on as a regular committee member, which his critics called an unprecedented move. In April 2017, the Trump administration removed Bannon from his permanent seat on the council.

On February 13, 2017, Trump's subsequent National Security Adviser, Michael Flynn, resigned. Flynn's resignation came after it was revealed that he had misled Vice President Pence about his conversations with Sergey Kislyak, the Russian ambassador to the United States, prior to the inauguration.

According to the Washington Post, Flynn "privately discussed U.S. sanctions against Russia with that country's ambassador to the United States during the month before President Trump took office, contrary to public assertions by Trump officials." In his letter of resignation, Flynn said he had given Pence and others in the Trump administration "incomplete information regarding my phone calls with the Russian ambassador."

President Trump went on to appoint Army Lieutenant General H. R. McMaster, a well-respected military leader and veteran of the Persian Gulf War and the second Iraq war, to replace Flynn as his national security adviser.

By July, the president had replaced Priebus with John Kelly as his chief of staff, and within a few weeks Bannon was also gone from the White House. In March 2018, following months of rumors of a rift between Trump and Tillerson, his initial secretary of state, the president announced that he was appointing Pompeo to take over the State Department.

Shortly afterward, Trump announced that he was replacing McMaster with John Bolton, a Fox News analyst and former ambassador to the United Nations under George W. Bush. Bolton had made waves in recent years for his hard-line views on terminating the Iraq nuclear deal and going to war with North Korea.

By the end of 2018, more changes were afoot with Attorney General Jeff Sessions, Defense Secretary Jim Mattis and Kelly all out the door. William Barr was subsequently confirmed as the new attorney general in February 2019.

Trump and Obama

"Birther" Controversy

Beginning in early 2011, Trump expressed doubts about the validity of Obama's birth country to media outlets. To quell the staunch outcry from birtherists, Obama eventually released his birth certificate in April 2011, verifying that he was born in the United States. Regardless, Trump continued to be a vocal critic of President Obama-not only regarding his place of birth, but also on a variety of his policies.

In 2013, Trump tweeted that a Hawaiian State Health Director, who died of cardiac arrhythmia following a plane crash, was somehow connected to a cover-up of President Obama's birth certificate. In 2016, as he began to clinch his own nomination as the GOP candidate for president, Trump toned down his stance, telling CNN, "I have my own theory on Obama. Someday I will write a book."

Later that fall, feeling pressure from his campaign advisors to put the conspiracy theory to rest as part of a strategy to appeal to minority voters, Trump issued a statement: "President Barack Obama was born in the United States, period." At the same time, he also blamed his presidential rival, Hillary Clinton, and her campaign for starting the birther controversy.

Wiretapping Allegations

On March 4, 2017 without citing specific evidence, Trump released a series of tweets accusing former president Obama of wiretapping the campaign headquarters at Trump Tower before the election.

FBI Director James Comey asked the Justice Department to issue a statement refuting President Trump's allegation, while the White House called for a congressional investigation into Trump's claims.

On March 16, 2017, bipartisan leaders from the Senate Intelligence Committee said there was no evidence to support the president's claim that Trump Tower had been wiretapped. On March 20, 2017, Comey addressed the wiretapping allegations, saying that he had "no information that supports those tweets and we have looked carefully inside the FBI."

Comey also confirmed that the FBI was investigating the Russian government's efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential election, including links and coordination between individuals associated with the Trump campaign and the Russian government as well as whether any crimes were committed.

Trump and Former FBI Director James Comey

On May 9, 2017, President Trump abruptly fired Comey, who was in the midst of leading the investigation into whether any Trump advisers colluded with Russia to influence the outcome of the presidential election.

The president said he based his decision on recommendations from Attorney General Sessions and Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein, who asserted that Comey should be dismissed over his handling of the investigation of Hillary Clinton's use of a private email server while she was secretary of state.

The announcement sent shockwaves throughout the government, with critics comparing Comey's dismissal to the 1973 "Saturday Night Massacre" when President Richard Nixon fired Archibald Cox, the special prosecutor investigating the Watergate scandal which eventually led to Nixon's resignation.

Democratic Senate Minority Leader Charles Schumer told reporters at a press conference that "every American will rightly suspect that the decision to fire Director Comey was part of a cover-up." In response to his critics, the president took to Twitter to defend his decision:

Trump later told reporters at the White House that he had fired Comey "because he wasn't doing a good job," and he told Lester Holt in an NBC News interview that his decision was not solely based on recommendations from Sessions and Rosenstein. "Regardless of the recommendation, I was going to fire Comey," the president told Holt in the televised interview.

There was more fallout a week after Comey's firing when the New York Times reported that President Trump had asked Comey to shut down the investigation into former national security adviser Michael Flynn.

According to the New York Times, Comey wrote in a memo that the president told him in a meeting a day after Flynn resigned: "I hope you can see your way clear to letting this go, to letting Flynn go. He is a good guy. I hope you can let this go." The White House denied this claim in a statement.

On June 8, Comey made a highly anticipated appearance before the Senate Intelligence Committee. He accused Trump of lying to the public about the nature of his tenure and dismissal, noting that he believed he was fired to affect the FBI probe into Russia's influence in the 2016 election.

Mueller Investigation

On May 17, 2017, Deputy Attorney General Rosenstein selected Robert Mueller, former federal prosecutor and FBI director, to serve as a special counsel to lead the investigation into Russian meddling in the election and possible ties to the Trump campaign.

On October 30, Mueller announced the first indictments of his investigation, ensnaring former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort and his associate Rick Gates on charges of tax fraud, money laundering and foreign lobbying violations. On December 1, Flynn pleaded guilty to one count of lying to the FBI and said he was cooperating with Mueller's team.

In January 2018, news surfaced that Mueller was seeking an interview with Trump to inquire about his dismissal of Comey and Flynn, among other topics. The president publicly welcomed that idea, saying he was "looking forward to it." However, days later the New York Times reported that Trump had sought to fire Mueller the previous June, before backing off when the White House counsel protested.

On February 2, the president gave the go-ahead for House Republicans to release a controversial memo that summarized the FBI's attempts to obtain a warrant to wiretap a former Trump campaign associate named Carter Page. According to the memo, the FBI and DOJ had relied on information from an infamous dossier, whose author was commissioned by the Democratic Party to dig up dirt on Trump.

House Democrats countered that the memo left out important information to make it seem that the FBI was biased against Trump, thereby discrediting the bureau's involvement in the Mueller probe, and eventually made their own account of events available to the public.

In late March, Mueller's office released a document which noted that Gates had repeated communications with an associate tied to Russian intelligence during the closing stretch of the 2016 presidential race. Additionally, The New York Times reported that Trump's recently resigned lawyer, John Dowd, had broached the idea of pardoning both Flynn and Manafort, raising questions about whether he intended to influence their cooperation with the special counsel.

In April, The Times obtained and published a list of four dozen questions that Mueller hoped to ask Trump, ranging from the president's contacts with Manafort, to his understanding of the June 2016 meeting at Trump Tower conducted by his oldest son, to the intentions behind some of his tweets as related to possible obstruction of justice.

Trump subsequently slammed the "leaked" list on Twitter the following day, while also expressing his disdain for the ongoing "Russian witch hunt" and investigations into the "phony crime" of collusion. With the president already said to be less enthusiastic about cooperating with Mueller for an interview, his legal team reportedly was preparing for a possible subpoena from the special counsel's office.

Alleged Affairs

Along with the women who alleged they had been sexually assaulted by Trump before his run to the White House, some stepped forward with claims of romantic liaisons with the married billionaire.

The most notable was adult-film star Stephanie Clifford, also known by her stage name of Stormy Daniels, who reportedly signed a nondisclosure agreement just before the 2016 election to remain silent on her affair with Trump.

After the Wall Street Journal reported on the situation in early 2018, the Daniels saga became part of the news cycle, leading to a much-publicized appearance on Jimmy Kimmel's late-night show in which she played coy on the issue. In February, Trump's longtime personal lawyer, Michael Cohen, admitted to paying Daniels $130,000 out of his own pocket, though he did not say what the payment was for. In March, Daniels broke her silence on the subject, insisting that the nondisclosure agreement was invalid because Trump had never signed it.

Late March brought a 60 Minutes interview with Daniels, in which she described her alleged tryst with Trump, as well as a parking lot encounter with an unknown man who warned her to stop discussing the affair in public. The piece aired shortly after a televised interview with another alleged Trump mistress, former Playboy model Karen McDougal, who said she had fallen in love with Trump during their time together.

The president delivered his first public remarks on the issue aboard Air Force One in early April, saying he knew nothing about the payment to Daniels. When asked why Cohen felt compelled to shell out $130,000 for what the White House was calling false allegations, Trump responded, "Michael's my attorney, and you'll have to ask Michael."

Later in the month, McDougal reached a settlement with American Media Inc (AMI) that allowed her to speak freely about her alleged affair with Trump. The model had signed $150,000 deal in 2016 that gave AMI's The National Enquirer exclusive story rights, though the tabloid never reported on the matter. Under terms of the new contract, McDougal was allowed to keep the $150,000, though she would have to share the profits if she sold or licensed the story to a new party.

Shortly afterward, Daniels filed a defamation lawsuit against the president, after he dismissed a composite sketch of a man who allegedly confronted her in a parking lot as a "con job." The suit claimed that Trump had recklessly accused her of being a liar and breaking the law, resulting in more than $75,000 in damages.

Problems with Cohen

In July, after Cohen found himself under investigation by the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York, the lawyer released a two-year-old secret recording of a conversation with Trump about payments to AMI for the McDougal story, indicating that the president was aware of the situation dating back to his days as a candidate.

The issue magnified in August, when Cohen accepted a deal to plead guilty to eight criminal charges, two of which, he said, came at the president's instigation to violate campaign laws and issue hush payments. Trump's former personal lawyer was sentenced to three years in prison that December.

The following February, Cohen appeared before the House Oversight Committee to testify to an array of Trump's infractions. Along with insisting that his ex-boss knew ahead of time about the Trump Tower meeting with Russians and the WikiLeaks dump of DNC emails, both of which came in mid-2016, he supplied checks as evidence of the president's reimbursement of his payment to Stormy Daniels. The televised hearing came during the president's second summit with North Korean leader Kim Jong-un.

Syria

On April 6, 2017, President Trump ordered a military strike, to which he had tweeted opposition to when Obama was in office, on a Syrian government airfield. The strike was in response to a chemical attack by Syrian president Bashar al-Assad on Syrian civilians that had led to the horrific deaths of dozens of men, women and children.

Navy destroyers fired 59 Tomahawk missiles at Shayrat airfield, from where the attack was launched. It was the first direct military action by the United States against Syrian military forces during the the country's ongoing civil war.

One year later, evidence surfaced of another chemical attack on Syrians, with dozens reported dead in the rebel-held city of Douma. Although Syria and its ally, Russia, referred to the situation as a "hoax" perpetrated by terrorists, Trump wasn't having it: "Russia vows to shoot down any and all missiles fired at Syria. Get ready Russia, because they will be coming," he tweeted, adding, "You shouldn't be partners with a Gas Killing Animal who kills his people and enjoys it!"

The U.S. subsequently joined forces with Britain and France for coordinated strikes on Syria early in the morning of April 14, 2018. Larger than the previous year's operation, this one hit two chemical weapons facilities and a scientific research center. Afterward, the president took to Twitter to thank his military allies for their efforts, declaring, "Mission Accomplished!"

In December 2018, Trump announced that U.S. military troops would be withdrawn from Syria, a move that was denounced by U.S. allies - as well as by Republicans and Democrats alike - as primarily benefiting Assad and his government's main ally, Russia.

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During a speech at a campaign rally in Mississippi, President Trump openly mocked Dr. Christine Blasey Ford: "How did you get home?' 'I don't remember.' 'How did you get there?' 'I don't remember.' 'Where is the place?' 'I don't remember.' 'How many years ago was it?' 'I don't know.

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GRACEE TOLENTINO. 2018. In What Order Do I Apply My Skin Care Products?. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.dermstore.com/blog/in-what-order-do-i-apply-my-skin-care-products-infographic/. [Accessed 9 August 2018].

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Does it really matter when and in what order you apply your skin care products? We asked because we never felt the need to worry about the order in which we eat our food. (After all, don't we absorb the same amount of sugar in sweets even if we eat them last?) So we asked the skin experts the same question we ask ourselves every time we buy a new skin care product or add another step to our routine: In what order should I apply my skin care products and does it matter?

Sequence Matters, Here's Why

According to board-certified dermatologist and dermatologic surgeon, Dr. Heather Rogers, applying your skin care products in the proper order ensures that your skin receives the full benefits of each product.

"The order of application is incredibly important," says Dr. Rogers. "The skin's job is to keep things out, but many of the skin care products we use have ingredients we want to get in. Only a very small amount of these key ingredients can penetrate the skin, even when perfectly formulated and perfectly applied. If you don't apply products in the correct order, you will not see the best results from your skin care regimen."

How to Layer Your Skin Care Products: A Step-by-Step Guide

So which product goes on top of what, you ask? An easy rule of thumb to follow is to apply your products with the thinnest consistency to thickest, or from liquid to oil. "In general, think thin-to-thick, but you also want to first use the products with the ingredients that are most important to penetrate into the skin (like antioxidants in serums) and finish with the products that need to sit on top of the skin (like emollients and humectants in moisturizers)," says Dr. Rogers.

The morning routine is all about protection from the sun, pollution and the elements, according to Dr. Rogers, so leave your peel pads and treatment products, like retinol, for night.

In the morning, start by splashing your face with warm water or, if you must, wash with a gentle face cleanser designed for your skin type.

STEP 2: TONER

Most people choose to skip toners, partly because there's a lingering assumption that most toners are harsh and irritate the skin. Fortunately, that's not the case anymore. While they don't physically "shrink" pores, the new breed of toners can serve multiple purposes, like act as a delivery system for antioxidants, vitamin B derivatives and even toning acids. Additionally, each type of toner is intended for a different skin issue, so it's important to use the right kind for your skin concern.

However, if you have lived all your life without using a toner and your skin looks healthy, Dr. Rogers says there is no need to start using one. "Toners were created to help return the skin's pH after it became too basic from harsh soaps," explains Dr. Rogers. "Face cleansers are now so much better balanced than toners are not a required step for me, particularly in the morning when your face is clean from being washed the night before. Alcohol-based toners contribute to over-drying of the skin by stripping the protective oils, and water-based toners are a poor vehicle for getting active ingredients into the skin."

STEP 3: ANTIOXIDANT SERUM

Serums are super-concentrated, nutrient-dense treatments that address specific concerns, so it's better to keep them as close to the skin as possible. There are various serums available on the market today, but for daytime, Dr. Rogers recommends antioxidant serums, which provide a variety of benefits-from blunting your skin's inflammatory response to neutralizing damage from UV rays and environmental pollutants.

STEP 4: EYE CREAM

According to board-certified dermatologist Annie Chiu, it's vital to apply an eye cream at least every night, if not twice a day, starting in your 20s. "It's about maintaining the health and thickness of the eyelid skin. Improving the skin quality in this area early on ensures that the eyelid skin does not easily lose laxity and its smooth appearance later on."

For best results, consistency is key. "Regular use of eye cream over time will keep the eyelid skin elastic and can improve or prevent against some fine lines or collagen loss. Remember: Nothing is magic. Results don't occur overnight," Dr. Chiu adds. "You can further protect the delicate skin around your eyes by choosing an eye cream with SPF or applying sunscreen every day." Dr. Chiu also advises people to remember to wear sunglasses when outside to protect against UV-light damage and lines that can creep up around the corners of your eyes from squinting.

STEP 5: SPOT TREATMENT

According to Dr. Diane De Fiori, dermatologist at Rosacea Treatment Clinic, prescription medications and acne spot treatments, like serums, need to be applied as close to the skin as possible to maximize their benefits.

As acne spot treatments differ in active ingredients, check your product packaging or consult your dermatologist for the best way to apply it. Prescription-strength benzoyl peroxide, a common acne spot treatment ingredient, has a one- to three-hour working time, according to esthetician and acne specialist Ashley Wiley. "Any cream that comes in contact with it before it has completed its work will likely inhibit the active ingredient from working properly."

Remember that acne spot treatments can dry out your skin, so always apply only on spots where you need it.

STEP 6: MOISTURIZER

Yes, everyone needs a moisturizer, even if you have oily skin. "Even though your body has its own natural lubricating system consisting of glands that secrete oil (or sebum) to maintain a protective coating against harsh outside conditions and infections, most of us do need extra hydration after the havoc that sun, weather and harsh chemicals wreak on our skin," explains board-certified dermatologist Sandra Kopp.

Most experts recommend that the best time to apply a moisturizer is while the skin is still damp, so the sooner you go through applying your serum and treatment, the sooner you're able to lock in much-needed hydration with your moisturizer.

If you're using an acne spot treatment, you may want to skip those areas when applying your moisturizer to make sure the ingredients in it won't interfere with the active ingredients in your spot treatment.

Sunscreen should be the last step in your daytime skin care routine if you're using a physical or mineral sunscreen, which works by physically blocking the UV rays. This step becomes tricky when you're using a chemical sunscreen.

Dr. Rogers explains: "Chemical sunscreens have to be absorbed into the skin to be effective, so applying after your moisturizer will delay and hinder that. However, if you apply your chemical sunscreen before your moisturizer, your moisturizer will not work as well either because the skin is coated with chemical sunscreen."

So to get around this, and for many other reasons, Dr. Rogers always recommend using a physical sunscreen with zinc and to apply it after your moisturizer. "Zinc is safe, effective and provides the broadest protection against UVA and UVB rays."

As for those who like using chemical sunscreens, try to look for formulas that offer moisturizing benefits, so you can get your daily hydration needs while protecting your skin.

Your Nighttime Regimen

As your skin naturally repairs itself at night, your nighttime routine should be all about treatment and giving your skin what it needs, says Dr. Rogers. "If your skin is looking dull, exfoliate. If it is irritated, hydrate and protect." Here's the best order of skin care products to make sure you get the most out of them:

To get rid of the day's grime, dirt, oil and makeup, some experts recommend removing your makeup first with a dedicated makeup remover before washing your face with a gentle cleanser. Better yet, try double cleansing, which involves using a cleansing oil first to dissolve your makeup and then washing your face again with your regular cleanser.

"The first step is to take off your makeup. This is the step where you would typically use a cleansing oil," explains cosmetic acupuncturist and herbalist Kathleen Funk. "The second step is to use a face wash to remove all the excess sebum, dirt and makeup you loosened up on the first step. This leaves your skin fresh and perfectly prepped to absorb your skin regimen."

TIP: If you're using a physical exfoliant, like a facial scrub, use it in place of your cleanser after removing your makeup.

STEP 2: TONERS, ESSENCES AND BOOSTERS

If you use a toner, apply it as you would in the morning.

At night, some people also like to layer various types of skin care boosters, which you'll see as either mists, essences, beauty waters or hydrating (hyaluronic acid) serums. These are infused with different active ingredients, but for the most part, the purpose is mainly to hydrate and nourish skin.

Since these are lightweight, almost water-like formulas, apply them after washing your face as you would a toner. "If using both, apply toner then essence," says Dr. Rogers. "Toner is more to clean and essence is more about delivering a treatment." If using multiple boosters, same rules apply: apply from thinnest to thickest.

Aside from addressing crow's feet and dark circles, eye creams can also serve to protect your delicate eye area from your other skin care products.

"Generally, you'd want to apply your eye cream before your treatments to protect your eye area against potent ingredients, which could potentially cause irritation," according to Dr. Rogers.

STEP 4: TREATMENT SERUMS, CREAMS AND PADS

Like the rest of the body, skin does the bulk of its repairing, restoring and regenerating as we sleep. This is why most targeted skin care treatments-like prescription meds (tretinoin, acne and rosacea creams), retinol creams, exfoliative treatments (peel pads and masks) and anti-aging serums (infused with peptides, growth factors and other biologically active ingredients)-are better used at night. However, instead of layering up all your treatment serums and creams, Dr. Rogers suggests choosing your evening treatment depending on your skin's of-the-moment needs.

"Too many steps just increase the risk of irritation and decrease the likelihood of the desired result," says Dr. Rogers. "Pick your evening treatment based on what your skin needs that night, not based on what you have in your medicine cabinet. Some nights, it may be just wash, moisturize and bed. There is always tomorrow to give your skin more love."

Here are other considerations:

Choose between prescription meds (for acne or rosacea) OR exfoliative treatments (like AHA/BHA pads, peels or detoxifying masks). "If you use both on the same night, you significantly increase your risk of irritating your skin," warns Dr. Rogers.

Just like prescription meds, don't use retinol creams (over the counter and prescription) on the same night as exfoliative treatments.

Exfoliative treatments: Use these sparingly, one to three times a week.

Detoxifying/Clay Masks: For most people, once a week is plenty.

STEP 5: HYDRATING MASK OR FACE OIL

If your skin is on the dry side, you may want to add a hydrating cream mask or face oil. Both product types are generally mild and can be typically used as often as your skin needs an extra boost of hydration.

STEP 6: MOISTURIZER OR NIGHT CREAM

Some people use the same moisturizer in the day and at night. However, night moisturizers or night creams are generally thicker and heavier, and designed to be absorbed over the course of several hours.

"Moisturizer, particularly the heavier ones used at night, create a protective coating on the skin to prevent water evaporation while you sleep," says Dr. Rogers. "Maintaining a high water content in the skin is key for healing and maintaining healthy skin. If you are using the right moisturizer, it should be your last step because nothing is going to get through it."

Timing Matters, Too

Aside from the order of application, some experts believe it's also important to consider the time it takes for your skin to absorb your products. However, since most of us are often in a rush to get somewhere (or hit the sack), Dr. Rogers understands that this isn't always possible. Her advice? Keep your skin care routine simple.

"Many products say you have to wait anywhere from five to 30 minutes before the next step to ensure proper absorption, but who has time for that? If you make it too complicated, you just won't do it," says Dr. Rogers. "If you have many steps, pause for a bit (a minute) to allow each product time to react with the skin. For example, at night, after I wash my face and apply my serum or evening treatment, I just wrap up my day and get into bed. I keep my moisturizer on my bedside table and apply it right before I go to sleep to give these typically expensive, specialty treatments a touch more time to penetrate the skin before I seal them in with my cream."

Another piece of advice? Listen to your skin. Remember that you are unique and that nobody else has your skin. No matter what experts say, it's important to find what works for you and to always be kind to your skin.

Need a quick reference on how to go about your skin care routine? Check out our ultimate cheat sheet below.

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best order for applying skin care products

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in what order should i apply skin products

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
In What Order Do I Apply My Skin Care Products?

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Does it really matter when and in what order you apply your skin care products? We asked because we never felt the need to worry about the order in which we eat our food. (After all, don't we absorb the same amount of sugar in sweets even if we eat them last?)

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CNN Library, CL 2018, Donald Trump Fast Facts, CNN, 20 November 2018,
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View CNN's Donald Trump Fast Facts to learn more about the 45th president of the United States.

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Too Faced: Makeup, Cosmetics & Beauty Products Online - Too Faced

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Cruelty Free Cosmetics & Beauty Products | Beauty Bakerie

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Beauty Bakerie is the leading cruelty free cosmetic brand. Get cruelty free makeup: eyeliner, eyeshadow, liquid matte lipstick, and eyebrow makeup.

