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The floppy disk was invented and first introduced to the public in 1971. It was invented by IBM(International Business Machines), which is a computer hardware company which is still relevant today with their supercomputers. Floppy disks were used as a primary form of data storage as well as for backup and data transfers between computers. They aren't really used today as today's hard drives run way faster and stores way more information. The floppy disk represents America because during this decade, America was going through an age of technological advancements and floppy disks made transferring information not only easier but also possible through a physical mean as well.

Sources: https://www.pastemagazine.com/tech/7-tech-advancements-from-the-70s-that-changed-the/#1-the-floppy-disk
https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/floppy/transform/

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In the past few decades, the United States and the rest of the world have become aware of how some of their actions are affecting the world's climate. Some of the results of climate change are rising sea levels, rising temperature, and more extreme weather events. As a result of this, the US population is switching up the way they live. They are switching to electric cars, changing their diet by eating less meat, using more power-efficient appliances, using less water, recycling, and changing their way of commuting/traveling as less driving means less pollution. All of these actions will result in us releasing fewer pollutants into the atmosphere which in turn will slow down climate change. The US Government is also trying to slow down Climate Change. They are switching over to renewable energy resources. Some of the renewable energy sources they are switching to are solar power via solar panels, hydropower via dams, and wind power via wind turbines. They are also limiting the amount of pollution coming out of vehicles, power plants, and other facilities via the standards they have set. All vehicles, power plants, and facilities must comply with these standards. However, the US hasn't gone all green yet, but as we progress into the future, the US will become greener and greener through the efforts of its people and the government.

Sources:
https://www.c2es.org/document/u-s-domestic-response-to-climate-change/
https://www.nrdc.org/stories/how-you-can-stop-global-warming

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This photo is from the Black Lives Matter protests that happened around May 2020. These protests started taking place after the tragic death of George Floyd. Many people came together to get their voices heard through these protests. Race in America has always been a serious issue. From ending slavery to ending segregation, America has made advancements when it's come to ending racism. However, it is very obvious that even after decades, America still has a problem when it comes to race. After the death of George Floyd, there were people excusing what the officer did because George Floyd was black and the officer was white when it was very clear, this was another case of police brutality. This was not the first time that black people have had encounters with police brutality. This instance was just the final straw that sparked protests and a fight against police brutality.
Source: https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/did-last-summers-protests-change-anything

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The political cartoon above refers to the Cold War and the tensions between the US and the Soviet Union. While the Cold War began in the 50s, the war continued throughout the 60s. During the 1960s, there was a "rise" of Communism around the globe. From North Korea and Vietnam, to Cuba, Communism began to steer forth within those countries. The US, being firm believers of a democracy, was placed in the crossfire. When war broke out in Vietnam, President Lyndon Johnson sent troops to Vietnam to fight against the North; which caused a spiral of protests to break out. The Cuba Missile Crisis nearly took the US and the Soviet Union into a nuclear attack, which is referenced in the political cartoon above. Both the events and many others shows the tension within the US during this time. The image is a visual interpretation of the 60s in America because it showed the tension that engulfed the US due to the continuation of the Cold War, the Vietnam War, and many other events during the decade. Overall, the US’s fear/hatred of Communism shone through during this decade, from their attempts to interfere Communist attempts to their continuous war with the Soviet Union.

Source: The 1960s Government, Politics, and Law: Overview | Encyclopedia.com

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This era during the 1960s was a huge change for all. People, especially African Americans at this time was trying to gain equal rights under the law. Predominant figures like Martin Luther King fought for rights and equality for African Americans to end segregation and discrimination in the United States. This not only changed social impacts but societal structure. African Americans were no longer separated in public areas, education, transportation, jobs, and voting. Before that, they were often being mistreated because of the color of their skin. Martin Luther King and other civil rights activists worked hard and even sacrificed their lives to allow future generations to thrive in a society where they are all treated with some sort of respect and equality. Although the dream of achieving full equality isn't possible, we are working towards it. And by means, if one step in the 1960s changed the lives of all African Americans, one step now will change lives for all who are suffering through societal discrimination. Whether it's race, looks, gender, or identity, hopefully, our past can remind us of how we were able to change the "impossible".

Source: http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1917beyond/essays/crm.htm

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This song was one of the most popular songs during the 1980s. It shows what the clothing trends were at the time in the YouTube video link. The people in this decade thought that 2000s would be where the world ends, so this inspired the artist, prince, to create this music piece. Prince explains the meaning behind the music title, Purple Rain, by saying "when there's blood in the sky", which means you get purple when you mix red and blue.

Sources:
https://www.smoothradio.com/features/prince-purple-rain-meaning-lyrics-facts/
https://www.cheatsheet.com/entertainment/what-prince-said-about-the-meaning-of-purple-rain.html/

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This car is the 1970 Ford Mustang Boss 302. The 1970s was the end of the Golden Age of muscle cars. Manufacturers were beginning to realize the harm that muscle cars have done to the environment. Old muscle cars blew through gas because of their poor miles-per-gallon numbers. They also produced a high amount of smog and were generally unsafe. As lawmakers pushed for higher pollution control and more regulation on car manufacturers, the muscle car slowly fell out of the mainstream spotlight, in favor of compact cars. When you think of a muscle car, you think of an old car that looks similar to the Ford Mustang Boss 302. This particular Mustang is only an example of the American muscle car. Some popular ones are the Plymouth Barracuda, Dodge Challenger, and Chevrolet Camaro. These cars all embody the typical muscle car: they are all big, loud, and fast.

Sources: https://www.retrowaste.com/1970s/cars-in-the-1970s/
https://musclecars.howstuffworks.com/muscle-car-information/how-muscle-cars-work.htm#pt5

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Asian Americans walking and spreading awareness of anti-Asian hate as they walk through Chinatown with a large banner saying "Fight the Virus, NOT the People"

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Racism Toward Asian During Covid-19 Pandemic.( I forgot to log in before) Pd3

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Racism Toward Asian During Covid-19 Pandemic.( I forgot to log in before) Pd3

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Amidst the Covid Pandemic, Asian Americans are getting attacked due to the Virus originating in China. This happened ever since the virus began in December 2019 and has continued to today. But anti-Asian ideas aren't new, they had been going on since the 1800s ever since the major influx of Asian immigrants to America. It's just that the Covid-19 Pandemic gave others new excuses to pin the blame on Asian Americans. This photo embodies America in 2021 because it shows that the Asian Community is protecting each other from fear and violence during these hard times. It shows America's strength in unity but also shows it's deep rooted evil that divide the people.
Source: https://www.asianfortunenews.com/2020/03/lawyers-hotline-help-sites-for-asian-americans-targeted-with-hate-acts-due-to-virus/

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This political cartoon depicts 'American privacy' being placed into a coffin by 'wiretapping and bugging'. This represents the Watergate scandal in America during the 70s. The burglars caught wiretapping phones and stealing documents were connected to Nixon's reelection campaign. Nixon attempted to cover up the crimes and denied involvement, but was eventually forced to resign as President. This embodies America during the 70s because it displays the government intruding on the publics privacy. Before Watergate, American people trusted in their government to protect them. The 70s revealed to the public that the government intruded on their private affairs. Watergate had lasting effects on American politics and caused tension between the people and the government. It led the public to be wary of their government and changed American politics forever.

Source: https://www.history.com/topics/1970s/watergate

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The broad evolution of music in the 1980s: by Elliot Hammer

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The broad evolution of music in the 1980s: by Elliot Hammer

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The 1980's produced an amazing cultivation of music and resulted in a beautiful array of genres of music. The development that genres such as Rock, Rap, and Pop, truly created a paved path that led to beauty in the 90s. Great groups like N.W.A., changing rap music forever and discussing subjects that hadn't been much. And amazing Rock music coming out at the same time like the great bands such as Nirvana and Guns and Roses really created a vision for the future of rock. And in the Pop corner, you had some of the hugest musicians on the planet, Prince, Michael Jackson, Madonna, pumping out hit after hit, redefining the pop culture of then.

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Stagflation is an economic period consisting of slow growth, high unemployment rates, and rising prices. One of the most notable examples of something like this happening occurred in the United States during the 1970s. At the time, the monetary policy was too loose, as the money supply grew faster than the economy and lead to inflation. People thus made economic decisions with inflation in mind, leading to even more inflation. On top of this, oil prices quadrupled, causing an increase in transportation and shipping costs. This lead to an increase of all prices, as well as contributed to the rise of unemployment. Due to all of this happening at once, the American people were extremely worried about the future, adding to the uncertainty of the time. This can be seen on the image above, which shows a large protest against higher food prices.

Sources:
https://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/08/1970-stagflation.asp
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XfYuA4OL82U&ab_channel=PhiladelphiaFed

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This picture was taken in 1984 showcasing Former Vice President Walter Mondale, Rev. Jesse Jackson, and Sen. Gary Hart clasp hands during a Democratic presidential debate in New York. Jesse Jackson was a black man that runs for the presidency of the United States. Although he didn't win the election, he did get a remarkable 21% statewide vote. It was the best a black candidate has done. It shows the world what the blacks could do and paved the way for future black elections.

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The moment the first iPhone was introduced in California, America and the entire world were forever transformed. This tiny device kickstarted the age of smartphones where every person would carry an entire computer in the comfort of their own pocket. It combined and replaced previously essential items such as calculators, calendars, cameras, clocks, watches, and so much more. To add to this, it also gave access to the internet, introducing millions of new users to a network of everything.

Smartphone's grand effects are clear and for that reason, society has grown to be completely dependent on them. The number of individuals with smartphones from 3.6 billion in 2016 to 6.3 billion in 2021. Not only is all of society buying smartphones, they are also using them an average of 122 minutes per day to consume media. We have quickly gone from a country without smartphones to a country completely reliant on them.

Sources:
https://www.statista.com/statistics/330695/number-of-smartphone-users-worldwide/
https://www.vox.com/2017/6/26/15821652/iphone-apple-10-year-anniversary-launch-mobile-stats-smart-phone-steve-jobs

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A group of people protesting for the government to end the Vietnam War.

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As the 1970's began, the Vietnam War dragged on and casualties continued to rise, leading to more pessimistic views of the government/war. The draft (compulsory enlistment) became increasingly unpopular as the burden fell more on lower-income groups and minority communities (the wealthy paid for college to avoid it). It seemed like a death sentence, with citizens being sent to war to fight for a cause they didn't believe in. As the draft fueled the war effort, it intensified the civilian antiwar movement back in the U.S. Draft resistance reached its peak by 1973, and there were too many draft evaders to punish or send to prison. After the withdrawal of American forces from Vietnam, U.S. soldiers could only enlist voluntarily, and the likelihood of a draft returning became decreasingly unlikely. This long event, added along with the release of the Pentagon Papers and the Watergate Scandal, represents the increase of discontent and distrust in the American government that characterized the 1970s.

Sources:
https://michiganintheworld.history.lsa.umich.edu/antivietnamwar/exhibits/show/exhibit/draft_protests/the-military-draft-during-the-
https://study.com/academy/lesson/effects-of-the-vietnam-war-on-american-policy.html#:~:text=The%20Vietnam%20War%20had%20a,Americans'%20trust%20in%20political%20leaders.
Picture- https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/19b26a935aa54754a5b0101e2c0a362c

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This is the original poster for Star Wars, which was released in 1977. The 70's were an interesting time for movies because restrictions on adult content had loosened, and movie makers took advantage of it. Overly violent films like The Godfather, Taxi Driver, Apocalypse Now and Dirty Harry were very popular at this time, and their darkness reflected the political and economic struggles of the decade. On the other hand, major budget movies like Jaws, Star Wars, and Close Encounters of the Third Kind saw a leap in special effects which made fantastical ideas a reality on screen. These were the first movies to be called "blockbusters", and they permanently cemented movies and the movie going experience into the American identity of that decade and the following ones. The 1970s allowed for a wide range of films to develop and find their audiences. Niche films became cult classics, horror became popular, and science fiction was embraced. Together, these movies broadened the range of film and created the diversity in movies we see today.

By: Audrey Alexander Period 9

Sources:
https://www.filmsite.org/70sintro.html
https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2007/jul/13/the70swasthegoldenageof

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August 26, 1970: Women's Strike Day march that took place in Washington, D.C., for equal employment,  educational opportunities, and accessible child care.

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A major event that occurred during the 1970s that had a huge impact on women's rights was the Women's Strike for Equality. Women all around America celebrated the 50th anniversary of the passing of the 19th amendment which granted women the ability to vote. This rally was acknowledged as the second wave of feminism and was sponsored by National Organization for Women (NOW). Other than the celebration they also marched for equality in employment, education, and child care as shown in the picture above. This march for equality represents America in a way that it is always changing and revising past mistakes to create a better environment for everyone/accept everyone.