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Tony Moly, TM, 2018, "TONYMOLY USA | TONYMOLY USA Official", Tony Moly, viewed on 20 november 2018, https://tonymoly.us/

Tony Moly it's a South Korean Cosmetic brand directioned mostly for skin care

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One and only official website of TONYMOLY USA. Discover our best-selling sheet masks, skincare, make-up, and more. Shop now!

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Skin Food, SF, 2018, "SKINFOOD – SKINFOOD since 1957", Skin Food, viewed 20 november 2018, https://theskinfood.us/

South Korean brand of cosmetics, focus on face

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You are what you eat. Healthy skin starts with food. We believe that nutritive food results in nutritive beauty for healthy, beautiful skin.

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Etude House, EH, 2018, "Life is Sweet!", Etude House, viewed 20 november 2018, https://www.etudehouse.com/int/en/index.php/

South Korean brand with a very feminine and specific products for makeup and face.

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Official website of Etude for global customers! Find your instant beauty fixes, high performance skincare powered by Asian botanicals, and more!

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RealClear Politics, RP year unknown, President Donald Trump Timeline, RealClear Politics, 20 November 2018,
<https://www.realclearpolitics.com/timeline/president_donald_trump.html>

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President Donald Trump Timeline | RealClearPolitics

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Follow President Trump's executive actions, memorandums and noteworthy actions at RealClearPolitics

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Bite, B, 2018, "Lip Care Sets & Lip Care Products | Bite Beauty", Bite, viewed 20 november 2018, https://www.bitebeauty.com/shop/sets

A canadian cosmetic business focused mostly on edible lipstick

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Lip Care & Lip Treatment Sets | Bite Beauty

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Shop Bite Beauty's lip treatment and color sets. All of our products are handmade, natural and organic with formulas that allow lips to look more supple and smooth while feeling nourished and protected. Bite Beauty

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Taylor Gee and Zack Stanton, TG & ZS 2018, 46 political scandals that were 'worse than Watergate', Politico, 20 November 2018,
<https://www.politico.eu/article/46-political-scandals-that-were-worse-than-watergate/>

Some of the world Biggest Political Scandals

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46 political scandals that were ‘worse than Watergate’

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The brief history of a shopworn cliché that deserves to die.

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Keeper of the Home, KH 2017, 4 DIY All-Natural Facial Cleansers, Keeper of the Home, 20 November 2018,
<https://keeperofthehome.org/4-diy-all-natural-facial-cleansers/>

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As more information comes to light regarding the damaging effects of chemicals and other unnatural ingredients in many commercial skincare products, the desire to move toward natural alternatives is common.
Navigating the products available at the store can be difficult; many products don't fully disclose ingredients and a number of brands marketed as "natural" are nothing of the sort.
This can be discouraging and stressful.
The best way I have found to combat this problem is to make my own products.
Thankfully, making natural skincare products is not as complicated as it sounds. In fact, many of the cleansers I am sharing with you today involve no mixing or measuring at all.

Making your own facial cleanser is a great way to avoid putting chemicals on your skin (and into your bloodstream). Plus, it's likely to save you money.

1. Honey
The beauty of using honey as a facial cleanser is that there is no need for mixing or measuring! Just keep a bottle of honey in the bathroom cabinet and you're set.
Honey can be used daily as a facial cleanser. It does an excellent job of cleaning skin and is extremely moisturizing; so it helps make skin soft and smooth.

Honey is an excellent cleanser for every skin type.

To wash your face with honey: For make-up free skin, squirt a small amount of honey (less than a teaspoon) into the palm of your hand. Rub the honey between your palms and then massage into your face. Wash off with warm water.

To remove make up with honey, pour a small amount of honey onto a wet wash cloth and sprinkle with a little baking soda. Use this honeyed washcloth to clean the face. Remove any residue with warm water. Follow with toner to get rid of excess dirt. (For further details, see Removing Make-up the Honey, Face Wash Way.)

Honey can enhance your beauty routine in many ways, including being used as a hair treatment.

Variations: Mix a little milk or cream with honey for a a cleanser especially suited to dry skin. For extremely oily skin, try adding a little lemon juice to the honey.

2. Oil

The oil cleansing method has grown increasingly popular over the past few years, and for good reason; cleaning your face with oil makes skin soft and radiant.

Plus, it's easy! Just apply oil to the face with your finger tips using circular motions. Let it sit for a few minutes, and wash off with warm water. For extra benefits, hold a warm washcloth close to your oil-covered face for a minute or two and allow the stream to open the pores.

Castor oil is one of the most common oils used in the oil cleansing method, but other oils are well-suited to the task, and many custom mixes can be created by blending different oils.

To find out more, visit the following links:
The Oil Cleansing Method: What it is, and why you should do it The Oil Cleansing Method: Your Guide to facial massage for clear, soft, glowing skin Video Blog: How to Wash Your Face Using the Oil Cleansing Method
Oil also works well as an eye makeup remover.

3. Yogurt

Plain yogurt is a great natural cleanser. It is rich in protein, lactic acid, and fat, which all help detoxify as well as clean skin.

Use plain yogurt or mix with lemon juice to create a cleanser with a more pleasing scent. To make a lemon yogurt cleanser, mix 1 teaspoon of lemon juice with approximately 1 tablespoon of yogurt.

A drop or two of essential oil can also be added to plain yogurt for a sweet-smelling cleanser.

Use fingertips to apply yogurt to the skin, massaging it to loosen any dirt or makeup. Leave yogurt on the skin for a minute or two (if you have time), then wash off with warm water.

4. Cleansing Grains

Cleansing grains gently exfoliate as well as clean the skin.

Create your own cleansing grains by grinding almonds or oats into a fine powder and mixing with liquid to form a paste.
Suitable liquids include:
To use cleansing grains: gently massage paste into skin, avoiding the eyes. Wash off with warm water.

Other grains that are suitable for creating a gentle exfoliating cleanser are: cornmeal, ground sunflower seeds, baking soda, wheatgerm, and rice bran.

This type of cleanser needs to be made on an as-needed basis. However, the process can be expedited by keeping a jar of dry grains in the bathroom cabinet along with a small bowl and spoon for preparing the cleanser.

As you can see, it doesn't have to be difficult to make and use natural cleansers.

Have you made your own facial cleanser?

Top image credit

Disclosure: This post includes affiliate links.

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4 DIY All-Natural Facial Cleansers | Keeper of the Home

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As more information comes to light regarding the damaging effects of chemicals and other unnatural ingredients in many commercial skincare products, the desire to move toward natural alternatives is common. Navigating the products available at the store can be difficult; many products don't fully disclose ingredients and a number of brands marketed as "natural" are nothing of the sort.

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Hello Glow, HG 2016, 8 Ways to Make Your own Facial Cleanser, Hello Glow, 20 November 2018,
<https://helloglow.co/make-your-own-facial-cleanser/>

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Choosing the right facial cleanser depends on a number of factors. Unfortunately, there's no miracle recipe that leaves everyone's skin feeling young and glowing, but if you take into consideration age, skin type, the season, and the amount of makeup used, you might just get the perfect, custom cleanser solution for your skin. And there are plenty of possibilities. Read on to find the right-for-you natural, homemade cleanser:

1. Oil cleanser for blackhead-prone skin

Cleansing your face with oil might not sound like the best idea when you have acne and blackhead-prone skin. But, surprisingly, certain combinations of oil will strip away not just makeup, but also the sebum and dirt clogging your pores. Try this easy recipe for blackhead-prone skin, with jojoba and tamanu.

2. Gentle foaming cleanser

This foaming cleanser made with castile soap is meant to be applied after your oil cleanser, to remove any further excess oils secreted by the skin. Massage your face in circular motions to cleanse, while also hitting some pressure points around the nose to help clear up sinuses.

3. Anti-aging daily cleanser

Start the day with an exfoliating, skin-plumping cleanser that is made especially for mature skin. The oil in the almonds will provide vitamins A and E while lactic acid will exfoliate and moisturize dry skin areas.

4. Honey face wash

Simply use honey to clean your face in the evenings or try this improved honey face wash recipe with coconut milk and castile soap. It's humectant, making your skin less dry, and honey makes it naturally antibacterial, which will help your battle against zits.

5. Detox facial cleanser

Remove makeup, exfoliate and detox with an unlikely combination of activated charcoal, bentonite clay and oats. The ingredients in this facial cleanser are good for all skin types, but even better for oily skin, leaving it supple and clean.

6. DIY cleansing balm

Oil cleansing is effective because the oil breaks down makeup and pulls out dirt from the pores. This DIY cleansing balm is affordable and easy to make, with clay, coconut oil and jojoba oil.

7. Anti-aging rice milk cleanser

Take cue from Japanese geishas and clean your face with this anti-aging rice milk cleanser. Creamy, milk-based cleansers are good for hydrating aging skin, and the rice flour doesn't dissolve easily, thus soothing and exfoliating the skin.

8. Olive oil cleanser

Dry skin just loves this olive oil cleanser! It's hydrating and packed with nutrients. To boost moisurizing levels even more, simply add a few drops of lavender essential oil. It's that easy!

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8 Ways to Make Your Own Facial Cleanser | Hello Glow

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Choosing the right facial cleanser depends on a number of factors. Unfortunately, there's no miracle recipe that leaves everyone's skin feeling young and glowing, but if you take into consideration age, skin type, the season, and the amount of makeup used, you might just get the perfect, custom cleanser solution for your skin.

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What Happens to the Skin when you're Hungover

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What Happens to the Skin when you're Hungover

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KELLS MCPHILLIPS, KM, 2018 "

YES, YOUR SKIN GETS HANGOVERS TOO—HERE’S HOW DERMATOLOGISTS SAY TO TREAT THEM", Well+Good, viewed 20 november 2018

(https://www.wellandgood.com/good-looks/skin-hangover-best-practices/)

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Bouncing back from a hangover resulting from a night on the town (or, let's be real-even a girl's night in) requires pulling out all the stops: avoiding direct sunlight, guzzling electrolyte-enhanced water, and of course napping. While you're busy tending to weird stomach issues or a gnawing headache, however, there's one other *major* organ (the largest, to be exact) that could also use some TLC: your skin.

"Having a hangover is like being chased by a bear-it triggers the same response in your body," says Mona Gohara, MD, a Danbury, CT-based dermatologist. "That includes a cortisol spike and dehydration to all non vital organs-like skin."

While those yikes-inducing side effects are bad, there's also this: Shereene Idriss, MD, a New York City-based dermatologist adds that alcohol leads to the constriction of blood vessels, resulting in "dull, ruddy-looking skin in addition to bloating and puffiness." To make matters worse still, chronic consumption of booze can lead to a loss of skin elasticity, which basically means wrinkles and fine lines are either just around the corner or firmly staking their claim on your complexion.

And for some-namely those with rosacea-alcohol has a direct link to skin worries. "Both red and white wine have been implicated as factors that can trigger rosacea flares," Joshua Zeichner, MD, an NYC dermatologist tells me. Before you cancel all the plans, though, the good news: There is a path forward, and it starts right this way.

Keep reading to learn how to prehab and rehab your skin before and after a night of drinking.

How to prep your skin before going out.

Remember prom night when you coddled your skin for hours before slipping on your gown? Well, ask a dermatologist, and they'll tell you to repeat that same ritual before every big night out.

For starters, pour yourself a nice big glass of H2O because when a big event is on the calendar, you should be hydrating days in advance, which TBH, is kind of a no-brainer at this point-no? Don't kick your feet up just yet, though: You won't be needing any of that dead skin that's been parking itself on yourself complexion, so Dr. Idriss advises that you start by exfoliating with a glycolic acid. This is in part because you want your party skin to look glowing, but also because having dead skin linger on your complexion can make it look extra drab the next morning.

Then, exactly three days ahead of your night on the town, Shasa Hu, MD, a Miami-based dermatologist recommends sticking to a consistent moisturizing- and hydrating-masking schedule. "Topically, I love Dr. Brandt Hydro Biotic Recovery Sleeping Mask for optimal prehabbing," she explains. "This calming overnight leave-on mask contains an unique combination of probiotics, ceramides, and fatty acids to prep your skin for all the inflammation and dehydration you will experience later."

Top off that post-mask goodness with an antioxidant-rich serum like Vitamin C, suggests Dr. Zeichner. "Alcohol also has been shown to decrease antioxidant defenses in the skin," he shares, so by upping your dose of topical antioxidants, you can help guard from free-radical damage that might occur. After your skin care, ahem, pregame has wrapped-you'll be all set to layer on your signature makeup look and meet up with your BFFs.

How to recover post-GNO.

Fast forward to the next day, and you're officially in full-on recovery mode. According to Dr. Hu, it takes about 24 hours on average for the body to fully rehabilitate. (In other words, #selfcaresunday is ON.) First up-choose hydrators with extra electrolytes, like coconut water. Dr. Hu explains that drinking up will restore the inner balance you need to shine on the outside. Additionally, she recommends taking a probiotic to give your gut a little extra love.

Now, turn your attention to that puffy skin and those dark circles. Dr. Gohara says that the latter happen because you're dehydrated and it makes those blood vessels under the skin more prominent, so you want to look for ingredients such as caffeine in the 100 Percent Pure Coffee Bean Eye Cream that will stimulate blood-flow and eventually help minimize that effect.

Turn your (de-puffed) eyes to your complexion and slather on a hydrating serum, with an ingredient such as hyaluronic acid. It's a moisture magnet that can hold 1,000 times its weight in water-meaning that it will fight for every last drop in your skin to stay there and get you back to your A-game. Finish by topping it all off with an occlusive moisturizer such as the Drunk Elephant Lala Retro Whipped Cream to "form a protective seal over the surface of skin to help it retain hydration." You can massage it in with a jade roller, which Dr. Gohara likes for their cooling properties (many people keep these stashed in the fridge for an amped-up chill effect) and because they help to get fluid out of the skin.

Hopefully, tomorrow morning you're greeted with your glowing-skin-as-usual, and if you also have a text-"What are you doing tonight?"-at least now you know what to do.

Here's how to treat other skin emergencies like sunburns and summer breakouts.

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Yes, your skin gets hangovers too-here's how dermatologists say to treat them

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Bouncing back from a hangover resulting from a night on the town (or, let's be real-even a girl's night in) requires pulling out all the stops: avoiding direct sunlight, guzzling electrolyte-enhanced water, and of course napping.

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Ashton August, AA year unknown, How to Make DIY Facial Toner With Only 5 Ingredients - Say Hello to Radiant Skin, Yogi Approved, 2 November 2018,
<https://www.yogiapproved.com/health-wellness/diy-facial-toner/>

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How to Make DIY Facial Toner With Only 5 Ingredients - Say Hello to Radiant Skin

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You can easily spend hundreds of dollars on skincare products at your local beauty or department store. Yet aside from the high price tag, most of these store-bought products are packed with harmful chemicals, preservatives, and other scary ingredients that aren't even good for your skin or health to begin with.

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Hello Glow, HG 2016, 15 Ways to Make Your own Homemade Toner, Hello Glow, 20 November 2018,
<https://helloglow.co/ways-to-make-homemade-toner/>

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Toner might seem like an afterthought, but it's a must in your beauty routine, especially if you're dealing with oily skin or acne. Not only does it reduce sebum, but it also removes any traces of makeup left after washing, and it can smooth the skin surface, reducing redness and inflammation. Sensitive skin can also benefit from toner, which soothes it gently. Besides, toner prepares the skin for any additional steps in your routine, such as serums or anti-aging creams. Skip the store-bought versions and make your own homemade toner to suit your skin type:

1. Fennel Toner

Fennel is known to rejuvenate the skin and reduce inflammation, so it's the perfect ingredient for your homemade toner! Get the recipe here -you only need some thyme, lemon and water to get started!

2. Honey chamomile toner

Apple cider vinegar provides balance, chamomile tea soothes and calms the skin while honey moisturizes it. Get the recipe for this honey chamomile toner on Mary Makes Good.

3. Oil Balancing Facial Toner

Try this facial toner recipe from The Merrythought if you're trying to prevent breakouts and balance oil production. It's made with a nice blend of essential oils and a rosewater base.

4. Hibiscus Toner Mist

A toner mist is more fun than regular toner! And hibiscus is a great source of anti-aging vitamin C. Get the recipe for an easy hibiscus toner mist made with witch hazel.

5. Homemade Toner Pads for Acne

Acne-prone skin needs special treatment, but that shouldn't scare you. These homemade toner pads from Dream A Little Bigger are an effortless way to keep your skin clean and beautiful, using just tea tree oil and distilled water.

6. Green Tea + Pomegranate Toner

This power combo of antioxidants rejuvenates the skin while reducing sun damage, eye wrinkles and skin redness. Try this anti-aging toner made with just two ingredients and water.

7. Grapefruit Rind Toner

The Free Spirited offers two ways to use grapefruit rind as toner, and they're both really easy. The Vitamin C in grapefruit is perfect for skin toning, keeping it hydrated and balanced.

8. DIY Toner Tonic

With just two ingredients, this toner tonic from The Private Life of a Girl is antibacterial, antiseptic and antimicrobial, not to mention impressively easy to make!

9. Rose Water Toner

You don't need dehydrating alcohol in your toner, on the contrary! This rose water toner is fantastic for sensitive skin because it won't dry it out.

10. Toner for Acne-Prone Skin

Acne-prone skin can be difficult to work with, that's why you need a good toner! Try this recipe from Naturally Loriel, which uses witch hazel, Frankincense and geranium essential oils.

11. Tea Tree Oil Face Toner

Soothe, nourish and hydrate the skin with this tea tree oil face toner from She Uncovered. It's restores your skin's natural pH levels and it does wonders against acne.

12. Rose Rice Water Toner

Benefit from the properties of this rose rice water toner from Luminous Beaute to get tighter pores and moisturized, refreshed skin.

13. Toner for Oily Skin

With just two ingredients-green tea and apple cider vinegar-you've created the perfect toner for oily skin. Green tea fights redness and acne while ACV works on balancing the pH levels of your skin.

14. Rosemary & Cedarwood toner

This toner from Scratch Mommy has a nice woodsy aroma, but it's also packed with good-for-you ingredients, such as astringent witch hazel, antioxidant rosemary, and regenerative cedarwood essential oil.

15. Aloe Vera Toner

Pins and Procrastination shares the recipe for a healing aloe vera toner, which calms the skin and keeps it dewy and moisturized.

No time to DIY? Then shop our natural picks below:

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15 Ways to Make Your Own Homemade Toner | Hello Glow

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Toner might seem like an afterthought, but it's a must in your beauty routine, especially if you're dealing with oily skin or acne. Not only does it reduce sebum, but it also removes any traces of makeup left after washing, and it can smooth the skin surface, reducing redness and inflammation.

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Kresha Faber, KF 2011, 5 Homade Facial Toners + How to Make Rosewater, Nourishing Joy, 20 November 2018,
<https://nourishingjoy.com/5-homemade-facial-toners-rosewater/>

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I don't use many beauty products - largely due to the fact that I'm lazy, they're expensive, and I'm a fairly au naturel kind of girl. However, a facial toner is always something I have on hand as I've found it makes a big difference in the health of my skin.

However, the list of undesirable ingredients on most store-bought toners is long and many toners are expensive, so I started looking for ways to make my own toner and started experimenting with various ingredients. What I discovered is that it is incredibly easy to design your own recipes according to your own preferences using ingredients typically found in any home: herbs, vegetables, teas, and vinegars. Of all the various cosmetics you can make at home, toners are among the easiest!

Since homemade toners are preservative-free and often include fresh ingredients, they are best kept in a cool place and used within 7-10 days. They're most refreshing if stored in the refrigerator, but if you're like me, you want them handy when you're washing your face in the bathroom, so find whatever place works best for you that's away from heat and direct sunlight.

Lastly, if you want to store your lovely new toners in decorative bottles or package them for gift-giving, Mountain Rose Herbs has a wonderful selection of bottles to choose from. They've also got a fantastic article on creating floral waters and colognes.

Facial Toners

Apple Mint Toner
adapted from The Complete Illustrated Book of Herbs
3-4 tsp chopped fresh mint
2 Tbls raw apple cider vinegar
1 1/4 cups water

Place the mint and apple cider vinegar in a small mason jar or other jar with a screw-top lid. Let sit at room temperature for 1 week. The mint will infuse the vinegar and give it a lovely scent.

Strain the mixture into a large measuring cup. Add the water. Stir well and pour into a clean bottle or jar and store in a cool place.

Apply to the face as a cleanser once a day or splash on your face as cool refreshment on a hot day.

Rosewater-Kombucha Toner

10 parts rosewater
1 part kombucha

Stir rosewater and kombucha together, pour into a small bottle, and store in a cool place.
Rosewater is commonly used in Greek, Turkish, and Middle Eastern cuisine (think absolutely yummy baklava...), so you can either find bottles of rosewater at Mediterranean grocers or make your own by following the tutorial at the end of this post.
Kombucha Aloe Toner

1/2 cup kombucha
1/4 cup aloe vera juice OR 2 Tbls aloe vera serum straight from the plant
2 drops Vitamin E oil (optional)
10 drops essential oil of your choice (use only pure essential oils, as other fragrances can react with the skin)

Mix all ingredients, pour into a decorative jar or bottle, and store in a cool place. This toner is especially helpful for very oily skin.

Watermelon Toner

2 Tbls fresh watermelon juice
2 Tbls distilled water
1 Tbls vodka or rubbing alcohol

Extract the watermelon juice by mashing it through a strainer. If you want want it absolutely pulp-free, strain it again through a fine cheesecloth.

Stir the watermelon juice into the water and the vodka. Pour into a small bottle and store in a cool place, preferably the refrigerator.

Cucumber-Green Tea Toner

1/4 cup cucumber juice (approximately 1 medium cucumber)
1/4 cup steeped green tea
1 Tbls vodka (optional)

Extract the juice from the cucumber either by passing it through a juicer or by pureeing it in a blender or food processor and pressing it through a cheesecloth.

Meanwhile, make the green tea by pouring 1/2 cup freshly boiled water over 1 green tea bag or 1 tsp whole green tea leaves and steep, covered, for 5-7 minutes. Jasmine makes an exceptionally lovely scented toner, while gunpowder green makes a more astringent toner for balancing oily skin, but any green tea will work. Strain tea leaves from the tea and let the tea cool completely.

Mix the cucumber juice and the green tea together, adding vodka if desired. Store in a jar or bottle of your choosing and store in a cool place, preferably the refrigerator. This is also an especially refreshing splash on your face on a hot day.

How to Make Rosewater

Rosewater may be used by itself as a skin toner or in cooking, such as in Turkish delight, baklava, honey sesame candy, and myriad other recipes. Store it in the refrigerator for several weeks or even months - as long as it's not cloudy or doesn't smell off, it should be good, especially for cosmetic use.

Make sure you use fresh rose petals that are chemical- and pesticide-free and use only the petals - no stems or leaves.
If you would like to see some photos of the process, my cousin has posted several wonderful pictures on her blog - Adventures of Brad & Kendra. She also uses the rosewater in a DIY makeup remover. Brilliant! Why didn't I think of that? 🙂
Several cups of rose petals, packed (make sure these are chemical and pesticide free!)
Distilled Water
Enamel or Stainless Steel Pot (any size)
Food-safe plate approximately 1″ smaller in diameter than your cooking pot

Fill the bottom of the pot with the rose petals a few inches deep. Place the plate on top to weigh them down and pour distilled water over the petals until they are just covered.

Heat the water over medium heat to be steaming hot, but do not boil. Let the water steam until the water has taken on the color of the rose petals, it has become a bit thick and oily, and you see rose oil forming on the surface. This will take approximately 60 minutes.

Strain the water into a glass bowl and squeeze as much liquid as you can from the rose petals. Use immediately or store in the refrigerator.

Place any amount of fresh, chemical-free, rose petals in a glass bowl.

For every 1 firmly packed cup of rose petals, pour 2 cups boiling water over top. Cover and steep until the liquid is completely cool. Strain into a second bowl and squeeze the liquid from the petals.

This "quick and easy" method will produce a more mildly scented rosewater, but is still absolutely lovely in facial toners.

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5 Homemade Facial Toners + How to Make Rosewater - Nourishing Joy

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I don't use many beauty products - largely due to the fact that I'm lazy, they're expensive, and I'm a fairly au naturel kind of girl. However, a facial toner is always something I have on hand as I've found it makes a big difference in the health of my skin.

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AMANDA MONTELL, AM, 2016, "What does being in love do to your skin?", Byrdie viewed 20 november 2018 (https://www.byrdie.com/skin-emotions)

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We skincare addicts are cursed with the compulsion to find out how everything in the world impacts our skin-food, the environment, products of all kinds. But rarely do we stop to think about what's going on internally.

Personally, I sometimes feel like no matter how many serums I slather on my face, my skin never looks better than it does after an intense rush of adrenaline. I receive a piece of exciting news, and bam -a healthy glow floods my cheeks, as if I just received a two-hour facial.

This made me curious: How do our emotions affect our skin, both short-term and long-term? Does the key to perfect skin lie within? To find out, I spoke with three top medical experts: Dr. Neal Schultz, dermatologist and founder of BeautyRx; Dr. Jennifer Linder, dermatologist and chief scientific officer for PCA Skin; and Dr. S. Manjula Jegasothy, dermatologist and founder of Miami Skin Institute.
Read on to discover the fascinating ways love, excitement, stress, and other emotions are affecting your skin!

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What Does Being in Love Do to Your Skin?

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We skincare addicts are cursed with the compulsion to find out how everything in the world impacts our skin-food, the environment, products of all kinds. But rarely do we stop to think about what's going on internally.

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Skin Perfection Natural & Organic Skin Care, SPNOK year unknown, DIY Antioxidant Serun, Skin Perfection Natural & Organic Skin Care, 20 November 2018,
<https://www.naturalorganicskincare.com/diy-antioxidant-serum/>

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Check out our latest video on how to make an antioxidant serum with apple stem cells and hyaluronic acid.

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Yogi Mami, YM year unknow, Homemade Antioxidant Facial Serum, Yogi Mami, 20 November 2018,
<https://yogimami.com/antioxidant-facial-serum/>

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DISCLOSURE: Please note these statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This is for informational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent disease. While I am certified in modalities such as Yoga, Aromatherapy, Reiki and Hypnotherapy, I am not a doctor or medical professional. I am simply a mother who is passionate about health and wellness and sharing my experiences and testimonials. In addition, I am a participant in the Amazon Affiliate advertisign program, an affilaite advertising program, an affiliate advertising program desinged ot provide a means to learn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliates sites. Yum Disclaimer: Please note: I am not a medical professional, the information provided is strictly for informational purposes. Please use your careful discernment and double check with your naturopath or doctor before taking any vitamins or supplements.
PAID ENDORSEMENT DISCLOSURE: In order for me to support my blogging activities, I may receive monetary compensation or other types of remuneration for my endorsement, recommendation, testimonial and/or link to any products or services from this blog. However, I only recommend products or services I have personally used myself and trust. Yogi Mami/Victoria Moore is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com.

I love making my own homemade skin products. After learning more about products and ingredients, there are so many toxins in commercial brands that have no place on the human body. Our skin is our largest organ so it is important to be mindful what we put on. This homemade antioxidant facial serum is easy to make and literally makes your skin GLOW! Here is my recipe!

I love coconut oil! To eat, to cook with to wear! Seriously, its all-purpose and I love it. Make sure it's organic non-refined virgin coconut oil ( where-to-buy). It's a staple in my house and I have a tub in the kitchen and one in the bathroom for beauty products. It also made my Medicine Cabinet Must Have list! It is the base I use for most of my products, including this anti-oxidant facial serum.

Benefits of Coconut Oil for skin

Moisturizes skin

Antioxidant

Soothes skin infections

Benefits of Oregano Essential Oil for skin

Anti-aging properties

Antioxidant

Immune Booster

*Warning- This is considered a "HOT" oil. Always make sure to dilute prior to applying to skin as it can burn.

Benefits of Orange Essential Oil for skin

Maintain Smooth, Glowing Skin

Antioxidant

Anti-aging properties

*Warning- This is a photosensitive oil. Be cautions when exposed to the sun within 24 hours of using this oil.

2 ounces of Organic Coconut Oil (Where to Buy)

4 Drops of Oregano Essential Oil

4 Drops of Orange Essential Oil

Mix the carrier oil and essential oils in a glass bottle with a pump ( where to buy). Apply to face as needed. This high concentration of active ingredients contains a potent dose of anti-aging and antioxidant ingredients. A small amount goes a long way and should last for several weeks. The coconut oil will harden in colder temperatures so you may need to heat up the jar under warm water or place a small amount and warm up in the hands before applying. My face feels so smooth and soft and healthy since using this antioxidant facial serum.
Have you tried making your own homemade products yet? Like what you've read? Sign-up for my newsletter and get tips and other information on how to live a healthier and happier lifestyle!

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DISCLOSURE: Please note these statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This is for informational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent disease. While I am certified in modalities such as Yoga, Aromatherapy, Reiki and Hypnotherapy, I am not a doctor or medical professional.

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Crunchy Betty, CB 2018, Simple Homemade 3-Ingredient Facial Oil Moisturizer - Customize It For Your Own Gorgeous Skin, Crunchy Betty, 20 November 2018,
<https://crunchybetty.com/facial-oil-moisturizer/>

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Shoot, you guys. I owe so many of you an apology. For years, so many of you have been asking about what I use to moisturize my face. Every time, the conversation goes like this:

Curious Person: "Hey, Betty? What do you use to moisturize your face?"
Me: "I use a blend of oils."

Curious Person: "What kind of oils? Can you give me a recipe?"
Me: "Oh, a whole bunch, blended together. I'll blog it soon, I promise."

Fast forward to eight thousand years later, otherwise known as today, I was mad beautying around in the kitchen, experimenting with blends for the perfect facial oil to sell on the Crunchy Betty Natural Market for oily and blemishy skin (I finally found the perfect blend and it is my Royally Flawless Facial Oil). Anyway, as I'm blending and shaking, I realize this is something I should probably blog about.

Before I do, lest you think I was kidding about being a mad beautyist today, this is what my kitchen counter looked like after the experiments, full of my personal oil stash. I never realize how much bloomin' crunchy stuff I have until it's overtaking my kitchen:

Now, the reason why I haven't blogged my personal facial oil blend is because, well, it uses upwards of eleventy thousand ingredients. Precisely: Argan oil, jojoba oil, apricot kernel oil, sea buckthorn oil, rosehip seed oil, frankincense essential oil, roman chamomile essential oil, rose geranium essential oil, carrot seed oil, and vitamin E. Sometimes, I'll even add a little tamanu and emu oil in there, as well.

I was afraid that if I shared this information, no one would ever want to make their own facial moisturizing oil, so I kept putting off writing about it. Because it's better to NOT mention it and have it not occur than to mention it and have at least one person actually try it? I don't know. Whatever. You're going to want to make this now, so it's all water under the bed. Or bridge under the coyote. Whatever that expression is.

Because the truth of the matter is, you don't have to have all those fancy ingredients to get a great facial oil.

And, before those of you with oily skin run away, let me tell you this: Do not be afraid of oil. It is your friend. ESPECIALLY if you wash your face with something that strips your natural oils. Replacing those oils with something nourishing should make your face very, very happy (and potentially less oily and blemishy).

Your Simple 3-Ingredient Homemade Facial Oil

Crunchy rule: Never, ever use facial oil or moisturizer on a dirty face. Always cleanse in some way first - whether it's with cleansing grains, honey, the oil cleansing method (though you may not even need moisturizer if you do that), or your favorite prepared facial cleanser. If you put oil or moisturizer on top of a dirty face, you'll just help seal in all that dirt and grime and old, nasty oil, which will make your face decidedly UNHAPPY.

See how pretty that looks? If you want to buy a bottle like the one I have pictured, you can find it here.

Ingredient Number One - Your "Base" or "Carrier" Oil

In all actuality, you might want to just buy a base oil to begin with and test it with your face. See if your skin loves the base oil you choose, and then you can build on that. And, in even further actuality, just one ingredient may be all you ever want.

Your base oil is going to be the main ingredient in your facial oil blend, so choose well, young jedi.

My two favorite base oils are argan oil and/or jojoba oil, because they're both verrrrrrrry healing and nourishing, they're both very light and they sink into your skin without any feeling of greasiness, and they're great for all skin types.

Here are the base oils you could choose from (this is not an exhaustive list, but it's most of 'em):

Argan oil (great for dry, aging, oily, normal, or acne-prone skin)

Jojoba oil (great for dry, aging, oily, normal, or acne-prone skin)

Apricot kernel oil (great for any skin type, but especially good for normal, dry, and aging skin)

Sweet almond oil (just an all-around great facial oil, but it takes a bit longer to "sink in" than the first two)

Grapeseed oil (great for normal, oily, or acne-prone skin)

Avocado oil (great for dry and aging skin)

Hemp seed oil (great for any skin type, also very light)

Plan on your base oil being at least 2/3 of your facial oil mixture (we'll talk about mixing at the end).

Ingredient Number Two - Extra Nourishing Bonus Oils

These are the oils that are a little more pricey, but with that price tag comes a beautiful kick in the pants to your troubled skin. Your skin wears pants, right?

If you want to skip the nourishing oils, that's just fine. Maybe some day in the future you'll want to add one. In fact, I'm sure you will. Because once you start rolling around in crunchiness, you never want to stop.

So here are some ideas for the more nourishing "bonus" oils:

Tamanu oil (wooooooooooonderful for acneic or oily skin, or skin with scars)

Sea buckthorn oil (powerfully nourishing, this is a great oil for all skin types, but especially aging or dry skin)

Rosehip seed oil (incredibly regenerating, this oil is known for it's firming and anti-aging abilities - it's good for dry, aging, and normal skin)

Carrot seed oil (you only need a small amount of this oil, but it's superb for any skin type - is there anything it won't heal?)

Borage oil (crazy high in oleic acids, this oil is great for most skin types, but especially oily and acneic skin)

Evening primrose oil (acne, aging, normal skin, you name it - and evening primrose oil can even be taken internally to help with acne)

Emu oil (emollient like you wouldn't believe, emu oil is protective and nourishing for dry or aging skin)

Now, you might want to add a little bit of "flava" with an essential oil!

Ingredient Number Three - Add Your Skin's Favorite Essential Oil

Remember! You only need a couple of tiny drops of essential oil to get an amazing benefit for your skin. Essential oils are potent (and they last forever when you use them this way)!

There are FAR too many essential oils with skin benefits to list them all here, so I'm just picking and choosing a few of the more widely available or commonly known essential oils.

Lavender (acne, oily, or even dry skin - lavender is healing, but a little, tiny bit goes a long way)

Peppermint (like lavender, peppermint is great for oily and acneic skin, and like lavender don't use much! It's very astringent, but it might also tingle your skin right off its bones)

Chamomile (my favorite chamomile is Roman - and roman chamomile is wonderfully healing and soothing, so it's great for ALL skin types. Really. Very, very great, but also very expensive)

Rose (wonderful for aging, dry and normal skin, it's also pretty expensive, unless you find the "mixed with jojoba" kind, which just means it's diluted and you can use more in your blend than if it were "neat")

Rose geranium (another great, all-around healing essential oil - this is especially good for dry, sensitive, aging, and normal skin)

Palmarosa (my skin loooves this oil, and it's great for any skin type, but it does seem to work well for breakouts, in addition to being softening and soothing for aging skin, which, yes, I have)

Lemongrass (brightening and toning, this is a great oil for normal, oily, or acneic skin)

Rosemary (got acne and oily skin? You might just want this)

Okay, quickly, here's how you mix 'em.

Creating Your Custom Homemade Facial Oil

This is where the fun starts. You get to experiment with what type of blend works best for your skin, but here's the BEST place to start.

We're going to assume you're using a 1-oz bottle (for essential oil purposes), but if you use a smaller bottle, be sure to adjust your essential oil additions downward as necessary.

1. Fill your small bottle just under 2/3 of the way with your base oil

2. Add your "bonus nourishing" oil until the bottle is just about full (unless you're using carrot seed oil, in which case just put in a few drops)

3. Add ONLY 4-7 drops of essential oil. Less if you're using peppermint, especially. Cap and shake well after each drop, and you can gauge, very roughly, just how much essential oil you'll need. You should be able to smell it, but it should not be overpowering. Just faintly identifiable.

And that's it!

Keep your facial oil out of the sunlight, and it should be good for 8-12 months.

Where Can I Buy These Oils?

I know, you regular readers are probably sick of my "buying guide" sentences at the end of some of these posts. But, without fail, whenever I write a post with an ingredient that might be difficult to find, if I don't mention WHERE you can get them, someone always comes along and asks in the comments.

So.

You can find almost all of these ingredients at the two places using the links above. And those are affiliate links, by the way, so if you click 'em and then order, you'll be supporting Crunchy Betty (yay!).

ANNNNNNNND ... yes. Yes, I do sell facial oil as of right now at the Crunchy Betty Natural Market. This Royally Flawless Facial Oil is my personal favorite and the best blend I've found of all of the luxurious ingredients above! One day, I'll put some of the other blends I love in the market.

Just not today.

I have to clean the kitchen.

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Simple Homemade 3-Ingredient Facial Oil Moisturizer - Customize It For Your Own Gorgeous Skin

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Shoot, you guys. I owe so many of you an apology. For years, so many of you have been asking about what I use to moisturize my face. Every time, the conversation goes like this: Curious Person: "Hey, Betty? What do you use to moisturize your face?"

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Natural and Healthy Living, NHL 2014, Natural Beauty, 20 November 2018,
<https://www.naturalandhealthyliving.com/top-10-natural-homemade-moisturizers/>

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New here? Make sure you like naturalandhealthyliving.com on facebook where we post our best information to revitalize and improve your health naturally, and get updated each time we find something amazing!
Moisturizers are a key part in keeping the skin smooth, supple, and young. Moisturizers, as the name suggests, keeps water locked in the skin and helps keep it hydrated. Many moisturizers you find on the shelves contain many chemicals and other active agents that can cause irritation to the skin, especially for those with sensitive skin! Listed below are the top 10 best homemade moisturizers that are quick, easy, and all natural!
Homemade Moisturizer recipe 1: Super Simple Homemade Moisturizer
With only three ingredients, this moisturizer is simplicity at its finest. Only seconds to make and is gorgeous. Read it here.
Homemade Moisturizer recipe 2: Simple Aloe Vera and Almond Oil Moisturizer by naturalandhealthyliving.com
This is another simple recipe which takes no time at all to make and as it contains Aloe Vera, it has all the rejuvenating properties of this amazing plant.
Homemade Moisturizer recipe 3: All Natural Homemade Eczema Cream
This recipe is superb for anyone suffering with eczema. Not just for adults, this particular recipe is safe for children too. Using all natural ingredients readily available online and at your local stores, don't miss this one!
Homemade Moisturizer recipe 4: Homemade Moisturizing Vanilla And Vitamin E Body Butter
This moisturizer is another simple yet great recipe. We dive into lots of detail in thestep by step instructions , so absolutely anyone can make it!
Homemade Moisturizer recipe 5: Non Greasy Homemade Moisturizer Cream by mamagoingnatural
This is a slightly more complex moisturizer than some of the others listed so far, with 7 ingredients, but it is an amazing recipe which results in a cream with a gorgeous smell.
Homemade Moisturizer recipe 6: Clean and Healthy DIY Facial Moisturizer by saynotsweetanne.com
This is a great facial moisturizer, but could just as easily be put on any part of the body as there are no chemicals here!
Homemade Moisturizer recipe 7: Perfect for Eczema Moisturizing Lotion by Nevermeatagain.com
This recipe is specifically good for treating those prone to Eczema, using the age old oat treatment. One of the most effective and simple recipes on this list, it's a must see.
Homemade Moisturizer recipe 8: Luxurious Homemade Moisturizer by quirkycooking
The author gives a very detailed recipe and walk-through of the method, which makes this moisturizer incredibly easy to make! The final product will leave your skin feeling great!
Homemade Moisturizer recipe 9: The Whip: A Homemade Moisturuzer by rootsimple
This recipe is very easy to follow and the author has put in a lot of detail. The moisturizer smells amazing and works wonders.
Homemade Moisturizer recipe 10: Organic light face Moisturizer by organic-beauty-recipes.com
This natural moisturizer has clear instructions for easy making. Made with the wonderful kukui nut oil.

Natural and Healthy Living

There is no author description yet.

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Top 10 Best Homemade Moisturizers - Natural and Healthy Living

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New here? Make sure you like naturalandhealthyliving.com on facebook where we post our best information to revitalize and improve your health naturally, and get updated each time we find something amazing! Moisturizers are a key part in keeping the skin smooth, supple, and young.

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Luna Lupus, LL 2016, Hydrate Your Skin with these 13 DIY, Wonderful DIY, 20 November 2018,
<https://wonderfuldiy.com/diy-moisturizers/>

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Every beauty guru can tell you that your number one priority for skin care should be hydration! Our skin needs all the moisturizer it can get, so it doesn't become too dry or oily. Drinking enough water is the obvious first step, but you have to make sure the products you're using are also helping with hydration. If you want to be sure, it's best to make your own! Here are 13 DIY moisturizers you can choose from!

1. Moisturizer for Sensitive Skin

Sensitive skin can be tricky to take care of. It can quickly react to all sorts of substances, so you'll want to stick to natural products in order to avoid outbreaks! Ma Nouvelle Mode has a really gentle homemade moisturizer, perfect to serve the sensitive skin!

2. Beeswax Moisturizer

Beeswax has proven itself in the beauty industry as very beneficial for the skin. If you haven't tried it yet, now's your chance! Say Not Sweet Anne has a recipe for a beeswax moisturizer and we would love to hear how it has helped your skin!

3. Two-Ingredient Moisturizer

You are either incredibly busy or in a last-minute situation where you just need some quality moisturizer. Coupon Closet 's moisturizer is a true gift in situations like that! Only two ingredients are needed to make it, both of which are incredibly affordable! This is definitely a good day for natural, budget-friendly products!

4. Shea Butter Moisturizer

Shea butter is the go-to ingredient in this soft and creamy moisturizer by Mommypotamus! Sometimes taking care of our skin can feel like an uphill battle, but the kinder products you use, the more glowing and hydrated your skin will be! Test this one out and report your results!

5. Skin-Perfecting Moisturizer

Let's face it, perfect skin is something we're all striving for! The definition of perfect varies from person to person, but we can all agree that it usually means healthy! Sweet Simple Living has a skin-perfecting moisturizer that will hydrate your skin and give it a fresh, healthy glow!

6. Olive Oil Moisturizer

Using oil in a daily beauty routine is a practice that's been around for a while, but Make Your Own Zone offers a unique recipe for a revitalizing olive oil moisturizer! If you struggle with a dry and flakey skin, you can't afford not to make this!

7. Vitamin E Moisturizer

Vitamin E is great for the skin and what better way to assure its daily intake than by putting it in our face moisturizer! The skin is incredibly absorbent and will be very happy to receive an extra vitamin kick! The Refreshanista shares the recipe!

8. Coconut-Free Moisturizer

Most of natural and homemade moisturizers contain coconut oil, but if for whatever reason you want to ditch it, Live Simply has a great alternative! Pick out your favorite oil that is compatible with your skin, mix it with shea butter and add some essential oils for a great aroma. Boom, no coconut oil needed!

9. Three Minute Serum

You're rushing in the morning, your skin is dry and you are in a desperate need of a moisturizer. What now? Prepare & Nourish has invented a ready-to-use serum that you can make in only three minutes! This is the one recipe you'll always want to have on hand!

10. Green Tea Moisturizer

Set aside some of your green tea and follow Hello Glow 's recipe for a soft green tea moisturizer! Not that you needed another reason to love green tea, but it surely seems to excel in every way! Brew yourself a big cup of hot tea while you nourish your skin with this amazing moisturizer!

11. Whipped Coconut Moisturizer

If you are addicted to store-bought foamy moisturizers you'll be happy to hear that you can now make them at home and only use non-toxic ingredients! The feeling of nourishing and hydrating foam on our skin is always magical, so head over to Womanatics and check out the recipe for this whipped coconut moisturizer!

12. Eczema Moisturizer

Eczema is a very big struggle for many people and finding the right products can be quite challenging. If you are in need of a cream that has your skin's best interest at heart, Natural & Healthy Living has a really incredible recipe for a moisturizer specifically intended to soothe eczema!

13. Hibiscus Moisturizer

This moisturizer by The Chalkboard Magazine is an absolute treasure! The red hibiscus gives it a mesmerizing color and it works like a charm for a tired and dry skin! Start your day with some hibiscus magic and watch how it revitalizes your skin!

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Hydrate Your Skin with these 13 DIY Moisturizers

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Every beauty guru can tell you that your number one priority for skin care should be hydration! Our skin needs all the moisturizer it can get, so it doesn't become too dry or oily. Drinking enough water is the obvious first step, but you have to make sure the products you're using are also helping with hydration.

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Gregory Korte and Alan Gomez, GK & AG 2018, Trump ramps up rhetoric on undocumented immigrants: 'These aren't people. These are animals.', USA Today, 20 November 2018,
<https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/05/16/trump-immigrants-animals-mexico-democrats-sanctuary-cities/617252002/>

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CLOSE

WASHINGTON - President Trump used extraordinarily harsh rhetoric to renew his call for stronger immigration laws Wednesday, calling undocumented immigrants "animals" and venting frustration at Mexican officials who he said "do nothing" to help the United States.

"We have people coming into the country or trying to come in, we're stopping a lot of them, but we're taking people out of the country. You wouldn't believe how bad these people are," Trump said.

"These aren't people. These are animals."

Trump's comments came in a freewheeling, hour-long White House meeting with local California leaders opposed to so-called "sanctuary city" policies. "California's law provides safe harbor to some of the most vicious and violent offenders on Earth, like MS-13 gang members putting innocent men, women, and children at the mercy of these sadistic criminals," he said.

His comment about "animals" came after Fresno County Sheriff Margaret Mims complained that state law forbids her from telling U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement about undocumented immigrants in her jail - even if she suspects they're part of a gang.