Source: https://www.britannica.com/event/womens-movement

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During the 1970s, new genres of music emerged, opening up new opportunities for new artists. Genres like R&B, Rock, and Disco, have changed music today. During this decade, many bands were made that have become iconic. In 1970, the Beatles, one of, if not the greatest band of all time, split due to internal problems, leading to them creating successful solo careers.  Other famous bands include, Led Zeppelin, The Who, The Eagles, The Rolling Stones, The Jackson 5, as well as Queen, all of which created hits like Stairway to Heaven, Hotel California, and I Want You Back. However, the most popular group were the Bee Gees, a spawn of the famous disco era of the time. Above is a music video of "Staying Alive", one of the most popular songs of the era. There were many other solo artists as well, including, Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, Elton John, and David Bowie. These artists played songs in genres of pop and rock and have cemented themselves as the greatest artists of the decade. This era of rock and pop would give a glimpse of what's to come in the 80s.

https://top40weekly.com/top-100-artists-of-the-70s/
https://www.retrowaste.com/1970s/music-in-the-1970s/

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Bee Gees - Stayin' Alive (Official Music Video)

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In 1971, the Supreme Court's ruling in Swann vs Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education unanimously upheld busing. This was an effort to integrate schools. It was a legendary court case. Schools all over the country implemented this change and it caused a nationwide movement that helped desegregate schools. But it was not all rainbows and sunshine there were nationwide protests from white Americans. About how this was a bad decision and this would destroy their kid's educations. Because of this white enrollments would plummet and many of those sent to distant schools dropped out and never graduated. Decades later, the violent start of busing would widely be seen as the worst moment in the city’s history. This picture embodies America at that time because it shows the black and the white kids sitting together. It was a rare thing at that time. There was so much tension that people wouldn’t live in the same cities as black Americans. This photo shows our nation slowly accepting black Americans and making them part of this community. As you can see a movement with a positive intent turned out to be one of the worst moments in the cities history.

Source:
https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-busing-schools-los-angeles-harris-biden-20190628-story.html

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Sally Ride aboard the space shuttle Challenger. 

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Sally Ride became the first American woman to fly into space in 1983. However, she was not alone in this journey. Sally and her partner, both on that space mission and in life, Tam O'Shaughnessy, devoted their lives to getting girls involved in STEM. Despite her much-renowned legacy as an astronaut, most people are not aware that Sally Ride was a member of the LGBTQ+ community. Tam O'Shaughnessy and Sally Ride's relationship remained largely private until Ride's death in 2012. Their lives serve as an inspiration to all Americans to live up to their fullest potential despite the status quo. The above picture represents American accomplishments during the space race. And how both women and men played a crucial role in establishing America as a leader in space exploration.
Source-https://www.npr.org/2021/06/22/1009098412/loving-sally-ride

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The Miami race riots were a product of what the African American community believed was an injustice, and rightfully so. Arthur Mcduffie, after running a red light was beaten into a coma before shortly dying in the hospital. During the trial against the 4 Dade County Public Safety Department officers in the death of Arthur McDuffie, they were acquitted by an all-white jury. This clear injustice infuriated the public who took it to the streets where things escalated quickly, people were hurt and things were damaged. The Miami riots however were an important part of history as they influenced the way we viewed race and united us against a clear injustice and morphed our societal values.

Source-https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/article21178995.html

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Not until the late 1950s, the fashion system was very restricted in terms of creation and distribution. In the 1960s, fashion has started its revolution. As America grows economically as the world's leading power, its mass consumerism rose as well. The lack of creative strength in the industry also provided new jobs like stylists. The 1960s was also the time where ready-to-wear clothes took over couture, a custom-made dress that required a tailor. Dresses from the 1960s had a straight silhouette erasing the required measurement on shoulders, waist, and hips. By being more flexible and fast, ready-to-wear gained many new customers, promoting natural beauty with simplified silhouettes. With the change of the standards of how Americans acquire their clothes, fashion became a way for people to project their identity through clothes. With a more flexible way to produce and consume clothing, more and more creativity will stand out in what people wear, soon the world will notice the "American Fashion".

Source:
https://usabroad.unibo.it/article/view/7162/7525
https://www.retrowaste.com/1960s/fashion-in-the-1960s/

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Gender Pay Gap after the 2008 Financial Crisis - Wali Khan

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Gender Pay Gap after the 2008 Financial Crisis - Wali Khan

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The financial crisis had a devastating effect on our economy, but there's also a gender aspect to the situation. During 2008, America had jobs that included more men than women. More men lost their jobs than women which took a toll on the gender pay gap and roles for a period of time. The health care industry, which included a major female population, hasn't been as hard hit which was the opposite for construction and wall street workers. America's identity now adds on the effects of the stock market since it has the power to switch gender pay gaps and roles. After the crisis, though, more men got their jobs back than women, which created another pay crisis, proving that America's identity is based around economy and gender roles as well.

Sources:
https://www.epi.org/blog/job-growth-great-recession-equal-men-women/
https://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/09/financial-crisis-review.asp

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When we think about the 21th Century we think about the internet and its influence on the world. The introduction of YouTube had a massive impact on society. Many parts of our current customs have started on the site. It provided a space for artists and creators to share content for free and still make a income. This site allow people from one side of the world to see videos made from another on the other side of the world.

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The 60s were a decade of major strides made towards racial equality in America. The Civil Rights Movement started the decade before continued in full force with protests against segregation in food services, public transportation, and voting, with many new anti-discrimination laws being passed in response. However, change during this time was also made in the courts. Interracial marriage was made legal in sixteen states through the unanimous decision of Loving v. Virginia, a Supreme Court case argued over the marriage between Richard and Mildred Loving, a white man and a black and Native American woman. The two left their home in Virginia in 1958 to be married in Washington, D.C., but were arrested shortly after returning home for violating the state's law against mixed couples returning after being married out of state. After a shortened jail sentence, they agreed to leave Virginia for a period of twenty-five years and made their home in D.C. But after several years, they decided to take their case to court. They appealed to the Supreme Court in 1967, and it was decided that the law violated the 14th Amendment, which guarantees all citizens due process and equal protection under the law. This decision overruled laws against interracial marriage in sixteen states, ending segregation not just in public facilities, but in people's personal lives as well.

Sources:
- https://www.britannica.com/event/Loving-v-Virginia
- https://www.history.com/topics/civil-rights-movement/loving-v-virginia
- https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-movement

Elisabeth Park, Period 9

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This is an image the Apollo 11, a very iconic space shuttle. It was designed to perform a lunar landing and return back safely to Earth. The Apollo 11 was launched on July 16, 1969 and was successful as it landed the first men on the moon.

This space shuttle represents America as it shows how America is very competitive.  Throughout history, America has constantly competed against others; American Revolution, WWI/II, even amongst themselves in the Civil War. At this point in time, America was obsessed with the idea of space and space exploration in the 1960’s. This led to a Space Race between the United States and the USSR to see who would get there first. Eventually this became the Cold War, where space was used as a stage to show off their military supremacy. To add on, this space shuttle represents a milestone for the US as it marked their victory in the Space Race. From this event came the saying “One small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.” This quote reflects the patriotism of Americans back then and ‘til this day. The Apollo 11 had a huge impact as it changed the world and helped improve technology.

sources: https://www.ohiohistory.org/learn/education/resource-roundup/november-2017-(1)/the-atomic-age

wikipedia

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"Hound dog" by Elvis needs no introduction. It's still insanely popular as it's the 5th most listened to song by Elvis on spotify. But it was even more popular back in the 50's. Elvis himself was defining what it was to be a rockstar. He challenged culture norms in the way that he dressed and acted as a pre cursor to the way that American pop culture would be headed in the 60's and beyond. This song in particular also ties into race relations of the time. Although this is still widely debated it is believed that he stole this song from a black r'n'b singer named big mama thornton. Elvis made the song very popular taking a song created by a black musician and whitewashing it.
Sources:
https://www.nodepression.com/hound-dog-did-elvis-get-rich-stealing-from-black-artists/

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During the 1960s, the trend in how they did their makeup shifted. In the 1950s, women tend to emphasize their lips but not so much on their eyes. But as the 1960s came around, women started to emphasize their eyes and wore colorful, sometimes dramatic, eyeshadows. Their lips and the rest of their face were kept natural with minimal makeup. Women during the 1960s also favored fake lashes to continue to emphasize their eyes. Women in America during this time period were able to express their identity through their makeup. Their heavy emphasis and creative eye makeup on their eyes showed who they are on the inside. They also kept minimal makeup on other parts of the face, which showed that they embraced the natural body that they are born into. Makeup trends during the 1960s expressed their identity as a whole and individually.

Source:
https://hair-and-makeup-artist.com/womens-1960s-makeup/
Anny Chen Period 5

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The Microsoft Windows system is the most innovative invention that still had impact on American society today. Before this invention, computer was not a very convenient tool for most people, and it's very time consuming to use. This system allowed files to be stored on desktop and allowed shortcuts to accessing applications. The Windows system embodied an important turning point of the computer revolution as it expanded the consumer group for computers to more and more people. After the Windows system was updated and improved, personal computers was able to enter the household of every American.

"Microsoft Windows." Britannica Academic, Encyclopædia Britannica, 28 May. 2020. academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/Microsoft-Windows/438620. Accessed 5 Oct. 2021.

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On September 11, 2001, terrorists hijacked planes and set them to crash into the World Trade Center buildings. Two planes were flown into the twin towers, a third one hit the Pentagon, and the fourth plane crashed into a field in Pennsylvania. There were almost 3,000 deaths in these terrorist attacks and this tragic event set the U.S. to  amp up homeland security. This event had also impacted the economy negatively. Many jobs were lost and the estimated cost of the WTC damage is $60 billion. 9/11 is remembered as a tragic day which shook America and we still commemorate the heroes and victims of this event today.

Source: https://www.history.com/topics/21st-century/9-11-attacks

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On January 24, 1984, the release of the first Macintosh would forever revolutionize the idea of computers forever. In a time of growing computer usage in America, the Macintosh provided users with a portable computer that had a simplistic user interface. During this era of computers, a “portable” computer was twenty-eight pounds and required lines of commands for it to function. The Macintosh offered features such as drag and click which allowed for the ordinary civilian to operate it. Today, the effects of the Macintosh are widespread. Computers with the concept of a simplistic user interface are now in a vast majority of U.S. households, providing an endless stream of information and the ability to do things such as working from home.

Sources:
http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/1/24/the-mac-30-yearsofinnovationinfluenceandinvective.html
https://www.zdnet.com/article/30-years-of-macintosh-the-little-pc-that-made-a-big-impact/

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The first same sex marriage in the U.S. happened in 2004 in Massachusetts. This topic has been debated for decades, and finally in 2015, same sex marriage was legalized in all 50 states in the U.S.

This new marriage policy represents America because it is a progress that America has made. It shows a major change in the American, specifically LGBTQ, society, how America is becoming more accepting of the homosexual community.

Source: https://www.history.com/topics/gay-rights/gay-marriage

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Contents

1. Early Years: Same-Sex Marriage Bans

2. Marriage Equality: Turning the Tide

3. The Defense of Marriage Act

4. Pushing for Change: Civil Unions

5. Domestic Partnerships

6. United States v. Windsor

7. Obergefell v. Hodges

8. Full Marriage Equality Attained

In the landmark 2015 case Obergefell v. Hodges, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that all state bans on same-sex marriage were unconstitutional, making gay marriage legal throughout America. The ruling was a culmination of decades of struggles, setbacks and victories along the road to full marriage equality in the United States.

Early Years: Same-Sex Marriage Bans

In 1970, just one year after the historic Stonewall Riots that galvanized the gay rights movement, law student Richard Baker and librarian James McConnell applied for a marriage license in Minnesota.

Clerk Gerald Nelson rejected their application because they were a same-sex couple, and a trial court upheld his decision. Baker and McConnell appealed, but the state Supreme Court affirmed the trial judge's decision in 1971 in Baker v. Nelson.

When the couple appealed again, the U.S. Supreme Court in 1972 declined to hear the case "for want of a substantial federal question." This ruling effectively blocked federal courts from ruling on same-sex marriage for decades, leaving the decision solely in the hands of states, which dealt blow after blow to those hoping to see gay marriage becoming legal.

In 1973, for instance, Maryland became the first state to create a law that explicitly defines marriage as a union between a man and woman, a belief held by many conservative religious groups. Other states quickly followed suit: Virginia in 1975, and Florida, California and Wyoming in 1977.

Of course, numerous other same-sex couples across the country had also applied for marriage licenses over the years, but each ended in a somber note like Baker and McConnell's case. Though the gay rights movement saw some advancements in the 1970s and 1980s-such as Harvey Milk becoming the first openly gay man elected to public office in the country in 1977-the fight for gay marriage made little headway for many years.

Marriage Equality: Turning the Tide

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, same-sex couples saw the first signs of hope on the marriage front in a long time. In 1989, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors passed an ordinance that allowed homosexual couples and unmarried heterosexual couples to register for domestic partnerships, which granted hospital visitation rights and other benefits.

Three years later, the District of Columbia similarly passed a new law that allowed same-sex couples to register as domestic partners. Like with San Francisco's ordinance, D.C.'s domestic partnership status fell far short of full marriage, but it did grant D.C. same-sex couples some important benefits, such as allowing partners to receive health care coverage if their significant other was employed by the D.C. government.

Then, in 1993, the highest court in Hawaii ruled that a ban on same-sex marriage may violate that state constitution's Equal Protection Clause-the first time a state court has ever inched toward making gay marriage legal.

The Hawaii Supreme Court sent the case-brought by a gay male couple and two lesbian couples who were denied marriage licenses in 1990-back for further review to the lower First Circuit Court, which in 1991 originally dismissed the suit.

As the state tried to prove that there was "compelling state interest" in justifying the ban, the case would be tied up in litigation for the next three years.

The Defense of Marriage Act

Opponents of gay marriage, however, did not sit on their haunches. In response to Hawaii's 1993 court decision in Baehr v. Lewin, the U.S. Congress in 1996 passed the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which President Bill Clinton signed into law.

DOMA didn't ban gay marriage outright, but specified that only heterosexual couples could be granted federal marriage benefits. That is, even if a state made gay marriage legal, same-sex couples still wouldn't be able to file income taxes jointly, sponsor spouses for immigration benefits or receive spousal Social Security payments, among many other things.