"There could be an MS-13 member I know about. If they don't reach a certain threshold, I cannot tell ICE about it," she said.

Trump's remarks were reminiscent of his first press conference as a presidential candidate in 2015, when he said the United States had become a "dumping ground" for people other countries didn't want.

"When Mexico sends its people, they're not sending their best," he said then. "They're bringing drugs. They're bringing crime. They're rapists. And some, I assume, are good people."

Trump has been particularly vocal in opposing so-called "sanctuary city" policies, in which some jurisdictions have refused to fully cooperate with federal immigration authorities. On Wednesday, he highlighted California cities who do cooperate, inviting mayors and sheriffs opposed to the state's predominant policy.

"Each of you has bravely resisted California's deadly and unconstitutional sanctuary state law," Trump told them.

In other comments, Trump:

► Called for Attorney General Jeff Sessions to investigate Oakland Mayor Libby Schaaf for warning undocumented immigrants of an upcoming sweep by immigration agents. "You talk about obstruction of justice, I would recommend that you look at obstruction of justice for the mayor, Jeff," the president said.

► Expressed frustration at his southern neighbor for not doing more to stop the flow of refugees and immigrants into the United States. "Mexico does nothing for us, they do nothing for us. Mexico talks, but they do nothing for us, especially at the border," he said. "Certainly don't help us much on trade."

► Blamed Democrats for a policy of separating children from their parents when undocumented families enter the United States.

"I know what you're going through with families is very tough," he told Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen. "But those are the bad laws the Democrats gave us. We have to break up families. The Democrats gave us that law. It's a horrible thing we have to break up families."
Alan Gomez reported from Miami. David Jackson contributed.
Read or Share this story: https://usat.ly/2rNiDvb

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Trump ramps up rhetoric on undocumented immigrants: 'These aren't people. These are animals.'

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CLOSE WASHINGTON - President Trump used extraordinarily harsh rhetoric to renew his call for stronger immigration laws Wednesday, calling undocumented immigrants "animals" and venting frustration at Mexican officials who he said "do nothing" to help the United States.

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https://jungmagazine.com/holika-holika-audrey-jeanne-dodo-cat-collection/

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HAVE FUN LIPSTICK MATCHES", HAVE FUN Lipstick Matches 6pcs with 6 different colours | Red Earth, Red Earth, visited 20 november 2018, https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/GUL5oW63e6qpB7_jscS8BQQleq9pEWo54N6rWtEX7imIBoblWRvXv0lH5RG3YRE5bRrTjJHS8Um6PxIOClHRorOkoP-jObxQlA=w600-h750

https://www.redearth.com/products/have-fun-lipstick-matches

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Tony Moly, 2017, "Inked Cushion Liner", webpage unkown, Tony Moly, 20 november 2018, https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/eKV6IVbuL7vebmxgbRPxKJ2MusXudQ4T7IvqsLIXtoyP2c-XyIo5YFTiL0ebKHy4FrtcEVsdcLMaPeYsU89NsBijc2nsutma=w600-h766

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Tony Moly, 2012, "Silky Smooth Balm", Egg silky smooth balm Pack, Tony Moly, viewed 20 november 2018, https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/P-vG8IyUz2YsIGbezjv0MKd-q3WiETjkRV3JRJ6mtENECb-yw_P68IIs6RONukGYZG3motqkqwMijKspy2AhLD-oIvYdNxgA=w600-h600

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SharaShara, 2014, "Honey Bomb, All in One ampoule", website unkown, Sharashara, viewed 20 november 2018, https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/XB3a4bZi5dm5zgRqU9se4KSLvcvLsQMKcX1hTKRkvFPXDQS7FrFDDlAQSZKJOlOmO0sOCZdTJgGoG8kjcWGbZfcqlhPaNr9WPmg=w600-h800

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Claire Cohen, CC 2017, Donald Trump sexism tracker: Every offensive comment in one place, The Telegraph, 20 November 2018,
<https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/politics/donald-trump-sexism-tracker-every-offensive-comment-in-one-place/>

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Donald Trump sexism tracker: Every offensive comment in one place

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Maya Salam and Matthew Haag, MS & MH 2018, Atrocities Under Kim Jong-Un: Indoctrination; Prison Gulags; Executions, The New York Times, 20 November 2018,
<https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/11/world/asia/north-korea-human-rights.html>

North korea and human rights

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North Korea's defense minister, Hyon Yong-Chol, right, with Kim Jong-un in 2015, the year Mr. Hyon fell asleep in a meeting and was executed by antiaircraft fire for disloyalty. Credit Credit Yonhap/Agence France-Presse - Getty Images

With the meeting of President Trump and Kim Jong-un of North Korea on Tuesday in Singapore, human rights groups are watching for Mr. Trump to bring up North Korea's widespread crimes against humanity.

Mr. Kim rules with extreme brutality, making his nation among the worst human rights violators in the world.

In North Korea, these crimes "entail extermination, murder, enslavement, torture, imprisonment, rape, forced abortions and other sexual violence, persecution on political, religious, racial and gender grounds, the forcible transfer of populations, the enforced disappearance of persons and the inhumane act of knowingly causing prolonged starvation," concluded a 2014 United Nations report that examined North Korea.

Here are some of the atrocities that have happened there.

Many North Koreans live in fear. That is by design, and it is reinforced by the country's ruthless police state.

People accused of political crimes are arrested and sentenced to prison camps without trials, while their families are often kept in the dark about their whereabouts. Up to 120,000 inmates were in the country's four major political prisons in 2014 and were subjected to gruesome conditions, according to the United Nations report.

Prisoners are starved, forced to work, tortured and raped. Reproductive rights are denied through forced abortions and infanticide. Some are executed - sometimes in public. Hundreds of thousands of political prisoners have died in the camps over the past 50 years, the United Nations report found.

In addition to the political camps, North Korea also operates prisons for those accused of ordinary crimes. Some prisons are short-term labor camps. Others hold prisoners who face long-term torture, starvation and other suffering.

Since Mr. Kim assumed power in 2011, taking over from his father, Kim Jong-il, he has consolidated his power through executions. In the first six years as leader, he has ordered the executions of at least 340 people, according to the Institute for National Security Strategy, a think tank arm of the National Intelligence Service.

In 2016, Kim Yong-jin, the deputy premier for education, was killed in front of a firing squad after showing "disrespectful posture" in a meeting. Hyon Yong-chol, a general over the armed forces, fell asleep in a meeting. He was executed with an antiaircraft gun.

Family is also not off limits. One of Mr. Kim's uncles, Jang Song-thaek, was convicted of treason. He was then executed with antiaircraft machine guns, and his body incinerated with flamethrowers.

Image

Kim Jong-nam, Kim Jong-un's brother, was fatally poisoned at the Kuala Lumpur airport last year. Credit Shizuo Kambayashi/Associated Press

Kim Jong-nam, the estranged brother of the North Korean leader, was killed last year in a very public way: near a check-in counter at Kuala Lumpur International Airport in Malaysia. Two women were seen on security cameras walking up to him and rubbing a substance on his face - a chemical warfare agent known as VX, the United States later determined.

Kim Jong-nam was dead within minutes. The women were arrested, but the United States said evidence showed that North Korea was responsible for the attack.

Often the first human rights violations Westerners ascribe to North Korea, aside from preventing North Koreans from leaving the country, are the lengths it takes to indoctrinate its citizens.

According to the United Nations report, which was prepared by its Commission of Inquiry and is more than 300 pages long, North Korea "operates an all-encompassing indoctrination machine that takes root from childhood to propagate an official personality cult and to manufacture absolute obedience" to Mr. Kim.

Independent thought is bred out and propaganda glorifying the state is plentiful, the report said, as is propaganda intended to "incite nationalistic hatred toward official enemies" like Japan and the United States.

North Korea considers the spread of most religions dangerous, but Christianity is considered a "particularly serious threat" because it "provides a platform for social and political organization and interaction outside the realm of the State," according to the United Nations report.

Christians are barred from practicing their religion, and those caught doing so are "subject to severe punishments," the report found. North Korean leaders also conflate Christians with those detained in prison camps, those who try to flee and "others considered to introduce subversive influences," the report stated.

In interviews with The New York Times in 2012, four North Koreans said that they had been warned that the gulag awaited those who spoke to journalists or Christian missionaries. "If the government finds out I am reading the Bible, I'm dead," one woman said.

In its 2018 World Watch List, the Christian group Open Doors ranked North Korea the worst nation in the world for Christians, and in a statement last week, the group called on Christians to take part in 24 hours of prayer and fasting on Monday ahead of the meeting between Mr. Trump and Mr. Kim.

Two million to three million people were believed to have died during an extended famine in North Korea in the 1990s, The New York Times reported in 1999, around when the country began to recover.

At the time, North Korea used food as a tool to enforce political loyalty, prioritizing its distribution based on who was most useful to the nation's political system, the United Nations report stated.

More recently, the inmate population in North Korea's political prison camps has been culled through "deliberate starvation," the report found, adding that suspects are also starved "to increase the pressure on them to confess and to incriminate other persons."

When the 2014 report was conducted, it found that hunger and malnutrition were still widespread problems among the general population, and deaths from starvation continued to be reported.

That prompted the United Nations commission to raise concerns that another mass starvation could occur. "Laws and policies that violate the right to adequate food and freedom from hunger remain in place," the report said.

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Atrocities Under Kim Jong-un: Indoctrination, Prison Gulags, Executions

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With the meeting of President Trump and Kim Jong-un of North Korea on Tuesday in Singapore, human rights groups are watching for Mr. Trump to bring up North Korea's widespread crimes against humanity. Mr. Kim rules with extreme brutality, making his nation among the worst human rights violators in the world.

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Shepard Fairey, SP, 1990, "MANIFESTO", Obey Giant, viewed 20 november 2018, https://obeygiant.com/articles/manifesto/

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The OBEY sticker campaign can be explained as an experiment in Phenomenology. Heidegger describes Phenomenology as "the process of letting things manifest themselves." Phenomenology attempts to enable people to see clearly something that is right before their eyes but obscured; things that are so taken for granted that they are muted by abstract observation.

The FIRST AIM OF PHENOMENOLOGY is to reawaken a sense of wonder about one's environment. The OBEY sticker attempts to stimulate curiosity and bring people to question both the sticker and their relationship with their surroundings. Because people are not used to seeing advertisements or propaganda for which the product or motive is not obvious, frequent and novel encounters with the sticker provoke thought and possible frustration, nevertheless revitalizing the viewer's perception and attention to detail. The sticker has no meaning but exists only to cause people to react, to contemplate and search for meaning in the sticker. Because OBEY has no actual meaning, the various reactions and interpretations of those who view it reflect their personality and the nature of their sensibilities.

Many people who are familiar with the sticker find the image itself amusing, recognizing it as nonsensical, and are able to derive straightforward visual pleasure without burdening themselves with an explanation. The PARANOID OR CONSERVATIVE VIEWER however may be confused by the sticker's persistent presence and condemn it as an underground cult with subversive intentions. Many stickers have been peeled down by people who were annoyed by them, considering them an eye sore and an act of petty vandalism, which is ironic considering the number of commercial graphic images everyone in American society is assaulted with daily.

Another phenomenon the sticker has brought to light is the trendy and CONSPICUOUSLY CONSUMPTIVE nature of many members of society. For those who have been surrounded by the sticker, its familiarity and cultural resonance is comforting and owning a sticker provides a souvenir or keepsake, a memento. People have often demanded the sticker merely because they have seen it everywhere and possessing a sticker provides a sense of belonging. The Giant sticker seems mostly to be embraced by those who are (or at least want to seem to be) rebellious. Even though these people may not know the meaning of the sticker, they enjoy its slightly disruptive underground quality and wish to contribute to the furthering of its humorous and absurd presence which seems to somehow be antiestablishment/societal convention. Giant stickers are both embraced and rejected, the reason behind which, upon examination reflects the psyche of the viewer. Whether the reaction be positive or negative, the stickers existence is worthy as long as it causes people to consider the details and meanings of their surroundings. In the name of fun and observation.

Shepard Fairey, 1990

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The OBEY sticker campaign can be explained as an experiment in Phenomenology. Heidegger describes Phenomenology as "the process of letting things manifest themselves." Phenomenology attempts to enable people to see clearly something that is right before their eyes but obscured; things that are so taken for granted that they are muted by abstract observation.

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Sky News, SN 2018, sky news, 20 November 2018,
<https://news.sky.com/story/a-list-of-everything-donald-trump-has-done-so-far-as-president-10750006>

A list that includes bad and not so bad stuff about Donald Trump. Keeping in mind that before he completed 70 days ruling he already broke the treaty with Nato and send missiles to afhagenisthan, AND dismathing Obama's enviromental's regulations.

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A list of everything Donald Trump has done so far as President

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He pledged to create jobs, secure borders and broker new deals - here's a day-by-day look at what Donald Trump has done during his first 100 days as US President.

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Hanna Kozlowska, HK 2016, When John McCain calls Putin a "thug and a murderer" this is what he's talking about, Quartz, 20 November 2018,
<https://qz.com/862764/heres-a-list-of-abuses-in-vladimir-putins-russia/>

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Many key figures-including president Barack Obama, members of the Electoral College, and senate majority leader Mitch McConnell-have voiced concerns about Russia's hacking campaign during the US election and its ties to the incoming administration. But leave it to Arizona senator and longtime Kremlin critic John McCain to bluntly explain why the United States should be worried.

"Vladimir Putin is a thug and a murderer and a killer and a KGB agent," McCain said on CBS's "Face of the Nation" on Dec. 11. Speaking two days later about Rex Tillerson, Trump's pick for secretary of state, who received the Russian "Order of Friendship" in 2013, McCain said in a radio interview: "Frankly, I would never accept an award from Vladimir Putin because then you kind of give some credence and credibility to this butcher, this KGB agent, which is what he is."

Putin, who has ruled Russia since 2000, has created a regime under which his opponents are murdered; political prisoners are sent to Siberia for decades behind bars; minority rights are suppressed; opposition is quashed; foreign territory is forcefully annexed; and Syria's bloodthirsty president, Bashar Assad, enjoys direct military support for his massacres.

Here's a non-exhaustive list of examples of Putin's abusive rule in Russia.

Murdering enemies

The list of people suspected murdered on orders from the Russian leader or people close to him is long. It includes several of Putin's early critics (paywall), among them liberal politician Boris Nemtsov, investigative journalist Anna Politkovskaya, and exiled former Russian spy Alexander Litvinenko. A UK government report showed that Litvinenko's death-he was poisoned using polonium in London-while was "probably" approved by Putin.

Both Politkovskaya and Litvinenko had tried to investigate a series of bombings in 1999, when Putin was prime minister, that killed some 300 people in four Russian cities. The authorities blamed the bombings on Chechen rebels and used them as a pretext to unleash a war on Chechnya, but there are strong suspicions that they were a "false-flag" attack by Russia's own own security services.

When confronted with Putin's record of killings on a TV show last year, Trump answered, "Well, I think that our country does plenty of killing, too, Joe." He added, "I've always felt fine about Putin. He's a strong leader. He's a powerful leader."

Imprisoning dissenters

According to a list from Russian human-rights group Memorial, there are now 102 people held in Russian prisons for their political beliefs. In this, Putin's Russia is continuing Tsarist and Soviet traditions: Political dissenters are still being sent to Siberia or to work camps as in Stalinist days. Famous past prisoners have included oligarch Mikhail Khodorkovsky, feminist punk collective Pussy Riot, and Ukrainian pilot Nadiya Savchenko. Still confined is Ukrainian filmmaker Oleg Sentsov, who was sentenced to 20 years in a strict penal colony in Siberia on trumped-up terrorism charges.

Occupying foreign territory

Sentsov is one of at least 10 Ukrainian nationals serving long sentences in Russia who were arrested after Russia annexed Crimea in 2014 and started sponsoring rebels in eastern Ukraine. The Kremlin-backed protracted conflict, Europe's "forgotten war," is is in its third year, and has claimed nearly 10,000 lives.

On Dec. 14, German chancellor Angela Merkel and French president François Hollande said that they favored continuing sanctions on Russia, after the peace talks on Ukraine failed to produce tangible results. However, a day earlier, Trump's chief-of-staff pick, Reince Priebus, said he would not rule out lifting US sanctions on Russia.

If sanctions are lifted, oil giant ExxonMobil could gain billions of dollars in deals. Trump's pick for secretary of State is Exxon CEO Rex Tillerson.

Quashing opposition

Putin has run the country for 17 years as prime minister and president. In 2008, Russia extended presidential terms from four to six years; the next election is in 2018.

Russia has suppressed political opposition using an arsenal of techniques. These range from laws limiting free assembly and other civil rights , to jailing protestors for vague offenses such as "hooliganism," to using the notoriously corrupt courts to convict opponents of embezzlement or tax fraud, to straightforward police intimidation, as well as murder. Prominent opponents have been forced into silence or exile.

Putin's biggest challenger right now is Alexei Navalny, a lawyer and anti-corruption activist who announced on Dec. 13 that he would run for president in 2018. He has faced several criminal charges and received a suspended sentence for embezzlement, overturned after international outcry. He is due for a re-trial, however, and if found guilty, won't be able to run for office. His brother Oleg is in prison after being sentenced in the same trial.

Masha Gessen pointed out in The New Yorker that Trump's threat to imprison Hillary Clinton during the presidential campaign was reminiscent of how political opponents are most often silenced in Russia: not through outlawing them, but "abusing or misusing criminal laws."

Abetting some of the world's worst bloodshed

Seeking to gain influence, in the Middle East, Putin has supported the murderous regime of Syrian president Bashar al-Assad, in what has become the deadliest war of the 21st century so far. Russia's military help has been priceless to Assad. Western powers and the UN accuse the alliance of indiscriminately targeting civilians.

In the recent siege and recapture of Aleppo by Assad and his allies, reports from the ground indicated Syrian forces were slaughtering civilian families. US ambassador to the UN Samantha Power said that Russia bears responsibility for the carnage along with the Assad regime and Iran: "Is there literally nothing that can shame you?," she asked.

Meanwhile, according to an interview released by the Syrian government, Assad is hopeful about the next US administration. He called Donald Trump a "natural ally."

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When John McCain calls Putin a "thug and a murderer" this is what he's talking about

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Many key figures-including president Barack Obama, members of the Electoral College, and senate majority leader Mitch McConnell-have voiced concerns about Russia's hacking campaign during the US election and its ties to the incoming administration. But leave it to Arizona senator and longtime Kremlin critic John McCain to bluntly explain why the United States should be worried.

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Matthew Little, ML 2017, 6 Disturbing Facts About North Korean Leader Kim Jong Un, The Epoch Times, 20 November 2018,
<https://m.theepochtimes.com/6-weird-or-horrible-facts-about-north-korean-leader-kim-jong-un_2348525.html>

Kim Jong Un worst facts

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North Korea's "Supreme Leader" is known for his distinct haircut and being the chubbiest fellow in a country of gaunt, starved people, but some facts about Kim Jong Un are less well known and more disturbing.

But it isn't just what is known about Kim Jong Un that is surprising, but also what he keeps secret from the North Korean people. Some facts that would be innocuous about any normal person become much harder to explain for the supposed god-like ruler of North Korea.

The Kim regime has beautiful young girls culled from the countryside and sent to work in Pyongyang.

Former North Korean diplomat Thae Yong told lawmakers in Washington, D.C. on Nov 1. that girls with physical beauty are identified at 14 years old, and if they are still considered beautiful when they reach 16 or 17 years old, they are mobilized and sent to Pyongyang. There they work in special hospitals or guest houses for the entertainment of the Kim family.

Thae said many villages consider it an honor.

"People believe that the Kim family can exploit sexually their daughters, beautiful daughters. It is really [a] stupid system and culture. We should educate North Korean people how stupid they are by sending their beautiful daughters to the capital," he said.

It is also decidedly feudal, as it was a practice used by King Yeonsangun regarded as the worst tyrant of the Joseon Dynasty.

In a country where death is common and public executions have been widely practiced, the act of state-sanctioned murder has become somewhat of a game to Kim Jong Un.

While fact and fiction are notoriously difficult to sort out in the secretive state, Kim Jong Un is believed to have purged and executed many officials, including his uncle.

South Korean intelligence officials claim that Kim had five senior security officials executed with anti-aircraft guns after giving Kim "false reports," The Associated Press reported.

"Bodies would be nearly pulverized," Greg Scarlatoiu of the Committee for Human Rights in North Korea wrote in a report.

"The gut-wrenching viciousness of such an act would make 'cruel and unusual punishment' sound like a gross understatement."

Nobody is entirely sure when Kim Jong Un was born. Oddly enough, one of the most reliable sources of a birthdate for Kim song Un comes from his buddy, former basketball star Dennis Rodman.

Rodman claims that Kim's birthdate is Jan. 8, 1983, according to the New York Times, while North Korean authorities have stated it is exactly one year earlier. The U.S. Treasury Department has stated he was born in 1984. South Korean intelligence tends to think Rodman is correct. Why exactly is it so hard to pin down? Perhaps because of Kim's secret status within his family.

North Korea's hereditary communist dictatorship was led by Kim's father and grandfather before him, but the newest Kim dictator doesn't have a clean lineage to cling to for his claim on Pyongyang.

"Nobody in North Korea knows who his mother is, nobody in North Korea knows his half brother Kim Jong Nam, nobody in North Korea knows that he is only the third son of Kim Jong Il," said Thae.

Kim has spent five years brainwashing North Koreans to believe that he is the only legitimate heir to his father's dictatorship, and is widely believed responsible for having his half brother Kim Jong Nam assassinated in Malaysia earlier this year to rule out any possibility that he would become ruler.

For years, Kim's existence was all but unknown, not only inside North Korea, but beyond.

One odd consequence of that is that even after five years trying to convince North Koreans he is their rightful dictator, he has been unable to produce a single photo of him with his grandfather, Kim Il Sung, said Thae.

"Why? Because he was a hidden boy by his father. He was kept secretly and silently in Switzerland."

Kim's older brother was supposed to take the helm, but fell out of favor with his father when he got caught trying to use a fake passport to visit Disneyland in Japan.

Kim is widely believed to have spent much of his youth going to public and private schools in Switzerland, a fact that is kept secret from the people of North Korea.

There is still some uncertainty about what years he attended and whether some accounts of his attendance have been confused with that of his older brother,Kim Jong Chol.

Having the supreme leader educated outside North Korea would undermine any claims Kim's regime makes about the superiority of North Korea's education system, so it must remain under wraps.

Reports about Kim attending foreign schools often mention that a person of his age and appearance was a huge basketball fan.

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6 Disturbing Facts About North Korean Leader Kim Jong Un

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North Korea's "Supreme Leader" is known for his distinct haircut and being the chubbiest fellow in a country of gaunt, starved people, but some facts about Kim Jong Un are less well known and more disturbing. But it isn't just what is known about Kim Jong Un that is surprising, but also what he keeps ...