The act was a huge setback for the marriage equality movement, but transient good news arose three months later: Hawaii Judge Kevin S. C. Chang ordered the state to stop denying licenses to same-sex couples.

Unfortunately for these couples looking to get married, the celebration was short-lived. In 1998, voters approved a constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage in the state.

Pushing for Change: Civil Unions

The next decade saw a whirlwind of activity on the gay marriage front, beginning with the year 2000, when Vermont became the first state to legalize civil unions, a legal status that provides most of the state-level benefits of marriage.

Three years later, Massachusetts became the first state to legalize gay marriage when the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that same-sex couples had the right to marry in Goodridge v. Department of Public Health, a ruling that, unlike Hawaii's, wouldn't be overturned by voters. The state finally introduced the country to gay marriage (minus the federal benefits) when it began issuing same-sex marriage licenses on May 17, 2004.

Later that year, the U.S. Senate blocked a Constitutional amendment-supported by President George W. Bush -that would outlaw gay marriage across the country.

2004 was notable for couples in many other states as well, though for the opposite reason: Ten typically conservative states, along with Oregon, enacted state-level bans on gay marriage. Kansas and Texas were next in 2005, and 2006 saw seven more states passing Constitutional amendments against gay marriage.

But towards the end of the decade, gay marriage became legal in . and various states, including Connecticut, Iowa, Vermont (the first state to approve it by legislative means) and New Hampshire.

Domestic Partnerships

Throughout the decade and the beginning of the next, California frequently made headlines for seesawing on the gay marriage issue.

The state was the first to pass a domestic partnership statute in 1999, and legislators tried to pass a same-sex marriage bill in 2005 and 2007. The bills were vetoed by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger both times.

In May 2008, the state Supreme Court struck down the 1977 state law banning same-sex marriage, but just a few months later voters approved Proposition 8, which again restricted marriage to heterosexual couples.

The highly contentious ballot measure was declared unconstitutional two years later, but multiple appeals kept the matter unsettled until 2013, when the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed the case. Hollingsworth v. Perry legalized same-sex marriage in California.

United States v. Windsor

The early 2010s continued the state-level battles over gay marriage that defined the preceding decade, with at least one notable event. For the first time in the country's history, voters (rather than judges or legislators) in Maine, Maryland, and Washington approved Constitutional amendments permitting same-sex marriage in 2012.

Same-sex marriage also became a federal issue again.

In 2010, Massachusetts, the first state to legalize gay marriage, found Section 3 of DOMA-the part of the 1996 law that defined marriage as a union between one man and one woman-to be unconstitutional. Foundations of the act had finally begun to crumble, but the real hammer fell with United States v. Windsor.

In 2007, New York lesbian couple Edith Windsor and Thea Spyer wed in Ontario, Canada. The State of New York recognized the residents' marriage, but the federal government, thanks to DOMA, did not. When Spyer died in 2009, she left her estate to Windsor; since the couple's marriage was not federally recognized, Windsor didn't qualify for tax exemption as a surviving spouse and the government imposed $363,000 in estate taxes.

Windsor sued the government in late 2010. A few months later, U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder announced that the Barack Obama administration would no longer defend DOMA, leaving a representative of the Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group of the House of Representatives to take on the case.

In 2012, the 2nd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that DOMA violates the Constitution's equal protection clause, and the U.S. Supreme Court agreed to hear arguments for the case.

The following year, the court ruled in favor of Windsor, ultimately striking down Section 3 of DOMA.

Obergefell v. Hodges

Though the U.S. government could now no longer deny federal benefits to married same-sex couples, other parts of DOMA were still intact, including Section 2, which declared that states and territories could refuse to recognize the marriages of same-sex couples from other states. Soon enough, however, DOMA lost its power thanks to the historic Obergefell v. Hodges.

The case involved several groups of same-sex couples who sued their respective states ( Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky, and Tennessee) for the states' bans on same-sex marriage and refusal to recognize such marriages performed elsewhere.

The plaintiffs-led by Jim Obergefell, who sued because he was unable to put his name on his late husband's death certificate-argued that the laws violated the Equal Protection Clause and Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

In each case, trial courts sided with the plaintiffs, but the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit disagreed, bringing the case to the U.S. Supreme Court.

Full Marriage Equality Attained

As with United States v. Windsor, conservative Justice Anthony Kennedy sided with Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan in favor of same-sex marriage rights, ultimately making gay marriage legal across the nation in June 2015.

By this time, it was still outlawed in only 13 states, and more than 20 other countries had already legalized gay marriage, starting with the Netherlands in December, 2000. Northern Island is the most recent country to legalize gay marriage in October, 2019.

A Pew Research Center poll in 2001 found that 57 percent of Americans opposed same-sex marriage and only 35 percent supported it. Fifteen years later, in 2016, a Pew poll found almost the complete opposite: Americans supported same-sex marriage by a margin of 55 percent to 37 percent.

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Early Years: Same-Sex Marriage Bans Marriage Equality: Turning the Tide The Defense of Marriage Act Pushing for Change: Civil Unions Domestic Partnerships United States v. Windsor Obergefell v. Hodges Full Marriage Equality Attained In the landmark 2015 case Obergefell v. Hodges, the U.S.

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"NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft launched atop its Titan/Centaur-6 launch vehicle from the Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex in Florida on September 5 1977"- NASA

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In the 70's space exploration was important because the U.S. was looking for ways to revolutionize our space endeavors.  What we see in the picture is NASA launching the Voyager 1 space probe into interstellar space. It was actually the first man-made interstellar entity that we launched. Interesting Fact: "Voyager 1 carries a copy of the Golden Record—a message from humanity to the cosmos that includes greetings in 55 languages, pictures of people and places on Earth and music ranging from Beethoven to Chuck Berry's 'Johnny B. Goode.'" This embodies America during the 70's because we are becoming more and more reliant on science and how it can change our lives for the better.

https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/history/timeline.html

https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/voyager-1/in-depth/

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The World Renown Beatles Album "Abbey Road" that came out in 1969 and is still widely talked about today.

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The music industry in the 1960's introduced a new demographic to the billboards. Minorities such as POC and woman made their voice and music heard all across the country. The trend of music switched to more upbeat songs. Rock & Roll was thriving and so was R&B.  Several social causes influenced the music of the 60's such as feminism, black power, and environmentalism. Several civil activists used the media of music to express their voices in a way that would be broadcasted on every American Radio.

-https://www.readersdigest.co.uk/culture/music/the-evolution-of-music-the-music-revolution-of-the-1960s

-https://spinditty.com/genres/Defining-music-of-the-1960s-its-characteristics-and-great-songs-from-the-era

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The Beatles first album, "Please Please Me" came out in 1963, but they came out with 12 albums just in the decade of the 60s. They were known as revolutionizing not just rock and roll, but all of music. Starting in England, the group had their first taste of success in America after their appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show, and touched the hearts of millions. They invented the classic rock and roll band set-up, one bassist, two guitarists, and one drummer. The Beatles appealed to listeners of all ages, with their insightful lyrics and creative sound. They set the bar for music in the past, present, and future.

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With the assassination of Kennedy, the Vietnam war and the Cuban missile crisis, many American youths wanted to break free of the societal norms in America. They were inspired by the civil rights movement and took action through their own movement, the counterculture movement. These liberal psychedelic loving lovers also known as hippies opposed the war in Vietnam, commercialism, and overall conservative values. Hippies countered or refused the ideals of society during that time. They used psychedelic drugs like marijuana and shrooms, and listened to anti-establishment aspects of psychedelic rock. One of the most famous examples of this was at Woodstock. Woodstock was a highly disorganized three day concert with headliners like Jimi Hendrix, Santana, Janis Joplin, and The Grateful Dead. From the radical bright baggy clothes to the peace sign and burning draft cards, the counterculture movement became an icon as a symbol of retaliation against the American norms and ideas.

Sources
- https://digilab.libs.uga.edu/exhibits/exhibits/show/civil-rights-digital-history-p/counterculture
-https://www.history.com/topics/1960s/woodstock

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In 1982 Wisconsin became the first state to pass an anti-discrimination act on the basis of sexual orientation. This law was created in response to riots all over the country in support of LGBTQ+ rights. Before this law, LGBT people were both denied jobs and risked losing their jobs if they were to come out about their sexuality. The bill was initially written up by Lloyd Barbee, who then retired and passed the bill to David Clarenbach, who gained support for the bill until it was eventually signed into law by Governor Lee S. Dreyfus. This law was groundbreaking when it came to LGBTQ+ rights, laying the groundwork for further laws just like it, all around the country. This law is one of the reasons America is such an accepting and diverse country today, with people of all different sexualities allowed to love who they want to.

Sources:
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/stonewall-milestones-american-gay-rights-movement/

https://www.nglcc.org/blog/lgbt-history-countrys-first-lgbt-anti-discrimination-bill

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Political Events (Protesters storming the Capitol) Period 3

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Political Events (Protesters storming the Capitol) Period 3

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Pro-Trump demonstrators stormed the US Capitol on January 6, 2021, causing Congress to postpone voting on President Joe Biden's re-election. Protesters strolled freely around the Capitol, including the Senate chamber, where one guy stepped on the president of the Senate's chair and yelled, "Trump won that election!" At least one person was shot in the Capitol building, according to law enforcement officials, and at least one improvised explosive device was discovered on Capitol grounds. Soon after, Trump issued a video message addressing the Capitol rioters, stating, "You have to go home," but he continued to make bogus claims about being cheated out of an election victory and referred to his opponents as "evil." Wednesday was a shocking and humiliating day in American history.

Sources:https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/06/buildings-in-us-capitol-complex-evacuated-amid-pro-trump-protests.html

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Golden Girls (Entertainment in 1980s) Thanjila Thahsin

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Golden Girls (Entertainment in 1980s) Thanjila Thahsin

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This sitcom was popular during the 1980s as it was the first to portray four older women as main characters. The show touched topics that other shows did not, such as HIV and LGBTQ+ struggles, which closely affected people in the 1980s.These hold relevance to the time period because HIV infections were spiking and became a major AIDS crisis in the United States, which was especially used in discrimination and fearmongering against homosexual people. Also, in the image shown, characters of the show follow some of the common fashion trends during the 80s, such as shoulder pads and big hair.

Source: (image)https://everettcollection.com/#/image/306820/0/CfDJ8CgvhomGNmhLq1Jyd_hj8Tja2LRH4VnuTKyENPHzblZLCafLJwh6c8-o6MoeDT78Gi39TRD77AHYyJyPS0-JwSh3XYII80wv6KTSz2h65ahlHed71eYXbAS84YU8Xbzl7Q?query=golden%20girls

(information)

https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200401-the-golden-girls-the-most-treasured-tv-show-ever

https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/jan/31/we-were-so-scared-four-people-who-faced-the-horror-of-aids-in-the-80s

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Folsom Prison Blues is arguably one of Johnny Cash's best song in his 'At Folsom Prison' album (1968).This song was heavily influenced by the movie 'Inside the Walls of Folsom Prison', which depicts how poorly treated inmates were in California prisons. Also, as the man said himself, “I sat with my pen in my hand, trying to think up the worst reason a person could have for killing another person, and that’s what came to mind." Thus, it is clear to say that country singers like Johnny Cash seemed to write and sing about the problems within America (in this song, the violence and corrupted incarceration system in the U.S.) instead of glorifying it during this decade. Johnny Cash showed us this dark and melancholic side to America when country music was at its peak.

Sources:
https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/johnny-cashs-at-folsom-prison-at-50-an-oral-history-629871/
https://www.americanbluesscene.com/why-did-johnny-cash-play-folsom-prison-ten-facts-folsom-prison/

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Johnny Cash - Folsom Prison Blues (Official Audio)

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Since long ago women's rights have always been overlooked but many women protested this unfair treatment and in the US, today, women are able to speak up more freely. That being said, does not mean women are treated as equally as men in many settings. People are hoping for a better world where no women would fear speaking up or be berated for doing so and when compared to the earlier decades there is a huge improvement. This picture shows a protest made by feminists for health care access and abortion rights. Many people are not able to obtain healthcare when they need it and many states do not allow abortion. As stated before women rights we have in 2021 are not enough but people are fighting for a better change. We want a better world which gives women the rights they deserve.

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Although it has been rather slow, there has been plenty of changes in gender norms over the years. Aside from the changes in appearance (where it has finally become a normal thing for guys to present as more feminine and girls as more masculine), gender roles in life have also been on a shift.

For example (Compared to previous generations and surveys), the dependence of income has largely begun to equalize itself between men and women and the stigma of men staying home to take care of children/do housework (typically things associated with women) has decreased significantly.

Make no mistake-- though gender stereotyping and norms has been on the decline, it still exists.

source: https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/465669

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Campaigns and protests were important events that made up the 70s, since they influenced a lot of change. Discrimination is, unfortunately, continuous through the years, which is why there are endless campaigns and protests that take place throughout history. During the 70s, many civil rights activists began risking their lives to fight against racial discrimination, which pressured officials to pass many more civil rights laws. These protests not only pushed for more laws, but also influenced other movements, such as the Women's Rights Movement. This photo displays citizens' determination to improve our country. As seen in the photo, there is a variety of topics, such as racism and politics. This is the effect of civil rights activists. We can see protests against discrimination, the Vietnam War, and even a sign mentioning the election. The movements of the 70s were crucial in shaping the laws and culture in America.

source:
https://www.abhmuseum.org/turning-the-tables-on-civil-rights-the-1970s-and-1980s/

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"Bohemian Rhapsody" by the band Queen was a song that defined the limits of music with its originality and underlying meaning. Released in 1975, it has been voted as one of the best songs in the rock and pop genres for its originality. There are different melodies, topics, ideas in the song, and the meaning of the song was never released. Freddie Mercury avoided answering the question about the meaning of the song directly, often said it was up to an individual's interpretation, and the rest of the band members of Queen know the meaning, yet out of respect for their late friend say they can not release it. In terms of its symbolic meaning, there is a myriad of explanations to discuss it. First, there are connections to Mercury's religion of Zoroastrianism and childhood in Zanzibar and India with words like “Bismillah” and “Beelzebub”. Other words like “Galileo”
and "Scaramouch" appear, each having its own relations to history. Next, many believe that the song was about Freddie's sexuality, and, even though he never answered yes directly, that it was about him coming out. The song has so many components that it required 6 studios to make, and because of its uniqueness, it is so loved and preserved. Even the song's title never appears in the lyrics, which is unusual for a song. The song has taken the world by storm, but during the time of its creation, it pushed the boundaries for how music can be made not only in America but everywhere. This 6-minute masterpiece made its mark on history.

Read more at: https://www.songmeaningsandfacts.com/meaning-of-bohemian-rhapsody-by-queen/

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Queen – Bohemian Rhapsody (Official Video Remastered)

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The first Gay Liberation Day March was held in our very own New York City in the year 1970. This march holds significance because the very idea seemed so unplausable at the time, most LGBT people were closeted and coming out of the closet usually would result in isolation. But after the Stonewall riots, thousands of LGBT people demanded their civil rights-- woken up by this event. The heterosexual community was shocked and this event was followed up by many events leading to gains in LGBT rights.

image credit: 1970s lgbt movement - Google Search

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During the 1980's many influential forms of media were made. Shows like "The Golden Girls" and "Full House" were apart of pop culture at the time and were very successful.  Before tv shows like "Full House" family tv shows were less relatable and more fantasy with idealistic themes. But in contrast the shows at this time were relatable and tackled the doubts, anxieties, and issues people had at this time. These baby boomers were put at a time of so much instability concerning economics, politics, and society in general. The shows that came at this time depicted average people working their ways through life. They depicted a time where they were the hope brought after the biggest of hardships and have to traverse these new times. Not to mention the importance of family and friends that help each other get through life. Best exemplified by my image that depicts an unconventional family that get by and face the world together. Many people were able to learn from these shows and as weird as it sounds use it as a guide to their own lives or something to simply get by with. Overall the 80's were a booming time that saw shows to become less distant and more personal with it's audience.

Source:
https://www.history.com/topics/1980s/1980s

https://iop.harvard.edu/get-involved/harvard-political-review/i-left-my-heart-san-francisco-importance-full-house%E2%80%99s-return

image source:
https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/S/sgp-catalog-images/region_US/wb-883316912768-Full-Image_GalleryCover-en-US-1484000565527._UY500_UX667_RI_V2965fa7de83b06defae509d9dd7410d4_TTW_.jpg

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Downtown Los Angeles(Left)                                    New York City (Right)

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Rapidly spreading smog in New York City and Los Angeles, the Santa Barbara oil spill, and the Cuyahoga River fires were some of the major environmental issues during the 1960s. Smog is created when chemicals that transportation vehicles, power plants, and factories produce meet with sunlight. Smog is highly poisonous and can usually lead to respiratory diseases such as Asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema. Due to the high density of vehicles and factories located in cities. Smog issues led people in America starting to realize the consequences of air pollution and begin taking action. The Santa Barbara oil spill and the Cuyahoga River fires had similar effects regarding the awareness that people had towards pollution but rather than air, it was water.

Source:
http://michiganintheworld.history.lsa.umich.edu/environmentalism/exhibits/show/main_exhibit/origins/-environmental-crisis--in-the-
Sean Chen Period 5

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President Biden Attempts to Pass the Build Back Better Plan

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President Biden Attempts to Pass the Build Back Better Plan

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As of late September to early October this year, President Biden has been lobbying for and attempting to pass his, "Build Back Better," budget plan. This bill includes nearly all of Biden's platform for this presidency including expanding public education to include universal pre-k and public college for every American, giving families tax credits for any parent with children under seventeen, lowering medication costs for seniors on Medicaid, and a large tax cut for poor and middle class citizens. While the bill largely has popular support, even from some independent and republican voters, it has faced major opposition from industries and their lobbying groups such as Big Pharma, which has over 1,500 lobbyists pressuring politicians to drop Medicaid improvements from the bill. This represents America as it is a clear example of conflict in our government. Specifically, while some parties believe in heavy government while others believe in austerity.
Sources:
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/18/business/economy/biden-spending-bill.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/04/us/politics/biden-lobbying-congress.html

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Pictured is the crowds on the street of Montgomery, Alabama, boycotting the unfair treatment of African Americans on public transport. This movement was knows as the Montgomery Bus Boycotts, which was the first protest against the discrimination of African Americans in the United States, that involved large groups of people. This boycott would eventually lead to collaboration between one of its establishers, Rosa Parks, and the father of American equality, Martin Luther King Jr. King was inspired by the brave resistance that Rosa Parks had shown, which later led him to become one of the most important leaders of the Civil Rights Movement. This event arguably set up the next 10 years; causing civil rights movements and protests to pop up more frequently and more impactful. These protests would eventually lead to the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. These boycotts show the initiative of mistreated Americans, standing up for what they believe in and not conforming to the unjust regulations and laws that they were expected to follow without hesitation. This is a constant trend throughout American history: the American Revolution, the Civil Rights Movement, the counterculture movement of the 1960s, the Women's March on Washington a few years ago... It accurately shows the American spirit of standing up for what you believe in.
Sources:
https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/montgomery-bus-boycott

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While the beginning of Beatlemania was roaring, the darker side of the same time of the Civil Rights Movement in America was also in full swing. During 1965, Nina Simone recorded and released a rendition of the song, "Strange Fruit" The song covers the topics and horrors of the lynchings of black people. The song was originally recorded in 1939 with the lyrics drawn from a poem published in 1937 that was influenced by an infamous picture of a lynching. This rendition of the song was very powerful to me, due to the juxtaposition of the almost plain voice combined with the horrors and topics that the lyrics discuss. This visual embodies America during the decade due to the purpose of the song, which is a protest against not just lynchings, but racism and injustice as a whole combined with its release during the rise of the Civil Rights Movement, where many allied with black people and major changes for black people came during the end of the era, where tons of people and important figures fought for equal rights, protesting against the extremely long history of mistreatment and abuse.

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The image above depicts what most women were supposed to be like during the 1950's.  Women were supposed to marry right out of high school and college; staying single was frowned upon. Many had other kinds of aspirations in life however the media still mostly focused on female familial roles. The 50's were also sometimes referred to as "era of the happy homemaker". Being a housewife was glorified in the media and encouraged. Sex was beginning to be viewed as a key to a healthy and happy relationship whereas earlier it was fine for women to shut the men from the bedroom.
Sources:
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/pill-mrs-america-womens-roles-1950s/

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This mouse was created in 1964 by Douglas Engelbart. It was designed to perfectly fit into someone's hand. The creator of the wooden mouse also modified the way computers work. Certain technology was considered specialized machinery that only scientists do, however, Engelbart changed it and it was normalized for an ordinary person to use. The mouse created had a hard wooden shell, a circuit board, and two metal wheels. The two wheels allowed the mouse to adjust to the surface it was placed and used on. This represents America in the 1960s because it shows the huge change in technology. New ideas constantly flowed, and technology kept improving and improving during this time.

Source: Technology in the 1960s - 1960s TECHNOLOGY (weebly.com)

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You've requested a page that no longer exists | Stanford News

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Thank you for your interest in Stanford News. Most of our stories published before 2015 are no longer available online. If you would like to request an article from the Stanford News archives, you may do so using this form: https://stanford.io/contact_news_archive

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Gender roles in the 1960s stayed the same during the beginning of the decade with the norm of women must get married, stay at home, or work light jobs such as nurses or teachers. This would quickly change as the first birth control pill would be invented in 1960 named Enovid. This allowed women to remain in control of if they wanted children and when. This would free up women to work other jobs not involving caring for children and would be the start of a beatufil breaking of traditional norms and finally give women the freedom to leave the house without being shunned. This would put the 60s as the beginning of a new cultural wave that would soon crash down upon america, sweeping out the olden ideas and bringing new and novel ones.

Source:https://www.historycentral.com/sixty/Americans/WOMEN.html

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The role of women in American society changed dramatically in the 1960s. At the beginning of the decade, women were portrayed on television and in advertisements as happy homemakers, secretaries, teachers, and nurses. Women who did not get married were depicted as unattractive, unfortunate spinsters, and those who asserted themselves were dismissed as nagging shrews. Women were to strive for beauty, elegance, marriage, children, and a well-run home. Meanwhile, popular culture ignored the fact that all women did not fit the mold that tradition had proscribed for them.

One of the major events that contributed to the change in women's roles in society was the introduction of Enovid, the first birth control pill, in 1960. With the increasingly widespread use of birth control, women gained greater control over when and if they would have children, allowing many women to enter the workforce who would have otherwise been busy rearing children. Many were challenged by Betty Friedan's 1963 book, The Feminine Mystique , which described the frustration of many women who were unfulfilled by their efforts to conform to society's ideal of femininity, living for their husbands and children, and neglecting their own ambitions and dreams. According to Friedan, "the feminine mystique has succeeded in burying millions of American women alive." In a call to action, she urged women to "break out of the household trap and truly find fulfillment as wives and mothers-by fulfilling their own unique possibilities as separate human beings." In 1963, the President's Commission on the Status of Women issued a report entitled American Women, which recommended that women be granted equality in employment and educational opportunities, as well as wages. The report suggested that special support be given for working mothers, including government-assisted day-care centers and government-required maternity leave. In the same year, Congress passed the Equal Pay Act, the first federal law against gender discrimination. Women's legal rights were further promoted by the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned employment discrimination on the basis on gender, as well as race, color, religion, and national origin. The law also established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, which would enforce the law, as well other later anti-discriminatory legislation.
Women took an active role in politics in greater numbers. Many individuals, such as Fanny Lou Hamer and Joan Baez, made tremendous efforts as individuals and as part of larger civil rights groups. In addition, organizations like Women Strike for Peace, founded in 1960 by Bella Abzug and Dagmar Wilson, and the National Organization for Women, NOW, founded in 1966 by Betty Friedan, brought women together to influence political and social policy. In addition to protests for equal rights for black Americans and anti-war demonstrations, women worked toward gains in women's rights. One major issue was the Equal Rights Amendment, or the ERA. Beginning in 1967, NOW members worked hard to help get the ERA passed, but they were ultimately unsuccessful in their efforts to get the amendment ratified.
As the role of women in American society evolved during the 1960s, the images of women in the media and popular culture began to reflect those changes. Television shows still largely featured stereotyped female characters, but movies began to portray women who did not fit into the traditional molds. Fashions among young women changed from neat, well-pressed outfits to casual tie-dyed shirts and jeans. Women growing up in the 1960s saw a number of women playing important roles outside the home, in business, politics, the media, and other influential sectors. The achievements of women in the arts, sciences, and humanities were also increasingly apparent. Although popular culture had yet to embrace the idea of the "modern liberated woman," America became more open to a broader view of women's roles in society.

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The role of women in American society changed dramatically in the 1960s. At the beginning of the decade, women were portrayed on television and in advertisements as happy homemakers, secretaries, teachers, and nurses. Women who did not get married were depicted as unattractive, unfortunate spinsters, and those who asserted themselves were dismissed as nagging shrews.

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Before, a woman's wardrobe mainly consisted of dresses and fashionable shoes. Even starting from the 1920's, women began exercising although only in their pajamas and lingerie. Soon, female exercise caught the attention of clothing companies who began manufacturing for flexible clothing. It wasn't until the 1960's before yoga clothing were made. Still yoga pants weren't extremely popular until the 1980's when the "fitness craze" struck. It put the demand for athletic clothing much higher which lead to the creation of female sneakers. This also led to the creation of yoga which began to popularize in the 1980's. People such as Jane Fonda became well known due to yoga. Sneakers also opened up a lot of sports to women who didn't have the attire to play most sports before. This stands as a moment in time where athletics would never be the same again.

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The fiber optic cable embodies the America we know today by essentially acting as the building block for high speed internet. Everywhere you go in America there is no lack of internet or cell phone usage and all of this is thanks to fiber optical cables connecting your local data tower or router to a network of other computers and routers. Without the fiber optic cable, invented in 1955, we would not be using computers or even cell phones to write this assignment!

Source: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nai-group.com%2Foptical-fiber-technology-how-it-works%2F&psig=AOvVaw2ySL6iOSzu3o8fDdmtOiht&ust=1633644055500000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAYQjRxqFwoTCPiP0MPktvMCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

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The conflict between Afghanistan and the U.S allied forces was an era defining struggle that lasted nearly the entirety of the last two decades. It all started in 2001 when a leader of the anti-Taliban coalition was assassinated by Al- Qaeda, the same group that would later conduct the attacks on 9/11. Following those two catastrophic blows, president Bush wanted to put more attention on the war campaign against terrorism, and of course Afghanistan saw most of the fighting.