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Amanda Grace, AG, 2017 " Here are 16 magical brands that will totally cast a spell on your beauty routine ", Hello Giggles, viewed 20 november 2018, https://hellogiggles.com/beauty/makeup/witchy-beauty-brands-rituel-de-fille/

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Here are 16 magical brands that will totally cast a spell on your beauty routine

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brightcove videoid=5352418013001] Beauty and magic go hand-in-hand. Witch-inspired beauty products often draw scents, shades, and package art from magickal themes. As it becomes easier than…

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Patrocinados.Estadao, 2017, "Guia de tipos de produto para cabelo", Estadão, viewed 20 november 2018
http://patrocinados.estadao.com.br/abihpec/2017/07/07/guia-de-tipos-de-produto-para-cabelo/

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Existem diversos tipos de produto para cabelo: de higienizadores, como xampus, a estilizadores, spray de praia, passando pelos protetores térmicos e solares. A seguir, os cabeleireiros Marco Antônio de Biaggi, do salão MG Hair Design, e Diego Queiroz e Sandro Cassolari, do salão Square by Romeu Felipe, de São Paulo, explicam quais são e para que servem cada um.
Xampu
Produto indicado para higienização do couro cabeludo e fios. Seus componentes abrem as cutículas e eliminam sujeira e resíduos que ficam tanto no couro cabeludo como nos fios de cabelos. "Existem inúmeras variações desses produtos para cada condição de cabelo: oleoso, seco, com tintura...", explica Sandro Cassolari. O pH ideal para um xampu de uso diário está entre 5 e 7, para abrir as cutículas e efetuar a limpeza. "Além de detergente e água, o xampu pode ser composto por fragrância, agentes condicionantes, espessantes, modificadores, impulsionadores de espuma e conservantes", explica o cabeleireiro Diego Queiroz.
Condicionador
É um produto usado após o xampu para equilibrar o pH dos fios. "O xampu deixa os fios com carga negativa. Eles se repelem e ficam embaraçados, adquirindo um aspecto áspero e arrepiado. Por apresentar carga positiva, o condicionador neutraliza essa situação", diz Diego. Além disso, o condicionador devolve o óleo natural, fazendo com que os fios recuperem sua camada protetora, essencial para o brilho e a nutrição. "Lembrando que o condicionador deve ser usado sempre em pequena quantidade, no comprimento e nas pontas - e jamais na raiz", ensina Sandro.
Máscara de tratamento
Como o nome diz, possui ativos de tratamento para recuperar fios ressecados e danificados por agentes químicos (como tinturas, descolorações e processos de transformação) ou externos (sol, praia, piscina, ferramentas térmicas). "A máscara proporciona ao cabelo benefícios a longo prazo", afirma Diego. "Ela penetra profundamente nos fios, tratando-os de dentro para fora. Basta deixar agir por alguns minutos e depois enxaguar", acrescenta Sandro.
Leave-in
"Creme sem enxágue que deve ser aplicado nos fios depois da higienização e do condicionador com enxágue, principalmente em fios secos, com mechas ou cacheados", ensina o cabeleireiro Marco Antônio de Biaggi. O produto apresenta textura leve e sua função é devolver a maciez, domando aqueles fios rebeldes e arrepiados. "Deve ser aplicado em pequena quantidade para não pesar", ensina Sandro.
Modelador de cachos
Também conhecido como creme de pentear. "É o finalizador mais vendido para a brasileira", diz Marco Antônio. "Possui polímeros, silicones e outros agentes que atuam nos fios enrolados e crespos, que tendem a armar na raiz e criar um volume às vezes indesejado, dando forma aos cachos sem deixá-los duros", descreve o cabeleireiro. Geralmente, contém ingredientes hidratantes.
Spray de praia
Produto com água salinizada que dá textura e potencializa as ondas naturais dos fios. "A modelo brasileira Gisele Bündchen eternizou o efeito de ondas nos cabelos", conta Marco Antônio. "No salão ou em casa, dá para reproduzir esse look de quem acabou de sair do mar, com fios secos pela brisa, com o spray de praia. Basta borrifar, usar modelador, amassar as mechas com uma toalha ou secar com difusor", ele ensina.
Óleos
Há alguns anos, foi a grande descoberta da indústria cosmética para tratamento de cabelo - principalmente o óleo de argan. Mas existem outros, como o extraído de jojoba, de murumuru, de abacate. "No entanto, nem todos são indicados para todos os tipos de cabelo", fala Sandro. Ele indica o de argan, por exemplo, apenas para os mais ressecados, e em pequena quantidade.
Spray fixador
Como o próprio nome diz, é usado na fixação e finalização de um penteado, deixando os fios firmes, no lugar.
Protetor térmico
Tem como função evitar que o calor das ferramentas térmicas como secador, chapinha e modelador danifiquem a cutícula do fio. "Além de proteger os fios das altas temperaturas, ajuda a selar as cutículas, diminui o frizz e ainda hidrata e dá mais brilho", fala Diego. Deve ser aplicado em pequena quantidade antes da escovação.
Volumador
É um produto que encorpa os fios finos, deixando-os com mais volume. "O segredo é aplicar na raiz dos cabelos enquanto eles ainda estão úmidos e então fazer a escova. Assim, o efeito ´cabelo volumoso´ dura", garante Marco Antônio.
Reparador de pontas
Falta de corte, uso excessivo do secador, poucos cuidados com os fios contribuem para o surgimento das indesejadas pontas duplas. "Esse produto, composto muitas vezes por óleos ou silicones de textura mais densa, é capaz de unir as extremidades bifurcadas e dar brilho aos fios", fala Diego. A dica é usar de 3 a 5 gotas, espalhando apenas nas pontas.
Protetor solar capilar
Produto que que possui filtros UV para impedir que os raios solares danifiquem a estrutura dos fios e alterem sua cor. Mas nunca é demais ressaltar que, para evitar os efeitos danosos do sol à saúde, é importante usar outros tipos de proteção, como chapéu ou boné.

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Existem diversos tipos de produto para cabelo: de higienizadores, como xampus, a estilizadores, spray de praia, passando pelos protetores térmicos e solares. A seguir, os cabeleireiros Marco Antônio de Biaggi, do salão MG Hair Design, e Diego Queiroz e Sandro Cassolari, do salão Square by Romeu Felipe, de São Paulo, explicam quais são e para que servem cada um.

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Quora, Q 2018, Is Vladimir Putin a dictator or not?, Quora, 20 November 2018,
<https://www.quora.com/Is-Vladimir-Putin-a-dictator-or-not#>

Is he a dictator or not? A very interesting analyses that makes it seem like he is. Although he is working as Prime Minister now, the goverment still seems to fuction around him.

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Answer (1 of 61): There's a sliding scale of who constitutes a dictator, so that's not fully a yes-or-no question. On balance, I think he's pretty far down the scale toward being a dictator. 1. When Putin is President, the President runs Russia. When Putin is Prime Minister, the Prime Minister r...

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As we all know, makeup has been a habit of many people during centuries. But Korean woman have a unique way to use it since it's influenced by their historical and cultural aspects, so it looks and its completly different then western makeup
reference:
PS, Pony Syndrome, "

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Soft Feminine Make up (With subs) 페미닌 음영 메이크업

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Pony's Nighttime Skin Care Routine 포니 스킨케어 루틴 | Go To Bed With Me | Harper's BAZAAR", 24 april 2018, viewed 20 november 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=unaRagDUS30

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Pony's Nighttime Skin Care Routine 포니 스킨케어 루틴 | Go To Bed With Me | Harper's BAZAAR

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updated skincare routine | maddie cidlik", 21 september 2018, viewed 20 november 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rtY59hDZfBQ

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updated skincare routine | maddie cidlik

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Dilva Frazão, DF 2018, Jair Bolsonaro Político brasileiro, ebiografia, 20 November 2018,
<https://www.ebiografia.com/jair_bolsonaro/>

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Jair Bolsonaro (1955) é capitão da reserva do Exército e político brasileiro. Exerce seu sétimo mandato de deputado federal pelo estado do Rio de Janeiro. É pré-candidato à Presidência da República nas eleições de 2018.

Jair Messias Bolsonaro nasceu em Campinas, São Paulo, no dia 21 de março de 1955. Filho de Perci Geraldo Bolsonaro e de Olinda Bonturi, ambos descendentes de famílias italianas. Foi aluno da Escola Preparatória de Cadetes do Exército, de Campinas. Em 1977 formou-se na Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras, em Resende, Rio de Janeiro. Cursou a Brigada de Paraquedismo do Rio de Janeiro. Em 1983 formou-se no curso de Educação Física do Exército. Chegou a patente de Capitão.

Em 1986 liderou um protesto contra os baixos salários dos militares. Escreveu um artigo para uma revista de grande circulação no país, intitulado "O salário está baixo". Por infringir o regulamento disciplinar do Exército, foi preso durante 15 dias. No ano seguinte, novos atos de indisciplina foram realizados. A "Operação beco sem saída" tinha como objetivos explodir bombas em várias unidades da vila militar da Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras e em outros quarteis, se o reajuste de salário ficasse abaixo de 60%. O plano foi atribuído a Bolsonaro e ao Capitão Fábio Passos. Em junho de 1988, os militares foram julgados e inocentados. Nesse mesmo ano, Bolsonaro foi para a reserva com a patente de Capitão.

Carreira Política

Em novembro de 1988, Jair Bolsonaro foi eleito para a Câmara Municipal do Rio de Janeiro pelo Partido Democrata Cristão (PDC). Em outubro de 1990, foi eleito deputado federal pelo PDC. Renunciou o mandato de vereador e tomou posse na Câmara dos Deputados em 1991. Em 1993, participou da fundação do Partido Progressista Reformador (PPR), nascido da fusão do PDC e do Partido Democrático Social (PDS).

Ainda em 1993, envolveu-se em uma polêmica ao alegar que a existência de muitas leis atrapalhava o exercício do poder e defendeu o retorno do "regime de exceção" e o fechamento temporário do Congresso Nacional. Declarou que "num regime de exceção, o chefe, que não precisa ser militar, pega uma caneta e risca a lei que está atrapalhando". O deputado Vital Rego, o Corregedor do Congresso, solicitou ao Procurador-Geral da República, Aristides Junqueira, o início de uma ação penal por crime contra a segurança nacional, ofensa à Constituição e ao regime interno da Câmara.

Em 1994 foi reeleito e voltou a pedir o fechamento do Congresso Nacional e declarou: "Prefiro sobreviver no regime militar a morrer nesta democracia". Candidato à reeleição, em sua plataforma de campanha incluía a luta pela melhoria salarial para os militares, o fim da estabilidade dos servidores, a defesa do controle da natalidade e a revisão da área dos índios ianomâmis, cuja extensão considerava absurda. Foi mais uma vez indicado para a Comissão de Trabalho, Administração e Serviço Público da Câmara. Em 1995 filia-se ao Partido Progressista Brasileiro (PPB), resultado da fusão do PPR com o PP.

Em 1998, exercendo seu terceiro mandato de deputado, se candidatou ao cargo para presidente da Comissão de Direitos Humanos da Câmara, provocando a reação de vários setores da sociedade, uma vez que o político publicou na imprensa que defende a pena de morte, a prisão perpétua, o regime de trabalhos forçados para condenados, a redução da maioridade para 16 anos e o rígido controle da natalidade como maneira eficaz de combate à miséria e à violência.

Em 2002, foi eleito pela quarta vez ao cargo de deputado federal pelo PPB, mas nesse mesmo ano, filia-se ao PTB. No início de 2005 deixa o PTB e filia-se ao PFL. Em abril, deixa o PFL e filia-se ao Partido Progressista (PP). Em 2006 é eleito para seu quinto mandato. Assume a titularidade das comissões de Constituição e Justiça e de Cidadania, de Relações Exteriores e de Defesa Nacional e de Segurança Pública e Combate ao Crime Organizado. Em 2008, em audiência pública, envolve-se em nova polêmica ao combater a demarcação contínua realizada pelo governo federal na reserva indígena Raposa Serra do Sol, em Roraima, que gerou conflitos entre agricultores e indígenas. Alegando que a demarcação seria um risco à integridade nacional, colocou-se contra o ministro da Justiça Tarso Genro (PT). Na ocasião, o representante indígena atirou água no deputado. Em 2009, o PC do B entrou com uma representação contra o parlamentar por quebra de decoro.

Em 2014, Jair Bolsonaro foi reeleito para o seu 7º mandato. Ficou conhecido na mídia por suas declarações polêmicas, intrigas com seus colegas da Câmara e com entidades representantes de negros e homossexuais. Insultou e foi insultado por adversários. Ofendeu a deputada Maria do Rosário dizendo que não a estupraria porque ela não merecia. Tornou-se réu no Supremo Tribunal Federal por incitação ao estupro. Em 17 de abril, durante a votação do impeachment da presidente Dilma, dedicou seu voto a um torturador da ditadura militar. Em março de 2016, filiou-se ao PSC, mas entrou em conflito com a liderança do partido.

Família

Jair Bolsonaro foi casado com a vereadora Rogéria Nantes Nunes, entre 1993 a 2001. Juntos tiveram três filhos: Carlos Bolsonaro (vereador do Rio de Janeiro), Flávio Bolsonaro (deputado estadual do Rio de Janeiro) e Eduardo Bolsonaro (deputado federal por São Paulo). Foi também casado com Ana Cristina Vale, com quem teve um filho. Em 2013 casou-se com Michelle, e com ela tem uma filha.

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Biografia de Jair Bolsonaro - eBiografia

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Jair Bolsonaro (1955) é capitão da reserva do Exército e político brasileiro. Exerce seu sétimo mandato de deputado federal pelo estado do Rio de Janeiro. É pré-candidato à Presidência da República nas eleições de 2018. Jair Messias Bolsonaro nasceu em Campinas, São Paulo, no dia 21 de março de 1955.

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Tom Phillips, TP 2018, Trump of the tropics: the 'dangerous' candidate leading Brazil's presedential race, The Guardian, 20 November 2018,
<https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/19/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-presidential-candidate-trump-parallels>

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Trump of the tropics: the 'dangerous' candidate leading Brazil's presidential race

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Jair Bolsonaro has openly cheered dictatorship and publicly insulted women. Now he's deploying Trump-like tactics in his race for the presidency

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Travis Waldron, TW 2018, Jair Bolsanaro And The Violent Chaos Of Brazil's Presedential Election, Huffpost US, 20 November 2018
<https://www.huffpostbrasil.com/entry/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-presidential-election_us_5b92b5bae4b0511db3e1fdad>

"Brazilian Trump. he has compared same-sex marriage, fully legalized in 2013, to pedophilia; Brazil’s dictatorship, Bolsonaro has claimed, was justified because it defended Brazil from “communists.” His candidacy and his opposition to Brazil’s current leftist movements exist, he claims, for the same reason."- quote from the post

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The violence promised by Jair Bolsonaro, the far-right Rio de Janeiro congressman who is within a mortar's range of the Brazilian presidency, was visited upon him during a campaign rally Thursday.

In the Minas Gerais state, Adélio Bispo de Oliveira, who later told police he was on "a mission from God," allegedly plunged a knife into the candidate's body. Bolsonaro was rushed to a hospital and into surgery to treat internal injuries and a large loss of blood, Brazilian news outlets reported.

"You bandidos that tried to ruin the life of a guy who is the father of a family and the hope of all Brazilians," Flávio Bolsonaro ― the congressman's son who is a Rio state representative ― said in a statement. "You just elected the president, and it will be in the first round."

The stabbing threw into further mayhem a tense, chaotic and unpredictable presidential election. Bolsonaro, a former army officer who has in the past called for the return of the military dictatorship that ruled Brazil from 1964 to 1985, has sat near the top of presidential polls since last summer. As of Friday, with just a month to go before the first round of voting on Oct. 7, he led all polls that did not include former President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, the popular leftist leader who was ruled ineligible last week thanks to his July 2017 conviction on corruption charges.

In normal times, Bolsonaro's radical right-wing views would have kept him relegated to the fringes of Brazilian politics, with little influence beyond his ability to capture a headline or a thanks to his racist, sexist and homophobic statements. Bolsonaro once told a fellow lawmaker that she was charging document too ugly to rape. He has called immigrants " scum" and has proposed selling off lands settled by indigenous Brazilians and the descendants of enslaved Africans. He wants to give the country's already deadly police forces, which killed more than 4,000 people last year, even more power to shoot and kill with impunity. And in 2016, he dedicated his vote to impeach the country's then-President Dilma Rousseff to the army colonel who oversaw the dictatorship-era program that tortured her.

Bolsonaro has seized on the discontent, the despair and the anger, fomenting a backlash against a corrupt establishment with a noisy fake populism. If this sounds familiar, it should. Bolsonaro has become known as "Brazil's Trump."

But as his stabbing in the streets of Juiz de Fora on Thursday might suggest, these are not normal times. For the past four years, Brazil has been embroiled in a series of crises it cannot escape: a grueling economic recession that has cost three million jobs and returned millions of people to poverty; an expansive political corruption crisis that has ensnared hundreds of politicians, including da Silva and leading members of the country's biggest centrist political parties; and a record outbreak of violent crime that has resulted in more than 60,000 homicides in each of the last two years. The crises and the establishment's failure to address them have left Brazilians with little faith in their democracy or their country.

Bolsonaro has seized on the discontent, the despair and the anger, fomenting a backlash against a corrupt establishment with a noisy fake populism. If this sounds familiar, it should. Bolsonaro has become known as "Brazil's Trump," and he has benefited from many of the same conditions that produced President Donald Trump and gave rise to rise to xenophobic, anti-immigrant, quasi-authoritarian politics around the world.

The attack is expected to boost Bolsonaro's candidacy: His membership in a small party granted him little television time under Brazilian election law, but the stabbing will put him front and center even as he takes a break from campaigning. Brazilian markets rallied Thursday afternoon on the expectation that the attack would help the right-winger who, beneath his rhetorical populist postures, has adopted more traditional market-based economic policies in an effort to appeal to financial elites. And experts said the assault could push the issue of violent crime further to the forefront of voters' minds and increase support for Bolsonaro, who has cultivated a "law and order" image that, like all such appeals, is really a promise of lawlessness and disorder in service of the ruling classes.

"A very violent episode against a candidate that wants to change everything generates a narrative that benefits him strongly," said Thiago de Aragão, the director of Latin American political risk at Arko Advice, a consulting firm based in Brazil. "It strengthens even more his narrative, because everything he was saying that people could suffer, he actually suffered himself."

Bolsonaro's fellow candidates widely condemned the attack as yet another assault on democracy in a country where political violence isn't a novelty: In 2016, there were 28 killings of political candidates, including 15 that occurred during the official period of campaigning. The incident led to widespread calls from candidates and human rights groups to put an end to such violence.

While Bolsonaro no longer calls for the return of military dictatorship, he nonetheless has promised to stock his cabinet with military officers, further militarize Brazilian society and bring even more violence to Brazil. His rise poses one of the toughest tests Brazil's democratic institutions has faced since the end of the dictatorship three decades ago.

"This is the most important election in Brazilian history," James Green, the director of Brown University's Brazil Initiative program, said before Thursday's attack. "Brazil is really at a crossroads."

The implications of the election ― which will unfold over two rounds of voting in October ― will stretch beyond the country's borders. Brazil may be a young democracy, but it is also an influential one: It is the largest of Latin America's democratic nations and the fourth-largest democracy in the world. What happens in October will offer a referendum of sorts on the state of global, multicultural democracy itself.

"I tend not to buy into this idea that we've entered into a global democratic recession," Harvard political scientist Steven Levitsky, who as recently as 2015 called the idea "a myth," said in an interview this summer. "Those claims have been overstated so far. But if [Brazil] suffers a democratic erosion, I would change my tune a lot."

"If Brazil falls, if Brazil goes authoritarian, I would worry a lot about the rest of the region," Levitsky said. "People in Latin America ― militaries in Latin America, demagogues and democrats in Latin America ― will be paying close attention to Brazil. It would have devastating regional consequences."

Bolsonaro has spent his entire political career advocating violence against his political opponents and people he deems unworthy of the country he claims to love. In 1999, he said that the dictatorship "should have shot some 30,000 corrupt people, starting with President Fernando Henrique Cardoso." He has repeatedly suggested that former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet, whose regime was accused of murdering 3,000 people and torturing 40,000 others, should have killed even more. He has denied that Brazil's dictatorship tortured people.

Bolsonaro's most ardent and direct calls for violence, though, are aimed at the leftist Workers' Party, which under da Silva and his hand-picked successor, former President Rousseff, ruled Brazil from 2003 to 2016. During a campaign stop last week, he called for gunning down members of the PT, as the Workers' Party is known.

Bolsonaro's presidential candidacy is fueled by his opposition to da Silva, Rousseff and the PT: He first began campaigning for president in 2016, shortly after Rousseff's impeachment and da Silva's initial implication in Operation Car Wash, the corruption probe that has embroiled Brazilian politics for more than four years.

By then, Trump was nearly two years into the campaign that would make him the president, and right-wing leaders had begun to emerge across Europe. Bolsonaro launched his campaign against that backdrop, pitching himself as a savior ― his middle name is , as if life itself were a hack writer ― who alone could rescue Brazil.

His playbook was similar to Trump's: Bolsonaro cultivated a base of devoted followers on social media, allowing him to go around traditional media; those outlets, Bolsonaro and his supporters routinely suggest, traffic in misinformation and "fake news."

Where Trump demagogued on the issue of immigration, Bolsonaro has focused his attention on Brazil's struggling economy and its rampant corruption. That Workers' Party presidents oversaw the economic downturn and were implicated in Operation Car Wash gave him everything he needed to paint the left and its supporters as the cause of Brazil's woes.

At its core, however, Bolsonaro's campaign, like those in other countries, was an explicitly nationalist reaction to the left and the policies it had spent a decade implementing. The conservative "Bullets, Bible and Beef" legislative caucus to which Bolsonaro belongs gave that away during Rousseff's impeachment, when it ignored the stated reason for the ouster ― that she had illegally manipulated the federal budget deficit. Instead, it unanimously voted for her removal on grounds that she represented an all-out attack on "God, family and the Brazilian people." On his campaign website, Bolsonaro alludes to leftists as foreign, saying that "we are a country that is proud of our colors, and we do not want to import ideologies that destroy our identity."

His campaign has made it clear which Brazilians do not belong to that "we": Bolsonaro previous governments implemented to increase university and employment access for black Brazilians and women; he has compared same-sex marriage, fully legalized in 2013, opposes the affirmative-action quotas to pedophilia; Brazil's dictatorship, Bolsonaro has claimed, was justified because it defended Brazil from "communists." His candidacy and his opposition to Brazil's current leftist movements exist, he claims, for the same reason .

Bolsonaro has not reserved his violent rhetoric for his political opponents; it is his preferred solution for dealing with Brazil's most marginalized groups, too. In the past, he has said that he'd punch gay men if he saw them kissing in the street. During his campaign, he has proposed using helicopters to dump pamphlets into Brazil's largest neighborhood ― where the overwhelming majority of residents are poor and black ― to warn drug dealers that they had six hours to turn themselves in before the military would come in guns blazing. He has suggested turning more of Brazil's public security operations over to the military and giving the country's police ― already among the world's most deadly law enforcement forces ― more leeway to shoot and kill anyone they suspect of a crime. (The overwhelming majority of victims of police violence in Brazil, of course, are black Brazilians.)