At first, it appeared like the U.S would see yet another victory in the fight towards pushing their global agenda. The Taliban collapsed for the first time in 2001, forcing its leaders to hide in the mountains while the U.S reconstructed Afghanistan by forming a new Transitional government. However the Taliban  remained confident and continued fighting up until the moment of Osama Bin-Laden’s assassination in 2011. By this point huge debates were beginning to flare up back in the U.S, since some people wanted to end the war and others didn’t. By 2018 the Taliban was firing major counter attacks against U.S forces and neither side wanted to negotiate for peace. Recently the U.S finally decided that they had enough and withdrew all troops from the country, deciding to leave the Taliban on it’s own.

In total, the U.S has spent roughly $2.3 trillion dollars funding this deadly struggle, or over $100 billion per year. The photo that I selected represents this situation well, because depending on your perspective viewing the picture you can either see U.S troops lifting their flag or pulling it down. To some Americans, this war was necessary to protect national security and support their patriotism, but to others it was actually harmful to waste Tax Payer’s money on violence when it could have went into something else like healthcare. However you choose to view it, the war in Afghanistan was a history defining moment for not only this era, but time going forward. - James Lacoste Period 5

Source: https://www.cfr.org/timeline/us-war-afghanistan

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Gender/Sexuality - “America’s First Trans Celebrity”

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Gender/Sexuality - “America’s First Trans Celebrity”

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Christine Jorgensen was the first transgender celebrity in the United States. Formerly a veteran, Jorgensen switched career paths after fighting in the Cold War and took up a job of a nighttime club singer. Always showing up clean and polished in public, society had already somewhat viewed her as a feminine character. Nevertheless, Jorgensen’s career was successful, and she married a man after the conversion surgery, since she upheld all of the social expectations of a woman and wife. Even while challenging the strict sex binary, she adhered to the socially structured gender roles of what it meant to be a woman in the 1950s. Talk about sexuality, gender, and sex conversion was generally hushed in society, and such topics were rarely spoken about publicly. Sex reassignment surgery was only allowed if a person had the anatomy of both a man and a woman, because it was considered a corrective surgery. But this does not mean the surgeries didn’t occur and people did not convert. Before Jorgensen, such unaccepted acts were silenced in the media, or spoken about with vague detail in hopes of influencing the public as little as possible. The 1950s were a time where ideas were viewed as abnormal if they were socially unacceptable. Though, people identified with the sex reassignment procedures and stories, and soon a community would form of people who don’t identify with the strict sex binary. This would be the LGBTQ community. The 1950s were a decade of blooming ideas, and Jorgensen captures that perfectly.

Source: https://blogs.lt.vt.edu/sexualityinamericanhistorypierce20/2020/04/26/1950s-sexuality-containment-and-control/

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This is John Lennon. He was an English singer, songwriter, musician, and peace activist. He was known worldwide as co-lead vocalist, co-songwriter, rhythm guitarist, of the music group The Beatles and was also known as one of the founders. Unfortunately, he was shot and killed at the age of 40 in the 1980s. He dedicated his career to spreading the message of peace and love within his music.  He wrote songs such as “ Imagine ” which spoke about the human race uniting as one. He used his mass following to spread peace and love across the world.  He changed the way people viewed things such as war, religion, etc. Overall, he had a huge impact on the music industry,  people, and politics.
source : https://amp.smoothradio.com/artists/john-lennon/death-date-reaction-beatles/

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Marilyn Monroe - Md Wafi Karib (period 9)

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Marilyn Monroe is a woman who needs no introduction. She was the face of beauty in the 1950s who's impact can still be felt today. The 50s was a decade of cosmetic boom and some of the worlds most famous beauty trends stem from this era. Women in the 50s wanted to maintain their youthful looks and many of them spent an average of 2-3 hours in beauty salons a week. Monroe had created many beauty trends as her looks and status as a celebrity had inspired many women to do the same. Despite being the a decade of cosmetic boom, the 50s was a rather colorless decade. That held true until Monroe had changed become popular. Her bright red lips had become an icon and many women had started to use a bright red lipstick. That contrast of color made their lips pop since it was pretty much the only bright color they had used. Blonde hair was also a fairly common thing to see among women in the 50s. Many had even bleached their hair with peroxide so it would turn blonde. Monroe had also created the trend of curling their hair into pin curls. Both bright red lips and pin curls are still popular today!

Sources:
https://marilizmonchoe.weebly.com/beauty-standards.html
https://www.eviemagazine.com/post/beauty-standards-throughout-the-decades-the-1950s
https://prezi.com/p7cl_cjokxsy/why-was-marilyn-monroe-such-an-icon-of-the-1950s/

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This issue has been a controversy even before 2021. As the technology develop, and more people can access the Internet. In 2021, the lack of understand about different platforms and giving up personal information for services without further understand of the process can lead to manipulation. We saw how social media can monitor its users and control their feed to change their perspective to gain a specific output. Data can predict the future. Enough data about one person can predict their decision, or thoughts.

Source: https://www.globaltimes.cn/Portals/0/attachment/2021/2021-06-11/c797413b-3bfb-4716-8173-f97c4198c75f.jpeg

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Social media are interactive technologies that allow people to create content, exchange information, communicate with each other, and share their voice.  Social media has become a common staple and main way of communication in American culture and this impact has affected not only adults, but children of all ages. It is virtually impossible to find someone without some kind of social media.

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Diane von Furstenberg's iconic wrap dress

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In 1974, Diane con Furstenberg debuted her famous wrap dress, which was a long sleeved silk jersey dress featuring a fitted top and a skirt that wrapped around the body to tie at the waist.

At the time the women's right movements gained movement, especially during the Women's Strike for Equality on August 26, 1970. The second wave of feminism fought for equal employment and educational opportunities for women; Thus, encouraging more women to join the workforce.

The wrap dress design gave off a feminine yet functional outfit women could wear to work. Due to this by 1976, millions of wrap dresses have been sold and incorporated as a part of the female wardrobe. Not only that, but the design has been recognized as a symbol of women's liberation in the 1970s.

SOURCE: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Diane-von-Furstenberg

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Scientific Advancement - COVID19 mRNA vaccines (Dashiell Elliott #9 - Pd 5)

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Scientific Advancement - COVID19 mRNA vaccines (Dashiell Elliott #9 - Pd 5)

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Research on mRNA vaccines has been in the works for many years, starting around 1989. The Corona Virus helped to accelerate mRNA research greatly when, in early 2021 two mRNA vaccines targeting covid became the first vaccines with that technology approved by a global medicines regulator. The Covid19 pandemic and the subsequent development of not just vaccines for it, but also vaccine technology that can be helpful in other areas showed how, during a crisis, the world is able to come together and collaborate, at least to some extent. What has really defined this year is showing that beyond the hate, when it's necessary, humans really can work together and show empathy for the difficult times that many have had.

Sources:
Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA_vaccine#History
MedlinePlus: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/therapy/mrnavaccines/
CDC: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/mrna.html

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The World Trade Centers, otherwise known as the "Twin Towers" opens up in NYC on April 5, 1973.            -Dmitiri Kessel, The Life Images Collection

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The World Trade Centers, known as the Twin Towers, was a standing symbol in America's skylines and a pivotal point in architectural feats. Once constructed, it became the two tallest buildings in the world, soon beaten by the Sears tower shortly after. The project was initiated by David Rockefeller, an American banker who holds the family name of America's greatest businessmen, bankers, and politicians. The towers were built as an urban renewal project, which is the term used for clearing out the old, deindustrialized neighborhoods in cities. After a streak of new technology made in the past few decades from world wars and the second industrial revolution, the once urban areas were decaying and being that Manhattan was designed to be a highly urbanized business complex, these slums were to be removed. The Twin Towers were built to simulate this urban revival. Sadly, the towers only lasted for 3 decades until the disastrous 9/11 attacks, but they have been rebuilt into an even more impressive World Trade Center.

-Construction of the World Trade Center - Wikipedia
-World Trade Center (1973–2001) - Wikipedia
-70+ Important Things That Happened in the 1970s - Facts About the 1970s (goodhousekeeping.com)

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Image of a tornado in the outbreak, located in Xenia, Ohio.

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It was during this decade in which the most violent and devastating series of tornados thus far was recorded - all in a 24 hour time frame. On April 3-4, 1974, a total of 148 tornados touched down in and around the US, causing over $600 million in damages (as much as 3.3 billion today)

Due to a large combination of factors such as very large low-pressure regions, significant moisture movement, and the strong heat of the sun caused large scale destabilization, resulting in the event. It was because of this event that drastic advances were made to mitigate the effects of severe weather, with improvements in communications, earlier and more accurate warnings, and better emergency preparedness.

sources:
https://www.weather.gov/iln/19740403
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Super_Outbreak

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During the 1970s, there were great strides in the rights of women, and change in gender role. They were challenging sexism in any way they could, including the free access to abortion. The women's equality strike and other demonstrations in 1970 was the fiftieth anniversary of the adoption of the nineteenth amendment to the United States. This matters since the nineteenth amendment was the thing which legalized women suffrage. (the right to vote). Furthermore, women's right movement were brought even further into the spotlight because of the Supreme Court's decision to constitutionalize the right to have an abortion in the Roe V. Wade case in 1973. This marked another huge moment, and a step forward in the right direction.

The visual I chose is the pictures of women protesting during the 1970s, and this represents and embodies America since in the 1970s, there were huge steps in creating equal rights. Overall, gender roles were changed a lot, and it gave women more rights, and to they began to succeed in fields like business and politics.

Sources: https://www.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-18
https://sites.google.com/site/exploringtheseventies/home/politics/the-role-of-women-in-the-70-s

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In 1986 the case Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson was presided over by the supreme court. The ruling was a unanimous decision in favor of Vinson. Mechelle Vinson was an employee under Meritor savings bank. Her supervisor who was a vice president of the company. She made her way up the company ladder but was eventually fired for "abuse of sick leave." Vinson then sued claiming that she had been coerced into intercourse and other lewd activities, by hrt supervisor who had said he would fire her otherwise. Her case was thrown out based on the idea that the relationship was voluntary and not forced. She appealed and it eventually made its way up to the supreme court. The court declared that even though it was voluntary it was unwelcome making it illegal. This decision was incredibly important for defining sexual crimes especially in the workplace. It gave women who were coerced into sexual relationships a legal backing to sue. This decision mades sexual quid pro quo arrangements illegal which has been incredibly important for creating more equal, safe, and welcoming workplaces.
Source: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Meritor-Savings-Bank-v-Vinson

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Despite the ups and downs of 2021, a lot of great music has come out from this year that has influenced quite a lot of people. A great amount of people such as Drake, Lil Nas X, Olivia Rodrigo, Kanye West and many others released albums this year and a lot of them were very influential due to the sheer fact that a lot of people needed to cope with covid-19 and music is a great way to do that. These people and this industry as a whole represents 2021 as it shows how despite our hard times, we will still try to find the best way to deal with them, and music for most people, is one way. Lil Nas X was also quite an influential figure as he is a very popular artist that is not only an African-American man, but also gay. 2021 is represented by people like him because of how this year signified a change in people's perception. If we even go back a few years, a black gay artist being on the top of music charts would've been met with a lot of hate and criticism rather than applaud.

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For the most part, deviating from  heterosexuality during the 70's remained taboo and was frowned upon. Though there was progress made for LGBTQ+ people during this decade, homophobia and bigotry still ran rampant. During 1979, The White Night Riots occurred which was in response to the lenient sentencing of Dan White, a man who assassinated one of the nation's first openly gay elected official in the US. In response to this riot, the police attacked random people in the area while they yelled homophobic slurs, and vandalized gay bars. This represents not only the overall decade for LGBTQ+ people, but the overall history throughout past decades since homophobic attacks and hate crimes have occurred throughout America with little to no repercussions, and police has rarely been involved to aid them.
Source:
https://www.history.com/news/what-were-the-white-night-riots

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Although not the first computer for its time, nor the most advance, Datapoint 2200 was a early example of a mass-produced personal computer (PC). It was engineered by Phil Ray and Gus Roche, founders of  Computer Terminal Corporation. The computer's first appearance was in 1971. Datapoint 220 had a height of 9 5/8", width of 18 1/2",  depth of 19 5/8", and weight 47 lb. The computer screen was a 7" x 3,5" and had a green and black monochrome screen. It was one of the first opportunities made available for ordinary citizens since it was affordable for its price at its time.
Source:
https://history-computer.com/products/datapoint-2200-complete-history-of-the-datapoint-2200/

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The post world II era was a prosperous time for most middle class families because many had saved up their money, once the war was finally over American consumers were spending their money on homes, cars, furniture, and much more. Because of that many people moved from apartments to cozy homes in the suburbs with many appliances. Open-plan living was introduced, and the fitted kitchen was part of every household, making the housewife’s work a lot easier. Dynamic and vibrant designs started to appear, influenced by science, space exploration, and innovations in technology. The colors, furnishings, and designs were modern and futuristic combined with the classic All-American appeal. People spent more time in their house, relaxing and enjoying recreation, and as a result, the interior design and decor became fun and vibrant.
Sources:
https://www.wallswithstories.com/interior/1950s-2.html

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Toxic masculinity has always been an issue within our society. As the new generations starts to uncover their true identities and question their own identities, we have gotten more courage to speak up, knowing that our voices can reach wider audiences through social media. Society has always enforced gender stereotypes, especially upon those who were assigned male at birth. Those who were assigned male at birth feel strong societal pressure to conform to masculine stereotypes. Research shows that people that were assigned female at birth have been more comfortable with expressing their own identities. There were also more transgender males than transgender females in the study that was conducted. However, as times have progressed, the new generations have been more open minded to various ideas and have begun accepting their gender identities as a part of who they are as a person. We have had many celebrities, such as Harry Styles, post themselves in various types of clothing considered by society to be "feminine clothing." We have also had many people speak up on social media and being proud of themselves. They act as a voice for those that are too afraid to speak up.

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Toxic masculinity has always been an issue within our society. As the new generations starts to uncover their true identities and question their own identities, we have gotten more courage to speak up, knowing that our voices can reach wider audiences through social media. Society has always enforced gender stereotypes, especially upon those who were assigned male at birth. Those who were assigned male at birth feel strong societal pressure to conform to masculine stereotypes. Research shows that people that were assigned female at birth have been more comfortable with expressing their own identities. There were also more transgender males than transgender females in the study that was conducted. However, as times have progressed, the new generations have been more open minded to various ideas and have begun accepting their gender identities as a part of who they are as a person. We have had many celebrities, such as Harry Styles, post themselves in various types of clothing considered by society to be "feminine clothing." We have also had many people speak up on social media and being proud of themselves. They act as a voice for those that are too afraid to speak up.

Source : https://news.ucsc.edu/2021/03/adolescent-gender-sexual-identity.html

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The Color Purple (1982) by Alice Walker was a hit, as it won the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. The novel is considered as a “cultural touchstone for black women in America”. The novel portrays impoverished black women, domestic abuse, and lesbian relationships. The characters aren’t perfect, and they go through abuse and struggle, making this story feel real. It promotes the idea that it’s okay to be vulnerable, and that black women should not stay quiet to protect a reputation of being strong. There are themes of violence, religion, gender, sexuality, and race in this novel. This content is considered controversial, even though it’s what makes the novel real, and as a result has been banned from schools since 1984.

Alice Walker became the first black woman to win the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, which is quite a large feat. As mentioned before, the novel became a cultural touchstone for black women in America. It encouraged them not to stay quiet about abuse just because they are expected to. During this time in America, there was a rise of black feminist politics. In order for change to happen, people need to speak up, which is similar to the message in the novel. The color purple represents the good things in life that are for men and women to enjoy. By speaking up, black women will be able to see the color purple, like how the main character eventually is able to.

Sources:
http://www.valpotorch.com/arts_and_entertainment/article_f4529d82-aadc-11e7-87b1-f7674f921188.html

https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Color-Purple

https://newrepublic.com/article/121311/color-purple-has-remained-cultural-touchstone-black-women

Hailey Wong
Period 9

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Boeing rolled the first 747 out of its Everett wide-body aircraft plant over 50 years ago, ushering in the jumbo-jet era.

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In 1970, the Boeing 747 debuted as the world's largest passenger flight, and as the first "jumbo jet". After Boeing introduced the 707, Pan Am wanted a plane 21/2 times its size to increase the accessibility of air travel. This wide-body design brought about a higher capacity for passengers with the plane being able to fly for longer distances without stopping. In its first year, a fully-loaded 747 cut the cost of flying a passenger by half. Following its debut, the 747 quickly reached iconic status, appearing in various film productions such as Airport 1975 and Airport '77 disaster films, Air Force One, Die Hard 2, and Executive Decision. The 747 lead to exponential growth in air travel, tourism, and connections between people around the world, and its design legacy lives on in contemporary aircraft.

sources:
https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/how-boeing-747-changed-way-airplanes-designed
https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/boeing-747-jumbo-jet-travel/index.html

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Due to some of the many actions of humans, the environment is negatively impacted. Today, there has been an increase in wild fires, flash floods, and irregular climates and weather. The planet is getting warmer due to increase of greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The Ozone layer is getting weaken more. There has been an increase in environmental concerns. Due to the planet getting warmer, in Antarctica, Greenland, and Canada, more and more ice caps and ice shelves are melting. When they melt, sea levels go up. When sea levels go up, floods are more likely to happen especially to people who live in costal regions and lower elevations. Additionally, when sea levels go up, we get more precipitation which can cause flash floods more often. Air pollution has increase tremendously throughout the years. More and more people are getting sick because of air pollution. Some have even died from poor air quality and air pollution. Air pollution is mainly caused by motor vehicles, industrial factories, dust storms, and burning of biomass. Additionally, there has been a shortage in fresh water supply, excluding the glaciers and ice caps, and food insecurity. Plastic pollution and deforestation are another two large problems of humans that are causing our planet to dwindle. Poor governance from the humans help contribute to the problem of global warming and climate change. Poor governance include the governments of some countries not taking actions or passing laws trying to lower emissions of greenhouse gases.

This pictures shows fires occurring near a city. I felt that this showed an increase in forest fires the world gets today. In the photograph, you see a house getting flooded. This shows the increase of flash floods places have been getting recently. For instance, the United States has gotten a lot more rainy days with heavy rain that flooded some cities. The pictures all show major issues with our environment that needs to be tackled now. These environmental issues include air pollution, melting of ice caps, floods and rising sea level, plastic pollution, increase in wild fires, global warming, water insecurity, and poor governance from the people.

Source : https://earth.org/the-biggest-environmental-problems-of-our-lifetime/

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Pictured above is the landmark case Brown v. Board of Education where the case was taken to the Supreme Court where it was ruled segregated schools and educational facilities were "inherently unequal". This banned segregation in schools and was a big stride for the civil rights movement. This was a point where the American Identity started to change. Since the beginning of America racism has been a part of the American Identity. This country wasn't a "land of the free". Even after slavery was abolished blacks were not free and heavily discriminated against. However, African Americans were slowly becoming more and more equal with "Brown v. Board of Education" being one of the most important successes of the civil rights movements. With every passing generation in America, white people were becoming more open-minded and tolerant. This is still happening to this day where the generation is more tolerant than the previous one. The American identity was and still is in the process of changing from the racist treatment towards African Americans to this "land of the free" talked about in our nation's anthem. The 1950s set up the civil rights movements for the next 10 years. More protests and more people from both races standing up for black people in this nation were popping up more frequently causing the American Identity from this point on to change.

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"People rioting in Detroit, 1967" Source: Emeka, Traqina Q. "Detroit Riot of 1967" Britannica. 28 Mar 2014. https://www.britannica.com/event/Detroit-Riot-of-19 

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The Detroit Riot was one of the biggest riots in US history. It started on 12th Street, where the police raided an illegal bar. At the time, only about 50 African Americans were part of the police department. They already resented the police a lot, with the racism that was going on during the time, and the number of people who weren't able to afford housing because of segregation. A small riot started at first, with people throwing bottles at the police. 12th Street was then in chaos, with the stores being stripped clean. A fire would then break out, in total burning about 1,400 buildings. There were multiple other riots that year, but this was the bloodiest one, with 43 dead and even more injured. In total, the damage caused was about $50 million. Locals responded by increasing the number of minorities being hired, lowering standards just for them. People would finally see what was wrong with everything going on, and the Detroit Riot would serve as motivation for African Americans to start fighting back.

Vicki Chen
English pd. 5
06 October 2021

Sources:
"1967 Detroit Riots" History. A&E Television Networks. 27 Sep 2017. https://www.history.com/topics/1960s/1967-detroit-riots

Emeka, Traqina Q. "Detroit Riot of 1967" Britannica. 28 Mar 2014. https://www.britannica.com/event/Detroit-Riot-of-1967

"1967 Detroit Riot" Wikipedia. 20 Apr 2005. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Detroit_riot#African-American_social_advances

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women fashion trends - Karen Pan period 5

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women fashion trends - Karen Pan period 5

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Fashion in the 60s for women was more or less the same as business attire nowadays. They had to wear long dresses or skirts knee length. The color range for these dresses was more diverse. They had many patterns to choose from. From their color scheme and pattern choices, you can tell that American life was starting to get more and more lenient and women's true identity were shining through.
source: https://vintagedancer.com/1960s/1960s-fashion-womens/

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Women's 1960s fashion was an extreme style and attitude from the start of the decade to the end. In the early years, the fashion idol was Jackie Kennedy with her perfect white pearls and tailored suit dresses. By the middle of the decade, supermodel Twiggy had women freeing their minds and bodies into clothing that didn't require any extra thought or effort.

From modest to "there is no such thing as too short," 1960s fashion was in many ways like the 1920s flapper revolution. But it didn't happen overnight.

Skip the history and shop 1960s style clothing:

Women's 1960s Fashion Trends

What clothes were popular in the 1960s? Shift dresses, mini skirts, go go boots, flare pants, jumper dresses, colorful denim, cloche hats, turtleneck shirts, flat shoes, pattern tights, and daisy flower prints. Many of these 60s clothes are back in style now.
Even more 1960s fashion trends were:

Jackie Kennedy, Brigitte Bardot, and Mary Quant were fashion icons.

The Youthquake movement created "Babydoll" clothing.

Short, shapeless shift dresses in bright colors and colorblock patterns became a staple of the Mod look.

Button-down shirts, turtlenecks, and chunky knit sweaters made up casual outfits.

Mini skirts or pencil skirts in plaid were a teenage girl's school outfit.

Jax pants, stirrup pants, bell bottoms, and pantsuits were new trends.

Low heel flats, step in boots, and vinyl shoes made up 60s footwear.

Stockings or tall socks came in all colors.

Pop Art jewelry was collectable.

60s hairstyles could be short and bobbed or long and straight.

Hippie fashion - Blue jeans, ethnic clothing, psychedelic swirls, tie-dye in the mid-late 1960s.

1960s Fashion Icons

Jackie Kennedy's style was clean, simple, and well fitted, with perfectly matched accessories. Janie wore dresses without collars and jackets that buttoned only with one large top button.

On her feet she wore sensible low heeled shoes (although many women still preferred high heels). She was the last celebrity woman to wear hats, a pillbox hat, as a necessary fashion.

Jackie O' put a lot of care into her look, and women both in the USA and abroad copied her style with enthusiasm.

Sadly, after her husband's assassination, Jackie was no longer in the public eye. Women had to find a new 1960s fashion idol to be inspired by.

Advertiser

Brigitte Bardot was that woman. She was Jackie's opposite. Jackie was put together, simple and modest. Brigitte was tacky, cheap, bold, and even silly. Her 1959 pink gingham wedding dress with white lace trim was so unexpected that gingham and lace quickly became a new trend in the early 60s.

Mary Quant was another 1960s fashion influence. Her style moved away from "grown-up fashion" to playful "youth" driven clothing. Her shift dresses were short, very short, and her prints were bold and colorful "mod" prints. Her fashion as well as her personality set the tone for the rest of the 1960s: "fashion is fun."

It was the whole idea of a return to childhood that drove most of the fashion in the 1960s. Oversized collars, bows, and delicate trim miniaturized women and made them appear smaller.

Shapeless 60s mini dresses de-emphasized a woman's natural form. The flat and boxy look took away women's curves and made them little girls once more.

Kitten heel pumps, Mary Jane strap shoes, and flat sneakers were all childhood shoes returned to the '60s youthquake culture.

It was no coincidence that a young culture had a lot to do with half the American population being under 25 and with European countries having a similarly large youth population, too.

After growing up in the '50s as "little adults," the youth embraced their fond early childhood memories and fashions. By children's fashion, we mean babies and toddlers. The 1960s "babydoll" look was incorporated into dress, hair, and even makeup.

1960s Dresses

The full skirt and tight bodice of the '50s swing dress continued in the early '60s, with a slightly above- or at-the-knee hemline and modest high necklines.

1960s dress colors and patterns were bigger, brighter, and streamlined with simple necklines and short cap sleeves. This full-skirted look didn't leave fashion in the 1960s. Instead, it carried through to the 1970s in a pared down, less fluffy form.

The other style of early 60s dresses was the contoured sheath dress. Like the 50s version, it was knee-length, modest, and simple, but tailored to the hourglass curve of the body. By 1963, the sheath was losing its tight curves (a welcome relief) and relaxing into the shift dress.

The shift dress lacked any sort of tailored waistline, but did pinch in slightly around the ribs and skimmed over the hips to just above the knee. This loose but narrow looking dress was very comfortable and easy to wear. It became the primary women's dress style of the 1960s.

1960s skimmer dresses were a cousin of the shift dress. Skimmers fit straight on the body with a high neckline and (usually) a belt to define the waist, but not shape it. They "skimmed" the body without touching the skin. The hemline also hovered above the knee- how daring!

The 1960s drop waist dress was a 1920s throwback where the skirt circled the low hip and dropped to the knee. It was a bit more fitted than the shift dress, with a gathered or pleated skirt. The drop waist dress seemed to have been favored by mature women who were more used to a tailored fit.

1960s dresses became shorter and shorter. Anything above the knee was a "mini skirt." How short a woman's dress became a sign of how confident she was - not necessarily that she had great legs.

Hem length was directly proportional to how 60s women felt about their own sexual liberation.

1960s short skirts were not meant to attract men for the sake of sexual interest, but instead were a way to attract attention so that a WOMAN could be the one to decide if his attention was wanted. It was sexual power through fashion.

The jumper dress was a Mary Quant invention that captured the youthful, playful side of 1960s fashion. That style immediately made a 20-year-old look 10, a welcome change from the '50s mature fashion. Big bows, large round collars, pastels, and polka dots were all dress details that made women look like a little girl's dolls. The more innocent, the better.

Colors and prints were at first inspired by the pop art and modern art movements, AKA "Mod" culture.

Checkerboard, horizontal stripes, windowpane, polka dots, colorblock, honeycomb, houndstooth and Campbell's soup cans were all placed on short shift dresses with contrasting white cuffs and collars. Black and white was especially MOD.