Bolsonaro excused the death of Marielle Franco, the black, queer Rio de Janeiro city councilwoman who was assassinated in March, as " just another death in Rio de Janeiro." He has remarked that Brazil's feminists are good only for the oral sex they might provide; his calls to seize indigeno us lands are their own form of violence against populations that already suffer disproportionately.

"His plan is to rollback every single social advance that has been achieved since the mobilizations against the dictatorship in the late '70s," Green said. "For the LGBT movement, for the women's movement, for the important movement for rights for people of color."

Bolsonaro's backlash against the left has fueled his popularity among Brazil's growing evangelical movement, which shares his socially conservative views on same-sex marriage, abortion and women's rights. Evangelicals and Bolsonaro often closely align politically. Evangelical leaders and their political allies are known for their provocative statements about LGBTQ people, black Brazilians who still practice Afro-Brazilian religions, and feminist pushes for abortion access. Many also support further militarizing the police and executing people for drug crimes.

Bolsonaro, too, has energized small, fringe movements that openly support the return of Brazil's military dictatorship, and he has appealed to segments of Brazil's middle and upper classes who believe they've lost out to the poor.

"Bolsonarism is, in part, the reaction of those who feel they have lost guarantees and status in recent years; and, like Trumpism, it promises to convert rancor and resentment into pride and affirmation," Harvard professor Bruno Carvalho wrote recently . "Too many poor people flying by plane these days (a refrain of the boom years)? Too expensive to have a maid anymore (a refrain nowadays)? Life getting harder? Your personal situation is worsening? It's not your fault."

These were the segments of Brazil that supported the dictatorship that ruled for two decades until it fell in 1985; they are the same segments of Brazil's electorate to which a similarly authoritarian regime appeals now.

"There's a sector of the middle classes ― and they have grown in the last 50 years― that is very conservative, very based on notions of family values and religiosity as a framework for peoples' lives," Green said. "They have supported right-wing governments in the past, and they're doing it again today."

Bolsonaro still falls far short of commanding majority support: He struggles to top 25 percent of the vote even in his best polling appearances. But he has thrived off the latent discontent of a country that has lost faith in its institutions ― surveys have shown that more than 60 percent of Brazilian voters have no confidence in their political parties, their congress or the presidency ― and in its candidates for president. Nearly all of them suffer from high rates of disapproval in early polls, and as many as 30 percent of Brazilian voters could choose to abstain in October's elections, numbers that have created an opening for someone like Bolsonaro, even though his disapproval numbers remain high too.

"Bolsonaro is something that we call, in Brazil, a fisherman who fishes in dirty waters," said Claudio Couto, a political scientist at the Getulio Vargas Foundation, a Rio-based think tank.

Bolsonaro tends to wipe away his calls for violence as mere instances of "sarcasm" and "humor" ― to borrow a popular piece of sophistry from Trump's rise to power, he wants Brazilians to take him seriously, but not literally. As Trump as proven time and again, this is a fallacy: Donald Trump has done as president exactly what he had said he would do as a presidential candidate.

For the Bolsonaro supporters who contend that anyone appalled by his rhetoric merely doesn't get the joke, the stabbing will be yet another indication that the left is the true perpetrator of violence and violent crime in Brazil. Within hours of the incident, Bolsonaro's supporters on Twitter were painting the crime as the work of communist forces; his running mate, Army Gen. Antonio Hamilton Mourão, baselessly asserted that the assault was the result of a Workers' Party plot.

Observers agree that the attack will solidify Bolsonaro's popularity among those who planned to vote for him or were strongly considering it. The question now is whether it will also make his aggressive law-and-order approach even more appealing to a broader swath of Brazilians who weren't inclined to support him.

An overwhelming fear of violence is a very real part of daily life in Brazil now, from the streets of Rio de Janeiro to the more rural parts of the country.

"The country had close to 64,000 homicides in 2017, which means one in every nine homicides around the world involved a Brazilian," said Dr. Robert Muggah, the co-founder of the Igarapé Institute, a Rio-based public security think tank. "The issue of public security is very much front and central (to the election.)"

Today's Brazil is a place where commuters check apps that monitor shootouts before they leave for work. Along with the economic malaise, the violence of everyday Brazilian life has contributed to the astronomically high numbers of young Brazilians who want to leave the country for somewhere else. The continuous shootouts in Rio and elsewhere have already fueled calls for hardline policies in a country where large parts of the population already tend to favor a "tough on crime" approach.

Seeing Bolsonaro as the solution would be folly. He has proven that he would be a profoundly ineffective leader when it comes to the actual challenges facing Brazil and its people: He has no plans to address the corruption he rails against, and his positions on the major economic issues facing Brazil ― including pension reform and the privatization of major state-owned companies ― have been muddled and inconsistent.

His plans for violent crime are similarly misguided. In February, outbreaks of violence during Carnival led President Michel Temer to put the military in charge of public security in Rio de Janeiro, the exact sort of policy Bolsonaro would favor. (He opposed it only on grounds that the military wouldn't have enough leeway to kill). Six months of military control have only led to even higher rates of violent crime, homicides and police killings. Bolsonaro has suggested loosening the strict gun laws da Silva put in place during his presidency: Study after study has shown more permissive gun laws, too, would lead only to more death and despair.

Bolsonaro has no stated plans to address income inequality, rising levels of poverty or access to viable health and education services - even though public policy experts widely agree that Brazil's sky-high rates of inequality contribute to its astronomical crime rates.

His Brazil is a more violent one. It seems possible, however, that some Brazilians will view Thursday's incident not as a call for an end to the violence and violent rhetoric, but as a reason for more of it.

"He was the guy that was talking about the problems of violence in the most near way to how the population talks about it," de Aragão said. "Those kinds of things are popular because violence in Brazil has reached a level that people are desperate for aggressive solutions."

Polls released the day before the attack showed that while Bolsonaro led the first round of voting, he would finish behind nearly every potential opponent in the run-off stage that would result.

But even before Thursday, Brazil's financial and business elites had already learned to live with Bolsonaro ― like him, they share an utter distaste for the leftist Workers' Party, and want nothing more than to keep it out of power. Temer's unpopularity, corruption allegations and economic policies have cratered support for candidates from the traditional center-right parties. With few credible alternatives elsewhere, some of those elites have decided that Bolsonaro at least could be their man, especially after his April hiring of a University of Chicago-educated economist as an adviser.

Other Brazilians could join them if violent crime becomes an even more prominent part of the election.

"This could perhaps tip it in his favor in those second round projections," de Aragão added. "We have to wait and see what the impact will be."

Though most observers don't expect the incident to drive Bolsonaro's popularity high enough to guarantee him victory, as his son suggested, the situation remains a familiar recipe for disaster. The danger it poses to Brazil and the world is visible in Bolsonaro's praise for the most famous military man who seized power and put the Chicago school economists in charge of a Latin American economy.

It would have similarly devastating effects: Brazil is already an incredibly dangerous place, especially for LGBTQ people, women, human rights workers and black Brazilians. Bolsonaro's version of Brazil won't stem the sort of violence of which he became a victim. It would make it even worse, and Brazil's most marginalized populations would suffer the consequences.

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Jair Bolsonaro And The Violent Chaos Of Brazil's Presidential Election

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The violence promised by Jair Bolsonaro, the far-right Rio de Janeiro congressman who is within a mortar's range of the Brazilian presidency, was visited upon him during a campaign rally Thursday. In the Minas Gerais state, Adélio Bispo de Oliveira, who later told police he was on "a mission from God," allegedly plunged a knife into the candidate's body.

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Rádio França Internacional, RFI 2018, Fome na Coreia do Norte atinge 40% da população, G1, 20 November 2018,
<https://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2018/10/10/fome-na-coreia-do-norte-atinge-40-da-populacao.ghtml>

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"Apesar das melhorias registradas neste ano, a necessidade de ajuda humanitária na Coreia do Norte é ainda muito expressiva, principalmente por causa da insegurança alimentar crônica e uma alta taxa de desnutrição", declarou o porta-voz do PAM, Hervé Verhoosel, durante uma coletiva de imprensa em Genebra, na Suíça.

No país, governado por Kim Jong-un, uma a cada cinco crianças sofre de raquitismo, uma doença que compromete o crescimento por causa de uma carência de vitamina D e cálcio.

Apesar da gravidade da situação, o PAM pode ter que reduzir a ajuda que oferece à Coreia do Norte por falta de verba, disse o porta-voz. O órgão de ajuda alimentar, vinculado à ONU, que gostaria de reservar US$ 52 milhões à Coreia do Norte em 2018, ainda precisa de US$ 15,2 milhões para financiar seus programas e evitar cortes em seus projetos de assistência alimentar.

A Coreia do Norte tem sofrido com as sanções internacionais, mas tenta diminuí-las desde a aproximação com o presidente dos Estados Unidos, Donald Trump.

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Fome na Coreia do Norte atinge 40% da população

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"Apesar das melhorias registradas neste ano, a necessidade de ajuda humanitária na Coreia do Norte é ainda muito expressiva, principalmente por causa da insegurança alimentar crônica e uma alta taxa de desnutrição", declarou o porta-voz do PAM, Hervé Verhoosel, durante uma coletiva de imprensa em Genebra, na Suíça.

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Frank Body, 2017, "Body Balm", Body | Frank Body, Frank Body, viewed 20 november 2018, https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/bKsM5W4dAH4-xd1A6wmoxYN5fU7I9Q5GJoLrIZh7tCcSlvLON1nqzOd68z4nNUQ-xKV-T2h-sLKDi7wJkZpWInCLqpyfK9_2ug=w600-h600

https://www.frankbody.com/us/shop/body/

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Nabla Cosmetics, 2018, "Soul Blooming Eyeshadow Palette", Soul Blooming Eyeshadow Palette - NABLA Cosmetics, Nabla Cosmetics, viewed 20 november 2018, https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/mipDZkLz71qzbEEgHvzMoUO4Nx0T1S4ak1QHQaP_jl7X1n1P-KIqFxhvhcNZ5GKZ1cdABTKR2Tskw3u7ZuytUSM8UORq-X7dDq4=w600-h600

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And Other Stories, 2018, "Orchid Mauve Lip Color", Lips - Makeup - Beauty - & Other Stories, And Other Stories, viewed 20 november 2018, https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/aUbhIL0wsR5OM35lFpYGXD4XgkZlTQrzvixeXJNgktASZTAS3XS6uESnDp649V0FmoYmJqTURx9H3aXvPbDOWz2PNfr1qKWT=w600-h848

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Etude House, 2016, "Tint My brows Gel", Tint My Brows Gel NEW, Etude House, viewed 20 november 2018, https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/4BbUX4lIKZz3vteSkEBSIgrRZsLCsM4nrGmbEC5SBa5hky1TKEPtGUZ3bK2PgTApL78IgPO4GM6DHcA3-97dSy4CVEy31e39sTc=w600-h398

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novo, 2018 "Play Color Eyes, website unknown, novo, viewed 20 november 2018, https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/88HQtW9B_NC580yCTi97OfsXvkOVSUe7igCmP9zVqQgHGtCAjaGjcFZlU7nOW1LmTtf_2H09Fj82bWVJo2Yg50tea2ixjRQSfl8=w600-h600

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Juanna Aznar, 2015, "La Tía Fina", La Tía fina on Behance, Juanna Aznar, viewed 20 november 2018, https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/NHDDSgddAM_YlR0tW9IrAR6urSEk8tmjmzyxSJ9DqFopwwCfqjo3CdNCRyp4ndDCQImbqDb8Zu809COw3jvD2-7T9fXkDL68sQ=w600-h1794

https://www.behance.net/gallery/26108693/La-Tia-fina

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O Boticário, 2013, "Intense Lápis para Olhos Pop Colors", Intense Lápis para Olhos Pop Colors Twist, O Boticário, viewed 20 november 2018, https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/0SwUUAXBPoEvXP_L3qGMV70dAD4wLFYCRZBtFaNAU6FY_RhIr2IXM2m0GoY2g0cHN2ZDdG4M71KnEPnW2KSX-hyOye0sIJTg3g=w600-h2004

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Chanel, 2017, "Eau de Parfum, Christmas" website unnavaiable, Chanel, viewed 20 november 2018, https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/Aem3JNOQ9LfdEXuvlCTEZzQQKLbNCLDkxzSvj6asVdlrBetIk_3eCtr0allSGqPJSLB8pPaodh0IX5x9jy-Na48RZ-EfTqW4=w600-h600

# data[].attributes.body
Benefit Cosmetics, 2016, "Do The hoola", do the hoola | Benefit Cosmetics, Benefit Cosmetics, viewed 21 november 2018, https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/5L4hva1DkbGY4z22kB0ycsnk29KXMiwznk-Hz2GkHOdnbM5UfVVGd3XF2-r2F6HTnnHxG7mnRPQkw0OmedaQ-twdXxqC9_T6qA=w600-h600

https://www.benefitcosmetics.com/uk/en-gb/product/do-the-hoola

# data[].attributes.body
Huda, Beauty, HB, 2018, "ShopHudaBeauty Official Store | HUDA BEAUTY", Huda Beauty, viewed 20 november 2018, https://www.shophudabeauty.com/us/en_US/home

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ShopHudaBeauty Official Store | HUDA BEAUTY

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Shop the full Huda Beauty makeup collection and get free International shipping on all orders over $75. Find your #FauxFilter Foundation and shop cult Huda Beauty eyeshadow palettes, Liquid Mattes, iconic Huda Beauty lashes and more... HUDA BEAUTY

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Online Print & Pack Pvt. Ltd., OPP year unknown, Display Folding Carton, Online Print & Pack Pvt. Ltd., 20 November 2018,
<http://www.on-linegraphics.com/display-box-display-folding-carton.php>

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Display Box / Display Folding Carton for Pharmaceutical Printed Packaging Cartons, Toy Custom Packaging Boxes

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Display boxes provide a point of purchase solution for the retailer. A number of units can be packed in the display box. The folding carton is erected manually and does not require gluing.

# data[].attributes.body
Online Print & Pack Pvt. Ltd., OPP year unknown, Cosmetics Packaging Boxes, Online Print & Pack Pvt. Ltd., 20 November 2018,
<http://www.on-linegraphics.com/cosmetics-packaging-boxes.php>

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Cosmetics Packaging Boxes in Popular Sizes Shapes and Designs

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Buy pre-designed cosmetics folding cartons or order custom cosmetics packaging boxes that are manufactured, packed and printed using reliable modern techniques.

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Online Print & Pack Pvt. Ltd., OPP year unknown, Straight Tuck End Folding Cartons, Online Print & Pack Pvt. Ltd., 20 November 2018,
<http://www.on-linegraphics.com/straight-tuck-end-folding-cartons.php>

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Straight Tuck End Folding Cartons for Toy Custom Packaging Boxes, Cosmetics Item Packaging, Retail Box

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The top and the bottom flaps of the folding cartons fold from the rear panel and tuck into the front panel. This style is used for cartons which have a window in the front panel to display the product packed in the box.

# data[].attributes.body
Imperial, I year unknown, Box Styles for Custom Folding Cartons, Imperial, 20 November 2018,
<http://www.imperialbox.net/custom-boxes-styles/>

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Box Styles: Custom Paper Boxes | Custom Folding Cartons Manufacturer - Imperial Printing & Paper Box Mfg. Co.

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Imperial offers dozens of custom box styles for your custom folding cartons. As a manufacturer of custom boxes, we can help you design a box that best meets your needs. Browse through our options of custom paper boxes.

# data[].attributes.body
M.A.C 2018, M.A.C. Girls, M.A.C Cosmetics, M.A.C, 21 November 2018,
<https://www.maccosmetics.com.br/?cm_mmc=Google-_-Brand-_-MAC-_-Brand-MAC&gclid=Cj0KCQiA_s7fBRDrARIsAGEvF8TacIK1AYPXqD9tFnoLqWwoVWE6C_ghIF_YNPrKT-U61gaLcJjwZc4aAjj3EALw_wcB>

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Fábio Reis, FR 2015, Anvisa atualiza normas para cosméticos, Pfarma.com.br, 20 November 2018,
<https://pfarma.com.br/noticia-setor-farmaceutico/legislacao-farmaceutica/1939-anvisa-atualiza-normas-para-cosmeticos.html>

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A Anvisa publicou nesta quarta-feira (11/02) uma atualização das regras de cosméticos que simplifica e agiliza o tratamento deste produtos no país. Com a nova medida os produtos cosméticos passam a ser isentos de registro, mas sujeitos à comunicação prévia antes de sua comercialização. A medida está na resolução RDC 07/2015.

A exceção são os produtos enquadrados como bronzeadores, produtos de alisamento capilar, protetor solar, repelente de insetos, gel antisséptico para as mãos e os produtos infantis. Estes continuaram sendo analisados pela Agência, tendo em vista o seu maior risco associado. O objetivo da norma é dar mais agilidade ao setor e permitir que a Agência concentre suas análises nos produtos de maior risco.

A medida alcança os cosméticos, produtos de higiene pessoal e perfumes que terão a sua regularização divulgada pelo site da Anvisa. A norma não altera os parâmetros e requisitos de segurança desta categoria. O controle destes produtos passará a ser realizado por meio de procedimentos que incluem a verificação periódica e aleatória dos processos, além do monitoramento de mercado com a verificação e análise do que está nas prateleiras à disposição do consumidor.

A norma estabeleceu ainda que os produtos de grau de risco 1, que era notificados, passaram a ser isentos de registro com pagamento de taxa, conforme prevê a RDC 222/06.

Fabricantes e Importadores

A Gerência Geral de Cosméticos comunica aos usuários do Sistema de Peticionamento Eletrônico que, em virtude da publicação da RDC 07 de 10 de fevereiro de 2015, será necessário suspender as atividades de Peticionamento e Análise do sistema, pelo período de 20/02/2015 a 25/12/2015, a fim de realizar as adequações necessárias.

Leia a resolução na íntegra:

RESOLUÇÃO Nº 7, DE 10 DE FEVEREIRO DE 2015

MINISTÉRIO DA SAÚDE
AGÊNCIA NACIONAL DE VIGILÂNCIA SANITÁRIA
DIRETORIA COLEGIADA
DOU de 11/02/2015 (nº 29, Seção 1, pág. 39)

Dispõe sobre os requisitos técnicos para a regularização de produtos de higiene pessoal, cosméticos e perfumes e dá outras providências.

A DIRETORIA COLEGIADA DA AGÊNCIA NACIONAL DE VIGILÂNCIA SANITÁRIA, no uso das atribuições que lhe conferem os incisos III e IV, do art. 15 da Lei nº 9.782, de 26 de janeiro de 1999, o inciso V, e §§ 1º e 3º do art. 5 do Regimento Interno aprovado nos termos do Anexo I da Portaria nº 650 da Anvisa, de 29 de maio de 2014, tendo em vista o disposto nos incisos III, do art. 2º, III e IV, do art. 7º da Lei nº 9.782, de 1999, no art. 35 do Decreto nº 3.029, de 16 de abril de 2009, e o Programa de Melhoria do Processo de Regulamentação da Agência, instituído por meio da Portaria nº 422, de 16 de abril de 2008, em reunião realizada em 9 de outubro de 2014, adota a seguinte Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada, e eu, Diretor-Presidente, determino a sua publicação:

Art. 1º - Fica aprovado o Regulamento Técnico que estabelece a definição, a classificação, os requisitos técnicos, de rotulagem e procedimento eletrônico para regularização de produtos de higiene pessoal, cosméticos e perfumes nos termos desta Resolução.

Art. 2º - Este Regulamento incorpora ao ordenamento jurídico nacional as Resoluções GMC Mercosul nº 110/94 "Definição de Produto Cosméticos", 07/05 "Classificação de Produtos de Higiene Pessoal, Cosméticos e Perfumes", 26/04 "Requisitos Técnicos Específicos para Produtos de Higiene Pessoal, Cosméticos e Perfumes", 36/04 "Rotulagem Obrigatória Geral para Produtos de Higiene Pessoal, Cosméticos e Perfumes", 36/99 "Rotulagem Específica para Produtos de Higiene Pessoal, Cosméticos e Perfumes" e 24/95 "Requisitos para o Registro de Produtos Cosméticos Mercosul e Extra-Zona e para Habilitação de Empresas Representantes Titulares do Registro no Estado Parte Receptor e Importadores".

CAPÍTULO I

DAS DISPOSIÇÕES INICIAIS

Seção I

Objetivo

Art. 3º - Este Regulamento tem como objetivo atualizar os procedimentos necessários para a regularização de produtos de higiene pessoal, cosméticos e perfumes por meio da simplificação de processos que visa a melhoria da qualidade da informação e agilidade na análise.

Seção II

Abrangência

Art. 4º - Este Regulamento se aplica aos produtos de higiene pessoal, cosméticos e perfumes classificados como Grau 1 e Grau 2, conforme definições constantes do Anexo I e II desta Resolução.

Art. 5º - Ficam estabelecidos os requisitos técnicos específicos para produtos de higiene pessoal, cosméticos e perfumes, conforme o Anexo III desta Resolução.

Art. 6º - Ficam estabelecidos os requisitos adicionais para produtos de higiene pessoal, cosméticos e perfumes importados no Mercosul e extra-zona, conforme o Anexo IV desta Resolução.

Art. 7º - Ficam estabelecidos os requisitos para a rotulagem obrigatória geral para produtos de higiene pessoal, cosméticos e perfumes, conforme o Anexo V desta Resolução.

Art. 8º - Ficam estabelecidos os requisitos para a rotulagem específica de produtos de higiene pessoal, cosméticos e perfumes, conforme o Anexo VI desta Resolução.

Art. 9º - Os produtos com a finalidade de odorizantes de ambientes são classificados como produtos de higiene pessoal, cosméticos e perfume Grau 1.

Art. 10 - O detentor do produto deve possuir dados comprobatórios que atestem a qualidade, a segurança e a eficácia de seus produtos e a idoneidade dos respectivos dizeres de rotulagem, bem como os requisitos técnicos estabelecidos no Anexo III desta Resolução, os quais deverão ser apresentados aos órgãos de vigilância sanitária, sempre que solicitados ou durante as inspeções. Deve ainda garantir que o produto não constitui risco à saúde quando utilizado em conformidade com as instruções de uso e demais medidas constantes da embalagem de venda do produto durante o seu período de validade.

Parágrafo único - A empresa deverá anexar à transação o Termo de Responsabilidade, devidamente assinado pelo Responsável técnico e Representante legal da empresa, conforme Anexo VII.

Art. 11 - Os produtos de higiene pessoal, cosméticos e perfumes devem atender ao disposto:

I - lista de substâncias de ação conservante permitidas para produtos de higiene pessoal, cosméticos e perfumes - Resolução-RDC nº 29, de 10 de junho de 2012 e suas atualizações;

II - lista de substâncias corantes permitidas para produtos de higiene pessoal, cosméticos e perfumes - Resolução-RDC nº 44, de 9 de agosto de 2012 e suas atualizações;

III - lista de substâncias que os produtos de higiene pessoal, cosméticos e perfumes não devem conter exceto nas condições e com as restrições estabelecidas - Resolução-RDC nº 3, de 18 de janeiro de 2012 e suas atualizações;

IV - lista de filtros ultravioletas permitidos para produtos de higiene pessoal, cosméticos e perfumes - Resolução-RDC nº 47, de 16 de março de 2006 e suas atualizações;

V - lista de substâncias que não podem ser utilizadas em produtos de higiene pessoal, cosméticos e perfumes - Resolução-RDC nº 48, de 16 de março de 2006 e suas atualizações.