Psychedelic swirls and prints introduced a trippy edge to clothing that was picked up by the hippies around 1966-1968. Being over the top was never too much. Large paisley swirls, neon flower daisies, and tropical beach prints all made an appearance. Bright yellow, orange, hot pink, and lime green were the favorites. These bold colors and loud patterns were seen on dresses, skirts, tops, and pants.
Shop 1960s style dresses here
There was also a trend of earth tone colors, especially as the 60s decade moved toward the hippie movement. Moss green, earthy browns, mustard yellow, and burnt orange were common colors year-round.

See more examples of vintage 1960s dresses here.

Hippie outfits are popular 60s party costumes. Learn more about who the real 1960s hippies were and what they wore. Shop more 70s style hippie dresses too.

1960s Cocktail, Prom, and Evening Dresses

For swanky 19 60s cocktail parties, the party look of the '60s was the same short shift, tent, and skimmer dress styles in luxury fabrics, mostly in black ... or white.

The two-piece jacket dress was a classic with mature ladies.

For the young, dressy shell tops and cigarette pants were a welcome change from dresses.

In the late '60s, wide-leg jumpsuits became a type of hostess dress, acceptable for evening house parties.

In the 1960s, pastels were worn in the summer and rich jewel tones in fall. Lace was a popular 1960s fabric as well as velvet or a classic light crepe. Most cocktail dresses were undecorated, but some had braid and metallic mesh trim around the necks and hems. "Minimal" was the sixties look to achieve.

For 1960s evenings and prom, the choice was between short or long empire waist dresses.

Usually sleeveless, the longer dresses were shaped like a column with pleats at the back. The top was often a contrasting lace or damask material cinched in with a bow on the front or back.

Short 60s evening dresses looked the same as long dresses, just shorter. Many were tent shaped or A-line instead of the slim column shape.

Learn more about 1960s cocktail party/evening wear/wedding party attire here.

1960s Tops, Sweaters, Coats

1960s women's tops, shirts, blouses, and sweaters all took direction from casual clothing in the 1950s. The primary change was that shirts and sweaters now fit straight on the body, with no emphasis on the bust or waist.

1960s tops could also be worn untucked. Gasp!

Women's 60s tops hung out over pants and skirts and grew longer as the decade advanced. Necklines also grew higher, back to the modest look of the 1930s.

The mock neck blouse or knit shirt was a classic. Sleeveless in summer and typically called shells, the fit was always boxy. They were casual solid tops worn with pants and shorts. Long sleeve black turtlenecks were a uniform of the Beatniks in London, but in the USA horizontal stripes were worn by every young person.

Big roll collars, round Peter Pan collars (often in contrasting white), big bows, and pointed shirt collars called attention to a thin neck and short hair.

Women's 1960s button up shirts took on the look of menswear with round or straight hems, oversized collars, and bold prints.

Bright colors and big prints made colorful statements when paired with a solid color matching pant. Learn more about 1960s blouses, tops, and shirt styles for women.
Shop 1960s tops and shirts here.
1960s knitted sweaters were usually solid colored pullovers or in the boxy cardigan style.

'60s knitwear designs favored texture - thick textured cable knits and wide rib knits were very popular. Many had large fold-out collars and oversized roll necks. Cardigans were usually collarless with some unique print in the early to mid-'60s such as small argyle, checks, chevron, or florals.

Read more about 1960s knitwear and sweaters
Shop 1960s sweaters and cardigans.
For winter wear, a good wool coat was still necessary. 1960s women's coats narrowed down and shortened up to fit over new, thinner, clothes.

Round collars with big buttons, flap pockets, geometric prints, and maybe a belt kept 60s coats looking cute and fun. Outerwear came down to just above the knee so that long, lean legs would continue to be the focal point.

Women's 1960s legs froze in winter. Only a warm pair of stockings, tights or tall socks could save them.

Short jackets in the 60s, especially those made of suede and leather, were popular options for the young and casual girl.

Shiny plastic-like vinyl was even more trendy with the space-age loving mod set.
Shop 1960s coats and jackets.
Most 60s women, however, chose a blazer-type jacket that was dressy enough to be worn with dresses, but also casual enough to be worn with pants on the weekends.

1960s Skirts

Women's 1960s skirts came in knee lengths with classic circle skirts/swing skirts, straight pencil skirts, and box-pleated A-line skirts (school girl style) in the early to mid 60s. Plaid patterns were very popular in the fall and winter, and solid pastels in spring and summer.

The late '60s saw the first shocker - the mini skirt - enter fashion. Mini skirts were 4-6 inches above the knee in box pleats or A-line button front shapes.

Plaids, pleats, corduroy, and heavy knits were perfect for 60s mini skirts. They were worn with tights and tall go go boots by teens and trendy college-age girls.

Mature women didn't wear minis. They went the opposite direction - longer! Button front knee-length skirts, knee-length skorts, and at-the-knee denim skirts were all newer options for 1960s women.

The maxi skirt came about at the end of the 60s decade too. Women and girls of all ages loved them.

Long skirts were gathered at the waist, sometimes with a tie bow, and hung down in a column shape. They took inspiration from prairie dresses and were made in hippie loving calico prints or swirly psychedelic eye poppers. In the evenings, long skirts were quilted or made with shiny taffeta fabrics.
Shop mini skirts, A-line skirts, long maxi skirts, denim skirts, and more.
The 1960s style skirt has returned to fashion this year.

1960s Pants

1960s Jax pants with a very high waist, shaped hip, and slender leg continued to be favorites from the 1950s. Women's 60s pants were usually lined, with side zippers and no waistband.

Women's 1960s pants could be worn with blouses tucked in, but more often had longer tops untucked.

Crop tops were a favorite in 60s summer - never too short, but occasionally long enough to overlap the pants' waistband.

The 1960s stretch pant and stirrup pant took advantage of a new kind of knit fabric.

Easy to sew and wear, the elastic stirrup under the foot kept pants smooth and straight. It didn't matter that the stirrup was visible. When ankle boots came into fashion, suddenly visible stirrups were taboo. Boots must be worn!

All 1960s pants / trousers came down to just above the ankle until the late '60s, when longer pants became the new trend. They also still zipped up the back or side for most of the decade, but moved to the front for trousers and jean styles.

Pants in the 60s were high waisted (circling the belly button) except for the youthful hip hugger styles that appeared in the mid '60s. They were more popular in Europe than America, and very trendy with the Mods and Beatniks.

1960s denim jeans followed the fit and style of slim pants: high waist, tapered leg, ankle crop, and in many more colors than just blue. White was especially trendy. Blue jeans were not as common as you might expect. They somewhat disappeared in the 1960s, only to return with a vengeance in 1969 with a flared boot cut.
Shop 1960s style pants here.
Flare jeans and pants may have started in the 1960s, but didn't go mainstream until 1969 and into the 1970s. There were a few casual flared leg pants designed as early as 1967, but for the most part, flared jeans and bell-bottom pants were not part of the 1960s. Even the hippies wore straight-leg pants in the 1960s. Learn more about 1960s pants, capris, jeans and culottes.

1960s Suits

Women's 60s suits, like the '50s, were dresses (or skirt and top separates) worn with a matching short jacket. They were the most professional choice for looking polished and lady-like.

Mature women liked the tailored suits with pencil skirts and cropped jackets, while young women embraced the knit suit with an open cardigan style jacket or light blazer.

As shocking as a 1960s mini skirt was to society, there was an equal confusion over the new pantsuit. It was a look directly copied from men's suits, but tailored down to feminine proportions.

Some 1960s work offices and establishments forbade women from wearing pantsuits. There was confusion over whether they were an insult to femininity or empowerment for women (which "disrespected men").

While 1960s fashion magazines debated, women flocked to the stores to buy pantsuits. Women were already wearing casual pants everywhere else, so wearing dressy pants seemed only natural.

Jumpsuits were another outfit that emerged in the late 1960s. These ultra wide leg one piece top and bottom overalls came in dramatic prints with big belts to match.

Many 1960s jumpsuits were sleeveless but could be worn over a blouse. They could be worn for lounging around the house or hosting an elegant house party.

They differed from the 1970s jumpsuit with a straight, wide palazzo leg.

Two peice jumpsuit looking sets were a matching tunic top and palazzo pant. Shop 60s and 70s jumpsuits.

1960s Shoes and Stockings

With women's 1960s legs now fully exposed by short hemlines and the youthful girl look on-trend, shoes took a drastic turn from high fashion with high heels to street fashion with low to no heels. Flats were in. Cheap was in. Color was in. Sophistication was out.

Thanks to new materials, notably PVC (Vinyl), women's 60s shoes could be mass-produced for cheap and come in a lot of bright colors to match dresses. The low heel made them easy to walk and live life in.

All the footwear designs of the earlier decades- loafers, Mary Janes, T-straps, monk straps, ballet, saddle shoes, and Oxfords - were designed into a low heeled shoe for the '60s.

Tall and skinny stiletto heels were still an option for evenings in the 1960s. The single strap Mary Jane came back in fashion, as did the slingback with cutouts on the sides.

Even 60s boots had flat heels. Thanks to an interest in all things futuristic looking, tall boots in white or silver became the new black. Everyone wore them.

1960s boots looked great with short dresses and mini skirts.

Tall white boots were called go-go boots, named after night club dancers in LA who wore them. Teens loved them and wore them with mini skirts to school (if they were allowed). Go Go boots are the most iconic shoe of the 1960s.

In the late '60s, suede boots in natural colors dominated fall and winter fashions. Both tall and short boot styles were worn with short shift dresses. Booties could be worn with long pants too.

Most 1960s boots were step in or pull on styles with a side zipper. The lace up boot was coming into style closer to the 1970s.

In the summer, it was the 1960s sandal heel, flip flop, and mule that had women feeling cool in the heat.

1960s summer shoe colors were bright and the straps were either very wide or very skinny.

Women's 60s sandal heels had a closed square toe, whereas casual sandals had a large open toe. Sandals were every woman's new favorite shoe. They could be worn with almost any outfit at any time of day, and not look out of place.

Women's 1960s casual shoes were canvas flat sneakers that we often refer as the brand name "Keds" today.

Keds were either slip-on loafers or lace-up sneakers in bright, happy colors, chosen to coordinate with an outfit. They were cheap, so women could afford to have one in every color. In the spring and summer, they were worn without socks.
Shop 1960s Style Shoes.
Read more about ALL the 1960s shoe styles here.

1960s Colored tights were worn with short skirts and dresses in a variety of colors and textures: white, black, purple, yellow, green, orange, fishnet, herringbone, ribbed, and lace. Tights covered up ugly knees and didn't cause garter straps like sheer stockings did.

Once pantyhose were perfected, they were the savior of women's legs anywhere. 1960s pantyhose camouflaged hair, bumps, bruises, and wide kneecaps. Even skin tone tights were thick and dark. To go bare-legged with dresses in the '60s was still too immodest. Ironic?

Shop colorful tights and socks inspired by the 1960s.

Tall socks could be worn instead of tights in the sixties. Chunky rib knits with a fold-down cuff were a mainstay for teens and young adults. All primary colors were worn as well as deep textures: waffle, cable knit, ribbed, honeycomb and others.

1960s Jewelry

Colorful women's clothing needed equally colorful 1960s jewelry.

In the early 60s, traditional jewelry continued to favor textured gold, white pastel, and colored pearls. These pretty and safe designs complemented the feminine 1950s style clothing.

The one change to traditional jewelry was the length. Longer pearls and tassel tip necklaces were preferred over the older short styles.

1960s necklaces hung down low on plain front shift dresses but were usually of a matching color so as not to distract from the dress. Round button earrings or small chandelier earrings matched 60s necklaces.

The new youth with their obsession with fake plastics, vinyl, and bold colors favored jewelry inspired by Pop Art.

Geometric shapes made their way onto over-sized dangling earrings.

Large chunky bangles or stacks of thin bracelets jingled up and down bare arms.

Novelty shapes were still popular, but they embraced brighter colors and more comical themes.

The same went for flowers, now made from plastic resins. They were cheerful pastel or primary-colored clusters hanging from 60s necklaces, earrings, and bracelets.
Shop 1960s inspired jewelry.
Learn more about 1960s jewelry styles here.

1960s Hairstyles

Without a hat to call attention to a woman's head, 1960s hairstyles became a new focus for women. The 60s bouffant hairstyle teased hair to new heights... literally.

Guiche curls kissed her cheeks (made possible by a bit of nail polish to keep them pointed to a crisp). All that volume made faces appear smaller and more doll-like.

60s hair length rose from shoulder to chin to cropped above the ears as the decade progressed, only to come crashing down again in the '70s.

See more examples of 1960s hairstyles here.

Headbands were a trendy 60s hair accessory. Simple, wide satin headbands swept hair away from the face.

Hair scarves/bandannas were also trendy in the later half of the decade.

Cloche hats experienced a revival with the mod look. Pillbox hats and flower pot hats were in style with the early 60s looks.

Shop hats, hair accessories, and wigs here.

1960s Makeup

The early 60s makeup saw the exaggerated cat eye and full red lip continue. Eyebrows were shaped into subtle peak instead of a high curve. Pink blush was subtle and almost non-existent.

There were also 1960s makeup styles for the mod look (AKA babydoll face), specialty products for black women, looks for eveningwear, and others.

Powder - Flesh tone.

Blush - Soft rose pink.

Eye Shadow - White-pink, purple, light blue, aqua.

Eye Liner - Dark brown or black, top and bottom lined and extended outwards.

Lipstick - Deep pink, orange-red.

Eyebrows - Shaped into a soft peak.

Learn more about 1960s makeup.