Art. 12 - Os produtos de higiene pessoal, cosméticos e perfumes, classificados como Grau 1, devem obedecer ao disposto na regulamentação vigente e também aos seguintes critérios:

I - não conter substâncias da Lista Restritiva, constante da Resolução-RDC nº 3, de 18 de janeiro de 2012 e suas atualizações, que são específicas para produtos classificados como de Grau 2, excetuando-se os casos em que a presença da substância na formulação não altera a finalidade do produto e não descaracteriza sua classificação como de Grau 1;

II - não conter substâncias da Lista de Filtros Ultravioletas para a proteção da pele contra os efeitos danosos dos raios solares, constantes da Resolução-RDC nº 47, de 16 de março de 2006 e suas atualizações, uma vez que a presença dessas substâncias caracteriza produto de Grau 2.

Art. 13 - Não será permitida a embalagem sob a forma de aerossóis para os talcos.

Art. 14 - Os vasilhames dos produtos apresentados sob a forma de aerossol, sendo de vidro envolvido por material plástico, deverão conter pequenos orifícios para a saída do conteúdo, se quebrar.

Art. 15 - Os vasilhames dos produtos sob a forma de premidos em aerossóis não poderão ter a capacidade superior a 500 (quinhentos) mililitros.

Art. 16 - O disposto nesta Resolução não exclui a observância de outros regulamentos previstos na legislação sanitária, pertinentes aos produtos de higiene pessoal, cosméticos e perfumes.

Art. 17 - A rotulagem dos produtos de higiene pessoal, cosméticos e perfumes não deve conter indicações e menções terapêuticas, nem denominações e indicações que induzam a erro, engano ou confusão quanto à sua procedência, origem, composição, finalidade ou segurança.

Art. 18 - A rotulagem dos produtos de higiene pessoal, cosméticos e perfumes de Grau 1 e Grau 2 deve conter o número de Autorização de Funcionamento da Empresa - AFE e o número do processo na rotulagem do produto, gerado no sistema da Anvisa, que corresponderá ao número de registro.

§ 1º - Para produtos Grau 1 e Grau 2, isentos de registro, a comercialização poderá ocorrer após a publicidade no portal da Anvisa.

§ 2º - Para produtos Grau 2 sujeitos a Registro, a comercialização somente poderá ocorrer a partir da concessão do registro publicado em Diário Oficial da União.

CAPÍTULO II

OUTRAS OBRIGATORIEDADES SOBRE ROTULAGEM

Art. 19 - Além das advertências dispostas no Anexo VI desta Resolução, deverão ser acrescidos, em caráter obrigatório, na embalagem primária e secundária, os dizeres específicos destacados abaixo:

I - Aerossóis: "Evite a inalação deste produto".

II - Neutralizantes, Produtos para Ondular e Alisar os Cabelos: "Este preparado somente deve ser usado para o fim a que se destina, sendo Perigoso para qualquer outro uso".

III - Agentes Clareadores de Cabelos e Tinturas Capilares: Os rótulos das tinturas e dos agentes clareadores de cabelos que contenham substâncias capazes de produzir intoxicações agudas ou crônicas deverão conter as advertências: "Cuidado. Contém substâncias passíveis de causar irritação na pele de determinadas pessoas. Antes de usar, faça a prova de toque".

IV - Bronzeadores Simulatórios: Os rótulos dos produtos destinados a simular o bronzeamento da pele deverão conter a advertência "Atenção: não protege contra a ação solar".

CAPÍTULO III

DOS PROCEDIMENTOS PARA REGULARIZAÇÃO

Seção I

Sistema de Automação Eletrônico

Art. 20 - Fica instituído procedimento eletrônico para a regularização de produtos de higiene pessoal, cosméticos e perfumes, Grau 1 e Grau 2, junto à Anvisa.

§ 1º - As regularizações sanitárias para os produtos de higiene pessoal, cosméticos e perfumes passam a ser realizadas na forma eletrônica, por meio do portal da Anvisa.

§ 2º - A publicidade da regularização de produtos de higiene pessoal, cosméticos e perfumes Grau 1 e Grau 2 isentos de registro fica assegurada por meio de divulgação no portal da Anvisa.

§ 3º - A publicidade da regularização de produtos de higiene pessoal, cosméticos e perfumes Grau 2 sujeitos a Registro fica assegurada por meio de publicação no Diário Oficial da União.

§ 4º - As orientações necessárias ao procedimento eletrônico para a regularização dos produtos de higiene pessoal, cosméticos e perfumes estão disponíveis no portal eletrônico da Anvisa.

Art. 21 - Os documentos gerados ao final do procedimento eletrônico devem ser mantidos na empresa.

Parágrafo único - O termo de responsabilidade deve ser assinado pelo Responsável Técnico e pelo Representante Legal da empresa, complementando toda a documentação relativa ao produto.

Art. 22 - A regularização de produtos de higiene pessoal, cosméticos e perfumes Grau 1 e Grau 2 tem validade de 5 (cinco) anos e poderá ser revalidado por períodos iguais e sucessivos.

§ 1º - A revalidação do processo de regularização do produto deverá ser requerida no primeiro semestre do último ano do quinquênio de validade.

§ 2º - Será declarada a caducidade do processo cuja revalidação não tenha sido solicitada no prazo referido neste artigo.

Art. 23 - Para fabricar ou importar os produtos de que trata esta Resolução, as empresas devem possuir Autorização de Funcionamento na Anvisa para as atividades e classes de produtos que deseja comercializar (produto de higiene pessoal, cosmético e/ou perfume) e devem possuir Licença junto à Autoridade Sanitária competente.

Art. 24 - O cumprimento das Boas Práticas de Fabricação será verificado no estabelecimento produtor e/ou importador mediante inspeção realizada pela Autoridade Sanitária competente.

Seção II

Mecanismos de Regularização de Produtos

Art. 25 - Os produtos constantes do Anexo VIII estão sujeitos ao procedimento de Registro.

§ 1º - Os demais produtos de higiene pessoal, cosméticos e perfumes são isentos de registro e estão sujeitos ao procedimento de comunicação prévia à Anvisa.

§ 2º - Comunicação prévia é o procedimento administrativo a ser aplicado para informar a Anvisa a intenção de comercialização de um produto isento de registro por meio de notificação.

§ 3º - A necessidade de submeter produtos inovadores, ainda não regulamentados, ao procedimento de registro será estabelecida em regulamento próprio.

CAPÍTULO IV

DAS DISPOSIÇÕES FINAIS E TRANSITÓRIAS

Art. 26 - As petições de registro já protocoladas na Anvisa que não tiveram sua análise concluída e cujas categorias não estão contempladas no Anexo VIII desta Resolução estarão isentas de registro e sua regularização será divulgada conforme o previsto no parágrafo 2º do art. 20.

Art. 27 - Os produtos Grau 1 que se encontram notificados conforme Resolução RDC nº 343 de 13 de dezembro de 2005 e produtos Grau 2 registrados conforme a Resolução RDC nº 211 de 14 de julho de 2005 deverão ser recadastrados no sistema de automação, no momento em que ocorrer qualquer alteração ou revalidação e deverão atender a todos os requisitos estabelecidos nesta Resolução.

Art. 28 - Os produtos regularizados de acordo com as Resoluções RDC nº 211 de 14 de julho de 2005, Resolução RDC nº 343 de 13 de dezembro de 2005 e Resolução RDC nº 4 de 30 de janeiro de 2014, poderão ser comercializados até a validade do produto, desde que devidamente revalidados.

Art. 29 - A Anvisa poderá estabelecer outras formas de peticionamento, inclusive em formato não eletrônico, segundo interesse da administração.

Art. 30 - O não cumprimento do disposto nesta Resolução ou nos demais regulamentos relacionados a produtos de higiene pessoal, cosméticos e perfumes acarretará o cancelamento da regularização e sua divulgação no sítio da Anvisa, sem prejuízo de outras ações ou medidas previstas na legislação em vigor.

Art. 31 - A autenticidade e veracidade das informações prestadas à Anvisa são de responsabilidade do detentor do registro, sendo que qualquer irregularidade detectada pela Anvisa, em contrariedade ao disposto na legislação sanitária pertinente, constitui infração sanitária, nos termos da Lei nº 6.437, de 20 de agosto de 1977, sem prejuízo das responsabilidades civil, administrativa e penal cabíveis, e resultará no cancelamento do registro ou regularização do produto isento de registro nos termos desta Resolução.

Art. 32 - Ficam revogadas a Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada da Anvisa RDC nº 211, de 14 de julho de 2005 e Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada da Anvisa RDC nº 343, de 13 de dezembro de 2005 e Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada da Anvisa RDC nº 4, de 30 de janeiro de 2014.

Art. 33 - Esta Resolução entra em vigor 15 dias a partir da data de sua publicação.

JAIME CESAR DE MOURA OLIVEIRA

ANEXO I

DEFINIÇÕES

I - Produtos de Higiene Pessoal, Cosméticos e Perfumes: são preparações constituídas por substâncias naturais ou sintéticas, de uso externo nas diversas partes do corpo humano, pele, sistema capilar, unhas, lábios, órgãos genitais externos, dentes e membranas mucosas da cavidade oral, com o objetivo exclusivo ou principal de limpá-los, perfumá-los, alterar sua aparência e ou corrigir odores corporais e ou protegê-los ou mantê-los em bom estado.

ANEXO II

CLASSIFICAÇÃO DE PRODUTOS DE HIGIENE PESSOAL, COSMÉTICOS E PERFUMES

1. Definição Produtos Grau 1: são produtos de higiene pessoal, cosméticos e perfumes cuja formulação cumpre com a definição adotada no item I do Anexo I desta Resolução e que se caracterizam por possuírem propriedades básicas ou elementares, cuja comprovação não seja inicialmente necessária e não requeiram informações detalhadas quanto ao seu modo de usar e suas restrições de uso, devido às características intrínsecas do produto, conforme mencionado na lista indicativa "Lista de Tipos de Produtos de Grau 1" estabelecida no item "I", desta Seção.

2. Definição Produtos Grau 2: são produtos de higiene pessoal, cosméticos e perfumes cuja formulação cumpre com a definição adotada no item I do Anexo I desta Resolução e que possuem indicações específicas, cujas características exigem comprovação de segurança e/ou eficácia, bem como informações e cuidados, modo e restrições de uso, conforme mencionado na lista indicativa "Lista de Tipos de Produtos de Grau 2" estabelecida no item "II", desta Seção.

3. Os critérios para esta classificação foram definidos em função da probabilidade de ocorrência de efeitos não desejados devido ao uso inadequado do produto, sua formulação, finalidade de uso, áreas do corpo a que se destinam e cuidados a serem observados quando de sua utilização.

I - Lista de Tipos de Produtos de Grau 1

1. Água de colônia, água perfumada, perfume e extrato aromático.

2. Amolecedor de cutícula (não cáustico).

3. Aromatizante bucal.

4. Base facial/corporal (sem finalidade fotoprotetora).

5. Batom labial e brilho labial (sem finalidade fotoprotetora).

6. Blush/rouge (sem finalidade fotoprotetora).

7. Condicionador/creme rinse/enxaguatório capilar (exceto os com ação antiqueda, anticaspa e/ou outros benefícios específicos que justifiquem comprovação prévia).

8. Corretivo facial (sem finalidade fotoprotetora).

9. Creme, loção e gel para o rosto (sem ação fotoprotetora da pele e com finalidade exclusiva de hidratação).

10. Creme, loção, gel e óleo esfoliante (peeling) mecânico, corporal e/ou facial.

11. Creme, loção, gel e óleo para as mãos (sem ação fotoprotetora, sem indicação de ação protetora individual para o trabalho, como Equipamento de Proteção Individual - EPI - e com finalidade exclusiva de hidratação e/ou refrescância).

12. Creme, loção, gel e óleos para as pernas (com finalidade exclusiva de hidratação e/ou refrescância).

13. Creme, loção, gel e óleo para limpeza facial (exceto para pele acnéica).

14. Creme, loção, gel e óleo para o corpo (exceto os com finalidade específica de ação antiestrias, ou anticelulite, sem ação fotoprotetora da pele e com finalidade exclusiva de hidratação e/ou refrescância).

15. Creme, loção, gel e óleo para os pés (com finalidade exclusiva de hidratação e/ou refrescância).

16. Delineador para lábios, olhos e sobrancelhas.

17. Demaquilante.

18. Dentifrício (exceto os com flúor, os com ação antiplaca, anticárie, antitártaro, com indicação para dentes sensíveis e os clareadores químicos).

19. Depilatório mecânico/epilatório.

20. Desodorante axilar (exceto os com ação antitranspirante).

21. Desodorante colônia.

22. Desodorante corporal (exceto desodorante íntimo).

23. Desodorante pédico (exceto os com ação antitranspirante).

24. Enxaguatório bucal aromatizante (exceto os com flúor, ação anti-séptica e antiplaca).

25. Esmalte, verniz, brilho para unhas.

26. Fitas para remoção mecânica de impureza da pele.

27. Fortalecedor de unhas.

28. Kajal.

29. Lápis para lábios, olhos e sobrancelhas.

30. Lenço umedecido (exceto os com ação anti-séptica e/ou outros benefícios específicos que justifiquem a comprovação prévia).

31. Loção tônica facial (exceto para pele acneica).

32. Máscara para cílios.

33. Máscara corporal (com finalidade exclusiva de limpeza e/ou hidratação).

34. Máscara facial (exceto para pele acneica, peeling químico e/ou outros benefícios específicos que justifiquem a comprovação prévia).

35. Modelador/fixador para sombrancelhas.

36. Neutralizante para permanente e alisante.

37. Pó facial (sem finalidade fotoprotetora).

38. Produtos para banho/imersão: sais, óleos, cápsulas gelatinosas e banho de espuma.

39. Produtos para barbear (exceto os com ação anti-séptica).

40. Produtos para fixar, modelar e/ou embelezar os cabelos: fixadores, laquês, reparadores de pontas, óleo capilar, brilhantinas, mousses, cremes e géis para modelar e assentar os cabelos, restaurador capilar, máscara capilar e umidificador capilar.

41. Produtos para pré-barbear (exceto os com ação anti-séptica).

42. Produtos pós-barbear (exceto os com ação anti-séptica).

43. Protetor labial sem fotoprotetor.

44. Removedor de esmalte.

45. Sabonete abrasivo/esfoliante mecânico (exceto os com ação anti-séptica ou esfoliante químico).

46. Sabonete facial e/ou corporal (exceto os com ação anti-séptica ou esfoliante químico).

47. Sabonete desodorante (exceto os com ação anti-séptica).

48. Secante de esmalte.

49. Sombra para as pálpebras.

50. 50 Talco/pó (exceto os com ação anti-séptica).

51. Xampu (exceto os com ação antiqueda, anticaspa e/ou outros benefícios específicos que justifiquem a comprovação prévia).

52. Xampu condicionador (exceto os com ação antiqueda, anticaspa e/ou outros benefícios específicos que justifiquem comprovação prévia).

3. Observação: As exceções mencionadas no item "I - Lista de Tipos de Produtos de Grau 1" caracterizam os produtos de Grau 2.

II - Lista de Tipos de Produtos de Grau 2

1. Água oxigenada 10 a 40 volumes (incluídas as cremosas exceto os produtos de uso medicinal).

2. Antitranspirante axilar.

3. Antitranspirante pédico.

4. Ativador/acelerador de bronzeado.

5. Batom labial e brilho labial infantil.

6. Bloqueador solar/anti-solar.

7. Blush/rouge infantil.

8. Bronzeador.

9. Bronzeador simulatório.

10. Clareador da pele.

11. Clareador para as unhas químico.

12. Clareador para cabelos e pêlos do corpo.

13. Colônia infantil.

14. Condicionador anticaspa/antiqueda.

15. Condicionador infantil.

16. Dentifrício anticárie.

17. Dentifrício antiplaca.

18. Dentifrício antitártaro.

19. Dentifrício clareador/clareador dental químico.

20. Dentrifrício para dentes sensíveis.

21. Dentifrício infantil.

22. Depilatório químico.

23. Descolorante capilar.

24. Desodorante antitranspirante axilar.

25. Desodorante antitranspirante pédico.

26. Desodorante de uso íntimo.

27. Enxaguatório bucal antiplaca.

28. Enxaguatório bucal anti-séptico.

29. Enxaguatório bucal infantil.

30. Enxaguatório capilar anticaspa/antiqueda.

31. Enxaguatório capilar infantil.

32. Enxaguatório capilar colorante/tonalizante.

33. Esfoliante peeling químico.

34. Esmalte para unhas infantil.

35. Fixador de cabelo infantil.

36. Lenços umedecidos para higiene infantil.

37. Maquiagem com fotoprotetor.

38. Produto de limpeza/higienização infantil.

39. Produto para alisar e/ou tingir os cabelos.

40. Produto para área dos olhos (exceto os de maquiagem e/ou ação hidratante e/ou demaquilante).

41. Produto para evitar roer unhas.

42. Produto para ondular os cabelos.

43. Produto para pele acneica.

44. Produto para rugas.

45. Produto protetor da pele infantil.

46. Protetor labial com fotoprotetor.

47. Protetor solar.

48. Protetor solar infantil.

49. Removedor de cutícula.

50. Removedor de mancha de nicotina químico.

51. Repelente de insetos.

52. Sabonete anti-séptico.

53. Sabonete infantil.

54. Sabonete de uso íntimo.

55. Talco/amido infantil.

56. Talco/pó anti-séptico.

57. Tintura capilar temporária/progressiva/permanente.

58. Tônico/loção capilar.

59. Xampu anticaspa/antiqueda.

60. Xampu colorante.

61. Xampu condicionador anticaspa/antiqueda.

62. Xampu condicionador infantil.

63. Xampu infantil.

ANEXO III

REQUISITOS TÉCNICOS ESPECÍFICOS PARA PRODUTOS DE HIGIENE PESSOAL, COSMÉTICOS E PERFUMES

Requisitos obrigatórios

Na empresa à disposição da autoridade competente

Apresentar para autorização de comercialização do produto

Observações

1. Fórmula quali-quantitativa

X

X

Com todos seus componentes especificados por suas denominações Inci e as quantidades de cada um expressas percentualmente (p/p) através do sistema métrico decimal.

2. Função dos ingredientes da fórmula

X

X

Citar a função de cada componente na fórmula.

3. Bibliografia e/ou referência dos ingredientes

X

X

Somente quando o componente não figura na nomenclatura Inci ou não se enquadra nas listas de substâncias aprovadas, incluir bibliografia sobre o mesmo e literatura pertinentes, inclusive com relação a eficácia e a segurança.

4. Especificações Técnicas organolépticas e físico-químicas de matérias primas

X

5. Especificações microbiológicas de matérias-primas

X

Quando aplicável.

6. Especificações técnicas organolépticas e físico-químicas do produto acabado

X

X

7. Especificações microbiológicas do produto acabado

X

X

Quando aplicável, conforme legislação vigente.

8. Processo de Fabricação

X

Segundo as Normas de Boas Práticas de Fabricação e Controle previstas na legislação.

9. Especificações técnicas do material de embalagem

X

10. Dados de estabilidade

X (completo)

X (resumo)

Metodologia e conclusões que garantem o prazo de validade declarado.

11. Sistema de codificação de lote

X

Informação para interpretar o sistema de codificação.

12. Projeto de Arte de Etiqueta ou rotulagem

X

X

Informações de dados e advertências referentes ao produto conforme legislação vigente.

13. Dados comprobatórios dos benefícios atribuídos ao produto (comprovação de eficácia)

X

Sempre que a natureza do benefício do produto justifique e sempre que conste da rotulagem.

14. Dados de segurança de uso (comprovação de segurança)

X

15. Finalidade do produto

X

X

A finalidade a que se destina o produto quando não estiver implícito no nome do mesmo.

16. Certificado de Venda Livre consularizado (1)

X (original)

X (cópia autenticada)

Conforme legislação vigente.

17. Registro/Autorização de empresa/Certificado de Inscrição do Estabelecimento

X

Conforme legislação vigente.

18. Fórmula do produto importado consularizada

X (original)

X (cópia autenticada)

Caso esta não esteja anexa ao Certificado de Venda Livre, conforme legislação vigente.

(1) Certificado de Venda Livre: corresponde ao Certificado de Livre Comercialização outorgado pela Autoridade Sanitária competente ou por Organismos Oficialmente Reconhecidos no país de origem.

ANEXO IV

REQUISITOS ADICIONAIS PARA PRODUTOS DE HIGIENE PESSOAL, COSMÉTICOS E PERFUMES IMPORTADOS MERCOSUL E EXTRA-ZONA

1. Regularização de Produtos

1.1. As Empresas Responsáveis pela Titularidade dos Registros de Produtos de Higiene Pessoal, Cosméticos e Perfumes importados (doravante Empresa Responsável) deverão apresentar à Autoridade Sanitária uma solicitação de Registro de Produto firmada pelo Representante Legal e pelo Responsável Técnico, acompanhada, dentre outras, da seguinte documentação:

a) Certificado de Livre Comercialização no país de origem, emitido pela Autoridade Sanitária competente e devidamente consularizado;

b) caso o Certificado de Livre Comercialização não contenha a fórmula quali-quantitativa esta deve ser juntada, firmada pelo Representante Legal e pelo Responsável Técnico da empresa fabricante e devidamente consularizada;

c) comprovante do pagamento das taxas estabelecidas pela Autoridade Sanitária.

1.2. As Empresas Responsáveis e as Empresas Importadoras deverão possuir informação adicional a nível analítico sobre uso e segurança do produto para fornecer à Autoridade Sanitária se assim for requerido.

1.3. Rótulos, prospectos e embalagem. A documentação será acompanhada do rótulo. Serão anexados prospecto e embalagem do produto em questão quando estes forem utilizados. Essa documentação pode ser apresentada mediante fotocópias dos mesmos ou indicação dos textos correspondentes. Se o rótulo original não contiver a informação requerida, será aceita adequação mediante um sobre-rótulo ou etiqueta que contenha a informação faltante.

1.4. Será declarado que os ingredientes da formulação cumprem com a regulamentação sanitária nacional.

1.5. O prazo máximo para a Autoridade Sanitária manifestar-se sobre a regularização dos Produtos de Higiene Pessoal, Cosméticos e Perfumes apresentadas será de 60 dias.

ANEXO V

REQUISITOS PARA ROTULAGEM PARA PRODUTOS DE HIGIENE PESSOAL, COSMÉTICOS E PERFUMES

Regulamento Técnico sobre Rotulagem Obrigatória Geral para Produtos de Higiene Pessoal, Cosméticos e Perfumes

A) Objetivo

Estabelecer as informações indispensáveis que devem figurar nos rótulos dos Produtos de Higiene Pessoal, Cosméticos e Perfumes, concernentes a sua utilização, assim como toda a indicação necessária referente ao produto.

B) Definições

1. Embalagem Primária: envoltório ou recipiente que se encontra em contato direto com os produtos.

2. Embalagem Secundária: é a embalagem destinada a conter a embalagem primária ou as embalagens primárias.

3. Rótulo: identificação impressa ou litografada, bem como dizeres pintados ou gravados, decalco sob pressão ou outros, aplicados diretamente sobre recipientes, embalagens, invólucros, envoltórios ou qualquer outro protetor de embalagens.

4. Folheto de Instruções: texto impresso que acompanha o produto, contendo informações complementares.

5. Nome/Grupo/Tipo: designação do produto para distinguí-lo de outros, ainda que da mesma empresa ou fabricante, da mesma espécie, qualidade ou natureza.

6. Marca: elemento que identifica um ou vários produtos da mesma empresa ou fabricante e que os distingue de produtos de outras empresas ou fabricantes, segundo a legislação de propriedade industrial.

7. Origem: lugar de produção ou industrialização do produto.

8. Lote ou Partida: quantidade de um produto em um ciclo de fabricação, devidamente identificado, cuja principal característica é a homogeneidade.

9. Prazo de Validade: tempo em que o produto mantém suas propriedades, quando conservado na embalagem original e sem avarias, em condições adequadas de armazenamento e utilização.

10. Titular de registro: pessoa jurídica ou denominação equivalente definida no ordenamento jurídico nacional que possui registro de Produtos de Higiene Pessoal, Cosméticos e Perfumes.

11. Elaborador/Fabricante: empresa que possui as instalações necessárias para a fabricação/elaboração de Produtos de Higiene Pessoal, Cosméticos e Perfumes.

12. Importador: pessoa jurídica ou denominação equivalente definida no ordenamento jurídico nacional responsável pela introdução em um país, de Produtos de Higiene Pessoal, Cosméticos e Perfumes estrangeiros.

13. Número de Registro do Produto: corresponde ao número de identificação de empresa e o número de Resolução ou Autorização de comercialização do produto.

14. Ingredientes/Composição: descrição qualitativa dos componentes da fórmula através de sua designação genérica, utilizando a codificação de substâncias estabelecida pela Nomenclatura Internacional de Ingredientes Cosméticos (Inci).

15. Advertências e Restrições de Uso: são as estabelecidas nas listas de substâncias quando exigem a obrigatoriedade de informar a presença das mesmas no rótulo e aquelas estabelecidas no Anexo V desta Resolução "Regulamento Técnico sobre Rotulagem Específica para Produtos de Higiene Pessoal, Cosméticos e Perfumes".

C) Rotulagem Obrigatória Geral

Ref.

Ítem

Embalagem

1

Nome do produto e grupo/tipo a que pertence no caso de não estar implícito no nome

Primária e Secundária

2

Marca

Primária e Secundária

3

Número de registro do produto

Secundária

4

Lote ou Partida

Primária

5

Prazo de Validade

Secundária

6

Conteúdo

Secundária

7

País de origem

Secundária

8

Fabricante/Importador/Titular

Secundária

9

Domicílio do Fabricante/Importador/Titular

Secundária

10

Modo de Uso (se for o caso)

Primária ou Secundária

11

Advertências e Restrições de uso (se for o caso)

Primária e Secundária

12

Rotulagem Específica

Primária e Secundária

13

Ingredientes/Composição

Secundária

D) Observações

1. Quando não existir embalagem secundária toda a informação requerida deve figurar na Embalagem Primária.

2. O Modo de Uso poderá figurar em folheto anexo. Neste caso deverá indicar-se na embalagem primária: - "Ver folheto anexo".

3. Quando a embalagem for pequena e não permitir a inclusão de advertências e restrições de uso, as mesmas poderão figurar em folheto anexo. Deverá estar indicado na embalagem primária: - "Ver folheto anexo".

ANEXO VI

REGULAMENTO TÉCNICO SOBRE ROTULAGEM ESPECÍFICA PARA PRODUTOS DE HIGIENE PESSOAL, COSMÉTICOS E PERFUMES

a) Aerossóis

1. Inflamável. Não pulverizar perto do fogo.

2. Não perfurar, nem incinerar.

3. Não expor ao sol nem à temperaturas superiores a 50ºC.

4. Proteger os olhos durante a aplicação.

5. Manter fora do alcance de crianças.

b) Neutralizantes, Produtos para Ondular e Alisar os Cabelos:

1. Não aplicar se o couro cabeludo estiver irritado ou lesionado.

2. Manter fora do alcance das crianças.

c) Agentes Clareadores de Cabelos e Tinturas Capilares:

1. Pode causar reação alérgica. Fazer a Prova de Toque (descrever).

2. Não usar nos cílios e sobrancelhas.

3. Não aplicar se o couro cabeludo estiver irritado ou lesionado.

4. Em caso de contato com os olhos, lavar com água em abundância.

5. Manter fora do alcance das crianças.

d) Tinturas Capilares com Acetato de Chumbo:

1. Não aplicar se o couro cabeludo estiver irritado ou lesionado.

2. O uso inadequado pode provocar intoxicação por absorção de chumbo.

3. Aplicar somente no couro cabeludo (cabelos).

4. Depois do uso, lavar as mãos com água em abundância para evitar a ingestão acidental.

5. Manter fora do alcance das crianças.

e) Depilatórios e Epilatórios:

1. Não aplicar em áreas irritadas ou lesionadas.

2. Não deixar aplicado por tempo superior ao indicado nas instruções de uso.

3. Não usar com a finalidade de se barbear.

4. Em caso de contato com os olhos, lavar com água em abundância.

5. Manter fora do alcance das crianças.

f) Dentifrícios e Enxaguatórios Bucais com Flúor:

1. Indicar o nome do composto de flúor utilizado e sua concentração em ppm (parte por milhão).

2. Indicar o modo de uso, quando necessário.

3. Não usar em crianças menores de 6 anos. (Somente para enxaguatórios bucais).

g) Produtos Antiperspirantes/Antitranspirantes:

1. Usar somente nas áreas indicadas.

2. Não usar se a pele estiver irritada ou lesionada.

3. Caso ocorra irritação e/ou prurido no local da aplicação, suspender o uso imediatamente.

h) Tônicos Capilares:

1. Em caso de eventual irritação do couro cabeludo, suspender o uso.

ANEXO VII

Termo de Responsabilidade

A empresa, (descrever a razão social da empresa), devidamente autorizada pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária-Anvisa sob número (descrever o número de autorização de funcionamento), neste ato representado pelo seu Responsável Técnico e pelo seu Representante Legal, declara que o produto (descrever a denominação do produto e marca) atende aos regulamentos e outros dispositivos legais referentes ao controle de processo e de produto acabado e demais parâmetros técnicos relativos às Boas Práticas de Fabricação pertinentes à categoria do produto.

A empresa declara que possui dados comprobatórios que atestam a segurança e eficácia da finalidade proposta do produto, e que este não constitui risco à saúde quando utilizado em conformidade com as instruções de uso e demais medidas constantes da embalagem de venda do produto durante o seu período de validade.

A empresa assume perante a Anvisa que o produto atende aos requisitos técnicos específicos estabelecidos na legislação vigente, bem como às listas de substâncias, às normas de rotulagem e à classificação correta do produto.

Declara que a rotulagem não contém indicações e menções terapêuticas, nem denominações e indicações que induzam a erro, engano ou confusão quanto à sua procedência, origem, composição, finalidade ou segurança.

Declara estar ciente que o produto regularizado está sujeito à Auditoria, Monitoramento de mercado e Inspeção do registro pela autoridade sanitária competente e sendo constatada irregularidade, o produto será cancelado, sem prejuízo das responsabilidades civil, administrativa e penal cabíveis.

Os abaixo-assinados assumem perante esse órgão, que a inobservância ao estabelecido na regulamentação vigente e suas atualizações, constitui infração sanitária, ficando os infratores sujeitos às penalidades previstas em Lei.

Data

________

Representante Legal

_______________________

Responsável Técnico

__________________________________________

ANEXO VIII

Produtos Grau 2 sujeitos a Registro

1. Batom labial e brilho labial infantil.

2. Bloqueador solar/anti-solar.

3. Blush/rouge infantil.

4. Bronzeador.

5. Colônia infantil.

6. Condicionador infantil.

7. Dentifrício infantil.

8. Enxaguatório bucal infantil.

9. Enxaguatório capilar infantil.

10. Esmalte para unhas infantil.

11. Fixador de cabelo infantil.

12. Lenços umedecidos para higiene infantil.

13. Produto de limpeza/higienização infantil.

14. Produto para alisar e/ou tingir os cabelos.

15. Produto protetor da pele infantil.

16. Protetor solar infantil.

17. Protetor solar.

18. Repelente de insetos.

19. Sabonete infantil.

20. Talco/amido infantil.

21. Xampu condicionador infantil.

22. Xampu infantil.

23. Gel antisséptico para as mãos.
Produtos Online

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Bag

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A triangle-shaped box that can be used to store pieces of cake. The box consists of a lower part, the base tray, and an upper part, the lid (or the cover). The tray, does not need glue because it will be locked by the lid. Hence, it could be used to store and serve food. Because the base tray is not folded, it is easy to add or remove the pastry.

By default, the cover is 5% larger then the tray but this can be adjusted in the expert settings.

The Angle is a measure for how big a piece of cake can fit in. Look in the figure if you don't know what to enter here. For example, an angle of 30º is large enough for 1 piece from a 12-piece cake. The Length is the length of the piece, which should be about half the diameter of the complete cake. But, be sure to add quite some allowance here.

Card Box

A long, thin tube shaped box that can be opened from either end. You'll find hundreds of different models of these at the local supermarket. It is used as a medication box, for packing bottles of perfume and of course for playing cards. The default dimensions are fine for a set of standard, European, playing cards ("bridge size").

The Material Thickness is only used for the geometry of the tuck flap.

(Poker sized playing card measure 2.5×3.5 inch, by the way.)

Coffin

Coffin or Casket shaped box for Halloween, decoration or maybe for a deceased pet. Do you want to serve your "trick or treat candy" in style? Present the candy in this coffin!

This design consists of a base tray and a lid (or cover). By default, the cover is 7% larger then the tray but this can be adjusted using the Clearance. For ease of use, Clearance is set as a percentage.

Both the tray and the lid are made by folding an extra layer of paper inward. This makes the design extra sturdy and allows you to have the same the color on outside as on the inside.

Use some extra scotch tape to secure the lid to box, or it might open at midnight... allowing the content to wander around your house. Mwhahahaha!

Cone (truncated)

A cone, optionally with the top cut off. (In that case, it's called a frustum). Can be used to help create the geometry for a beaker, vase, party hat or lamp shade. If you'd like a real cone, just use 0(zero) for the Top Diameter.

Do not score or fold the glue flap in this template to keep the geometry at the seam smooth.

An extra construction line is drawn at the center of the cone to assist in adding graphics or lettering.

If your printer is too small, the cone can be reconstructed by drawing to concentric arcs using a compass. The radii are given in the print-out.

Counter Display

A tray with the sides cut off at angle that can be used for storing or displaying items.

The Glue Flaps are exactly half the size of the front and back panels.

Curved Box

A box similar to the "card box", but with curved sides. The curved sides make this box an eye catcher, making it well suited for luxury products. Think of perfume, jewelry, baby clothes, soap,...

The value for Curve Size can be either positive or negative. Notice though, that if the front and the back panels look "thick", the side panels will always look "thin" and vice versa.

You can enter any value, but do not make the Curve Size too large, or the box will break or buckle when folded. Be aware that the Length and the Width do not take the curve size into account, so the actual space will be a bit less.

Egg Shaped Box

A __egg__straordinary box-with-lid in the shape of an egg. Perfect as an Easter box! The egg can be pointy or blunt, round or elongated. Look the __egg__samples to get an idea of what these values do.

This design consists of a base tray and a lid. By default, the cover is 3% larger then the tray but this can be adjusted using the Clearance. For ease of use, Clearance is set as a percentage.

The template consists of six parts: three for the base and three for the lid. The base and the lid each consist of a tube and two caps. The caps form two layers, one on the inside and one on the outside, with the glue flaps sandwiched between them.

The one on the outside is slightly larger than the given diameter in order to neatly cover the base and the lid. The one on the inside is slightly smaller, to compensate for the sturdiness of the paper or cardstock. This difference in size is given by Extra Offset for Caps.

Do not make the box too high, because the paper might loose its shape the further it is from the cap.

Enough daddy egg yolks.

Elliptical Box

An elliptical or oval shaped box-with-lid. Nice for packing special gifts: jewelry, cookies, wedding presents,...

This design consists of a base tray and a lid. By default, the cover is 3% larger than the tray but this can be adjusted using the Clearance. For ease of use, Clearance is set as a percentage.

The template consists of six parts: three for the base and three for the lid. The base and the lid each consist of a tube and two caps. The caps form two layers, one on the inside and one on the outside, with the glue flaps sandwiched between them.

The cap on the outside is slightly larger than the given diameter in order to neatly cover the base and the lid. The one on the inside is slightly smaller, to compensate for the sturdiness of the paper or cardstock. This difference in size is given by Extra Offset for Caps.

Do not make this box too large, because the paper tends to loose its shape the further away it is from the caps.

Heart Shaped Box

A Heart-shaped box-with-lid. This is the kind of box you need when it's Valentine's day and you need to pack 13 hand made chocolate pralines. Many different heart-shapes are possible!

The measurements are different to standard boxes because of the way the heart is modeled: It is made from an ellipse, which is rotated, cut in half vertically and then mirrored. The Length measures between the two sharp corners of the heart. The Width is calculated by the program to match the rotation ( Tilt) and Shape of the ellipse. (Think of the shape as the "Body Mass Index" of the heart).

This design consists of a base tray and a lid. By default, the cover is 3% larger then the tray but this can be adjusted using the Clearance. For ease of use, Clearance is set as a percentage.

The template consists of six parts: three for the base and three for the lid. The base and the lid each consist of a tube and two caps. The caps form two layers, one on the inside and one on the outside, with the glue flaps sandwiched between them.

The one on the outside is slightly larger than the given diameter in order to neatly cover the base and the lid. The one on the inside is slightly smaller, to compensate for the sturdiness of the paper or cardstock. This difference in size is given by Extra Offset for Caps.

♪ I've been locked inside a box like this for weeks ♪

Mailer

The mailer is an extra thick envelop that can be used to pack items that are flat, but thicker then just a sheet of paper. It can hold, for example, a pile of cards of a bag of flower seeds. Use a piece of sticky tape to keep the cover in place.

Match Box

The Match Box is a simple tray-and-sleeve box. To pack assesoires, dolls, candles, clothes, flower seeds, etc.

The Length, Width and Height determine the geometry of the tray. The Clearance is added twice and to both the height and width. The tray can be assembled without glue, although a little glue won't hurt, of course.

Milk Carton

Tube-shaped box with a gusseted opening. This model will not be water tight if you make it at home, though! Nice for packing chocolate sprinkles. Or make a house of this template. Or even a street full of different sized houses.

Cylinder (mitered)

Tube, pipe, cylinder or toilet roll core. Optionally "mitered", which means it is truncated at an angle.

With default settings, this template gives a standard toilet roll. You can also choose to have a "mitered" cylinder, with different Miter Angles for the top and the bottom and with a Twist between these two. Use these settings if you need to create tubes that are welded (or glued) together at an angle.

Cone (mitered)

A cone mitered by two planes at a custom angle. These Mitering Angles must be quite small. If the template looks really weird, check these mitering angles.

(Only circular and elliptical cone-sections are allowed. Parabolic and hyperbolic cross sections are not possible with this template.)

The Top Miter Angle and the Bottom Miter Angle lie within the same plane: the "twist" parameter as present in the mitered cylinder is not (yet) implemented.

Nestable Tray

A basic tray with glued sides and a draft angle. Because of the draft angle, the trays can be nested. This makes this model ideal as an organizer for storing small items. Think of beads, LEGO, ...

Use 0º for Draft Angle if you want a straight sides, but use a larger value if you want trays that can be stacked into eachother.

The Length and Width are measured at the top, so when you use a non-zero Draft Angle, the dimensions at the bottom will be smaller.

If you choose too large a value for the Draft Angle or too small a value for the Height, then draft angle will be adjusted by the program.

Parallelepiped

A three-dimensional shape (or box) formed by six parallelograms. Think of it as an ordinary box that has been skewed in every possible direction. This model can also be used to create a simple brick shape or a dice (cube).

The Angles will determine how much the box is skewed in every direction. The Length, Width and Height are measured along the edges, not from the top of your desk to the top of the box.

This model does not make a box, because it has no tuck-flaps, although it could still be used as such.

Passepartout

A glue-less, hollow, double-walled tray with a broad frame. Can be used as photo frame (a.k.a. passepartout), as a shadow box or as an insert for the "Shallow Box" or the "Match Box". It's a stylish yet affordable way to create a frame for your pictures. Exactly in the right size and ad-hoc!

The model consists of two pieces: a frame and an extra piece of paper to squeeze into it. Because of this, the frame will look almost seamless.

Enter the dimension of the "inner space" (the size of the picture or object to display) using the Picture Length and Picture Width parameters. The Frame Depth determines how thick the picture might be. The Frame Width determines how broad the frame will be and the Height determines how thick the entire model will be.

Note that the final model will be larger than the values you entered for Picture Width and Picture Height, because of the width of the border of the frame.

The model can be constructed without using glue, although a bit of glue won't hurt.

When used as an insert, you might not need the inner part.

For assembly instructions, have a look at the YouTube-movie

Pillow Pack

A simple, economic yet charming shape for packing items like vouchers, jewelry or clothing. (Mac Donalds' uses it for their apple pie, rumor has it.) Both caps are folded along arcs, so they snap into place with a pleasant click.

Do not make the pillow pack too thick, or the paper will tear when you fold the ends. Keep the Width at least twice as long as the Height. Once folded, the width and length will be slightly smaller then the values you entered because of the curvature of the cardboard.

The Platonic Solids

Models of all five so-called Platonic Solids. The Platonic Solids are the five regular convex polyhedra. The Cube is the most famous one, of course, although he likes to be called "hexahedron" among friends. Also the other platonic solids are named after the number of faces (or hedra) they have: Tetrahedron, Octahedron, Dodecahedron, Icosa hedron.

There is only parameter：the Diameter of the mid-sphere. The mid-sphere is the sphere from the center of the object that touches all the edges exactly in middle.

Polygonal Box with Lid

Tube-shaped (prismatic) box-with-lid with a regular polygon as a base. This template can be used to create a triangular box, a square box or a box in the shape of a pentagon, hexagon,... etcetera.

This design consists of a base tray and a lid. The Inner Diameter and the Number of Sides determine the dimensions of the base tray. By default, the cover is 5% larger then the tray but this can be adjusted using the Clearance. For ease of use, Clearance is set as a percentage.

Polygonal Pyramid

A pyramid shape with custom height and a regular polygon as base.

The Outer Diameter and the Number of Sides determine the dimensions of the base. This model does not make a box, because it can't be opened without destroying the glued flaps.

Pyramid Box

A box in the shape of a pyramid. The base of the shapes functions as the lid, so to open it, you would hold it upside down.

The default values yield a pyramid in the same ratio as the Cheops pyramid.

Always comes in handy for those occasions where you need to bury a pharaoh.

Rhombus Box

Rhombus (diamond, lozenge, or lop sided), prismatic box-with-lid.

This design consists of a base tray and a lid. The Length and the Angle determine the dimensions of the base tray. By default, the cover is 7% larger then the tray but this can be adjusted using the Clearance. For ease of use, Clearance is set as a percentage.

Note that the Length is measured along the edge of the box.

Round box

A round, cylindrical box-with-lid, also known as a hat box. When made from metal, you can imagine this to be a typical cookie box.

This design consists of a base tray and a lid. The Diameter determines the dimensions of the base tray. By default, the cover is 3% larger then the tray but this can be adjusted using the Clearance. For ease of use, Clearance is set as a percentage.

The template consists of six parts: three for the base and three for the lid. The base and the lid each consist of a tube and two caps. The caps form two layers, one on the inside and one on the outside, with the glue flaps sandwiched between them.

The one on the outside is slightly larger than the given diameter in order to neatly cover the base and the lid. The one on the inside is slightly smaller, to compensate for the sturdiness of the paper or card stock. This difference in size is given by Extra Offset for Caps.

Soma Cube

Collection of the 7 concave polycubes with 4 or less cubes. These seven pieces together can form the SOMA cube. That is, if you manage to solve the puzzle. The SOMA cube was invented by the Danish mathematician and poet Piet Hein.

The only parameter that can be entered is the Unit Cell Length, this refers to the size of one cube.

Sphere

The template creates a single segment to create a sphere. You need to print a copy of this template for every segment. (They are all identical.) When assembled, together they create a sphere or a globe.

Star Shape

Star-shape with arbitrary thickness and number of points. Make your own Christmas stars! Use small ones as Christmas tree decoration or make a big one to put behind the window.

The generator will create one spike template for every point of the star. The glue flaps are made double, so you can glue them like this: _/\_ (Think 'namaste'!). If you do not want double glue flaps, choose size 0 (zero) for Glue Flap Size (Odd flaps).

You can use this template to recreate a paper version of the flag of Nepal (12 points), Azerbaijan (8 points) or the European Union (12 stars with 5 points). If you decide to recreate the flag of the USA, then you might need to block a week in your diary.

Star Box

A box in the form of a star. Use it as a Christmas decoration, or pack your Christmas gifts.

The Number of Points can be chosen freely, but 5 is ideal. Fewer or more is certainly possible. The Height will determine whether it will be a flat or a thick star.

The folds are a bit origami-like, score them well and make sure the star is reasonably thick.

Trapezoid Box

A box in the shape of a trapezoid, also called a trapezoidal prism or a trapezoidagon. A typical use for this model is a box for luxury pralines (chocolates).

This box can be used to create a range of shapes. (See the examples in the pictures). The top of the box can even be smaller than the bottom. You can even mix the two basic shapes! For the latter, look at the yellow box in the gallery.

You can also make a paper gold bar by using yellow or gold paper. (Or gold pressed latinum, if you prefer.)

Tray Insert

This tray can be used as a box insert for thin items. Use this template to create a box insert that locks an item safely in the center of a box. For example a mobile phone, booklet or fancy lighter.

It leaves some extra space for a thumb hole, so it's easy to retrieve it.

This is only the tray insert, you can use another template for the box around it ('Box with lid', 'Match box', 'Shallow box', ...)

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A typical paper bag that can be stored completely flat. This template can be used to create both a cute little goodie bag, a large grocery bag or a wine bag. The top of the bag is folded inside for reinforcement. If you don't want this, you can set the Fold parameter to 0(zero).

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A simple Tray and Sleeve Box. The dimensions are inner dimensions. The clearence is added twice and to both height and the width. The tray can be assembled without glue, although a little glue won't hurt, ofcourse.

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V, Vox, 2017, "

From spy to president: The rise of Vladimir Putin", 23 march, viewe 21 november 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lxMWSmKieuc

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From spy to president: The rise of Vladimir Putin

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TE, The Economist, 2018, "Putin's Russia and the ghost of the Romanov", 17 july, viewed 21 november 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7IWWAIS-tE4

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Jair Bolsonaro's provocative views in six clips