Late 1960s Fashion: The Hippie Look

The late '60s saw a movement of anti-fashion, a political statement that grew so popular it became a mainstream fashion style. Real hippie clothing and hippie fashion were completely different.

Early on in the 1960s movement, festival going hippies wore mainstream fashions such as the shift dress in psychedelic colors of 1966-68. Tye-die was popular in 1968, taking plain white men's undershirts and dyeing them with multiple colors. The more color, the better - and the gaudier the colors, the better!

In 1968-69, the fashion shifted to earth tones, faded denim jeans, embroidered tops and tunics, and handmade accessories such as headbands, friendship bracelets, and hair wraps.

The flower child decoration of patches, embroidery, painting, and peace signs were added by many hippies to make their jeans feel less commercial or to make an anti-war statement.

60s Hippie fashion influenced mainstream designers who turned back to the down to earth, homemade, ethnic arts and crafts styles. Forest green with brown suede, and sunshine yellow with denim blue were signature colors of the ethnic-hippie '60s.

Crochet pieces, suede vests, wood beads, headbands, sandals, and embroidered trim decorated shift dresses or flared jeans. It was a blend of current silhouettes and folk art decoration.

Learn more about 60s hippie fashion influences, history of 60s hippie clothes and check out these 10 hippie outfit ideas.

The 1970s continued the hippie trend into mainstream fashion. The youth-oriented looks turned to the complete opposite - granny style.

Romanticized granny clothes from several generations ago, like pioneer women, returned fashion back to long dresses and sleeves, ruffles, lace trim, small cotton prints, and long hair (worn down this time, not up).

The age of the mini skirt "grew up" and turned into adults, not like their parents but instead like those of generations before, which seemed to have a simple life that hippies idolized.

Continue learning about 1970s fashion here.

More 60s History and Outfit Ideas

Need more help with your 60s outfit? Just ask us anytime!

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1960s fashion history for women. A return to youth, shocking colors, shorter hemlines, pop art and the hippie movement. What did women wear? Answered.

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Literature - One Hundred Years of Solitude, Gabriel García Márquez

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Literature - One Hundred Years of Solitude, Gabriel García Márquez

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First published in 1967, but wasn't translated till 1970. During it's first week in Argentina, the book sold 8,000 copies, and became the "a totem of the decade." The book has been continuously read and studied with it being translated in 37 different languages and sold pass 45 million copies.  The book really impacted  with the 1970s because it taught the people in America at the time a reality alternative of theirs, which really opened the way of acceptance for non-western writers.

source - https://lithub.com/a-century-of-reading-the-10-books-that-defined-the-1970s/

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Jaws is a movie from 1975, directed by Steven Spielburg. It is based on the novel from 1974, written by Peter Benchley. To date, this is one of the most popular movies to ever come to fruition. It's the first movie to be called a blockbuster, and showed how prevalent movies would become in American identity, following all the way up to modern days. This movie stands out because it seems like a much more modern movie compared to others that came out during that time period, like Star Wars and Vanishing Point. Since the release of Jaws, several movies have come out which have taken inspiration from Spielburg's 1975 film, like Piranha 3D and Lake Placid. This has also caused movie genres to expand and broaden their horizons, ultimately becoming apart of American culture.

Sources: https://collider.com/why-ive-seen-jaws-over-100-times/
https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a387604/jaws-10-movies-that-were-inspired-by-steven-spielbergs-classic/

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Major social media platforms and big tech companies like Facebook and Google use algorithms to recommend content for their users. As time passes, these algorithms become smarter, but more disconnected from human nature as well. Social media algorithms tend to recommend things that will keep the user on their site for longer. More time on the website means more advertisements seen.  They make users stay on their site for longer by reaffirming their already held beliefs. Posts and videos related to whatever the user spends the most time watching is what continues to be recommended. Not only that, but these algorithms will categorize people based on similar interests, then recommend other topics based off that in order to keep users from becoming bored. There's a major oroblem with this model: It's extremely polarizing.

Social media algorithms have defined the American identity in 2021 by steering politics out of hand. Because of the current model, algorithms promote political content that reaffirms already held beliefs rather than challenging the ideals of the user. Constantly emphasizing the same ideas as "correct" leads to narrow-mindedness and misinformation. News and media tends to be biased these days. The information a user receives from content recommended by the algorithm is almost never the full story. Not only does this create an environment where facts aren't valued as much as sensationalism, but it skews the perspective on other political groups. Instead of the right and the left compromising in order to strengthen the country as a whole, it's become a battle of which party is superior to the other. Now, the American Identity and American politics are practically synonymous with self-sabotage, largely due to the widespread use of social media. The American Identity is undergoing massive changes because of social media, for better and for worse, and without social media, social politics wouldn't be such a huge player in the American Identity.

Source: The Social Dilemma

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Perhaps one of the most, if not the most deadly thing to happen in the 2000s would be the spread of Covid-19. Although the conflict first arose from China, this easily transmissible disease quickly started infecting tons of people in America. By the end of 2020, 1 in 3 Americans has or had covid. This global pandemic killed over 300,00 Americans and the death toll is still rising. This disease also enforced quarantine measures to be placed all around the country. This also led to most people being unemployed, small businesses failing, and the government giving stimulus checks to the public. Not to mention, because of how isolated people felt because of quarantine, the pandemic really took a toll on peoples mental health. Luckily, in the December of 2020, the covid-19 vaccine came out. The vaccine didn't grant 100% immunity (because most vaccines don't) and made a lot of people skeptical about the legitimacy of the vaccine.

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Search for vaccines and boosters close to you at vaccines.gov. UT Health San Antonio faculty, staff and students should visit Wellness 360 for COVID-19 vaccine information. Use MyChart to schedule a COVID-19 test at UT Health San Antonio. Vaccine recommendations are based on age, time since last dose, and in some cases, the first vaccine received.

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Shang-Chi marks the first Marvel movie to feature a predominantly Asian cast. Shang-Chi is also Marvel's first Asian superhero and comes when the Asian American community is looking for more representation and visibility. Asians lack proper representation in the western media. In the western media, these minor characters always spoke broken English, and their "otherness" was intrinsic to the plot. Most of the time, they were portrayed as old wise men, villains, or nerds. Shang-Chi breaks many of these harmful stereotypes against Chinese people. In an interview with The New York Times, screenwriter David Callaham talked about how he wanted comedy in the film to come from Asian characters, rather than be targeted at them: an attempt to break the stereotype that “Asian Americans can’t be funny.” And although this doesn't just solve racism, it is a pushback for all the Asian hate crimes committed against Asian Americans.

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During the '60s presidential campaign, John F. Kennedy proposed America with an ambitious agenda (since the New Deal) called the "New Frontier". This agenda was to eliminate injustice and inequality in the States. However, it was problematic as the democratic' s congressional majority depended on Southerners who hated the plan and did their all to block it. After Kennedy was shot, President Lyndon B. Johnson created his own political reforms. He declared the US would become a "Great Society" in which injustice and poverty would have no place. He developed programs which included Medicare and Medicaid. The image I included is a cover page of a book that was written about Kennedy's proposal. It highlighted Kennedy's entire campaign and how he was a good president up until his assassination. This even built America because it improved the country economically and politically.
Source: https://www.history.com/topics/1960s/1960s-history

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The 80's were the start to woman coming out of the stereotypical and traditional stay at home housewife and starting a more independent lifestyle. Legal barriers were gone and the general public were more accepting of women's capabilities and needs. However, the picture above shows us a problem that arose from this situation. It shows a woman holding up two plates, one with a baby and another with a briefcase. During this time, many women were conflicted between going down the traditional route, marrying and taking care of the household and children while also given the option of independence and individual careers and jobs in the workforce and society.

Source: picture-https://everydayfeminism.com/2012/09/are-women-divided-sahm-wohm/

Info-https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01548175

Eddie Lu
Period 5

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The image above shows the 40th President of the United States. Ronald Reagan, originally an American actor and California governor, served as the President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. His term saw a restoration of prosperity at home, intending to achieve “peace through strength” abroad. Only 69 days after Regan took office, he was shot by an assassin, but recovered and returned to his duty quickly after. His resilience and grace during the dangerous incident caused his popularity to soar. During Reagan’s terms, he cut taxes, increased defense spending, negotiated a nuclear arms reduction agreement with the Soviets Union, and helped to bring a quicker end to the Cold War. He successfully stimulated economic growth, curbed inflation, and increased employment. Reagan’s political views shifted from liberal to conservative and later became a spokesman for conservatism in America. On June 5, 2004, Ronald Reagan died at age 93 after battling Alzheimer’s disease.

Sources:
https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/ronald-reagan

https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/ronald-reagan/

https://www.witf.org/2020/07/29/reagan-on-american-experience/

Chloe Li Period 5

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While the term "meme" was coined by Richard Dawkins in his book "Selfish Gene" in 1976, internet memes didn't become popular until the 2000s. Specifically, in 1996, the video of the dancing baby is considered the first viral video meme, being all over forums, websites, commercials and even ended up in mainstream television. From then on, memes just gained more and more traction. Picture memes started out as obscure forms of comedy on the internet, finding a home in forums like 4chan, Fark, Ebaum's World, you name it. In 2007, rickrolling became extremely popular (and it still is!) and people found creative ways to continue to rickroll people in innovative ways. Memes made their way onto Tumblr, where they reached almost mainstream status and memes from Tumblr would be reposted and shared to an even wider audience. Then came Twitter with its rising status as the "new" social network, adding retweeting, upload video files, and quote tweeting. The famous but short lived app of Vine was also during this time period, peaking above Youtube for video content. Rip in peace, Vine.

This embodies the American identity (not just America really but the whole world), because memes are always changing, just like the American identity. As well as how iconic some memes are, the American identity, while ever-changing, some parts of it won't be changed in the coming years. It shows how far America has come and that it'll keep going, just like how memes became an integral part of the internet and will continue to be.

Source: https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2019/03/evolution-of-memes

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The 1950s were a wonderful time to be alive. There were many technological advancements and media was just starting to become rapidly widespread. Tv shows, Ads, and soap operas all had a important spot to play in the average American Family’s life. However, it’s the presentation of specific roles for different genders that will truly highlight the 1950s social order. Although the current world still faces gender role issues, the 1950s had it comparatively worse. Way worse. Women were expected to be the supporting pillars for their husbands (or men in general). This post world war 2 period created the pathway for “the successful men” of the 1950s to form. These men went to work with their business casual attire and returned home ready to be the father figure for his kids and the head of the household. The sole purpose of women was always portrayed to be the understudy of the men. Taking care of the children, cooking, cleaning, and helping the husband through it all was what the ideal woman would be doing in life. It is also significant to note that these rigid gender roles weren't just always there. Because of WW2 a lot of women had become experienced in the work men would usually do, and thus realized that they could be of equal value. To press these type of thoughts common media forcefully incorporated sexist and unethical ideals (even for its times) into all forms of media so that there wouldn't be enough people to protest the absurdity of these unmoving gender roles.

-Fahmida Maisha Period 5
sources:
google, idiva.com
https://www.idiva.com/career/advice/these-11-sexist-ads-are-making-us-very-very-angry/15112321

theartifice.com
https://the-artifice.com/masculinity-gender-roles-tv-1950s/

historytoday.com
https://www.historytoday.com/reviews/story-women-1950s

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Released in 1979 and directed by Ridley Scott, Alien is a critically acclaimed and was honestly quite revolutionary. Winning many awards, notably an Academy Award for Best Visual  Effects, Alien has made its way into the history books. Originally garnering mixed reviews, being thought of as another horror slasher movie but on a spaceship, Alien would later gain great praise, specifically for its realism, unique environments and characters, inspiring other series like Metroid by Nintendo and even getting parodies like the "chestburster" scene in Mel Brooks' Spaceballs. It didn't hurt that Alien had a strong female lead, which you didn't see a lot, during the feminist boom of the 70's. Overall, Alien was a great movie, which has earned it's spot among other classics in American culture.

Sources:https://books.google.com/books/about/Alien_Woman.html?id=k_H3vLIRECgC
https://www.siff.net/festival/memory-the-origins-of-alien

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The Internet's birthday is considered to be January 1st, 1983. This would be the day that  a standard mode of communication between computers was developed using a new communications protocol. This new protocol was called the Transfer Control Protocol/Internetwork Protocol (TCP/IP). This allowed for computers on different networks to communicate with each other. This kicks off the start of the development of the web which now connects many that use the internet. As communication through a computer became more and more popular, the internet became more and more developed while increasing amounts of data were published onto it. Throughout more and more time, as computers began to become more accessible, emailing started to become the new standard way of communication. This made communication much much faster, cheaper, and didn't need someone to deliver a physical document.

Source- https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_04.phtml
Sean Ma Period 5

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Women's Rights in the 60's - Ariyan Jami

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Women's Rights in the 60's - Ariyan Jami

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This image shows women's rights in the 60's because during the '60s women wished to be of an equal state as men while also having to deal with a preexisting image of women as wives that have no life outside of being a wife. All women wanted was the same treatment as a man, and so in this decade, they fought for that. In the image, there is the image of a made-up woman (colorful, cheerful, and a "wife"; a figment of imagination), and a black and white image of women protesting for the sake of equality (real women, yelling out at the world; true depiction). The idea that the made-up women embodied was what the protesting women wanted to break/change, and at times that image is what hindered them. It was a time with great push for change; in culture, beliefs and society. It's hard to tell whether or not that push took a huge effect on people during that decade or later on. Just like the image though, in this wave of feminism women sought change and faced adversity for that sake.

Credits:

The 1960s: A Decade of Change for Women-

https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2010/03/12/the-1960s-a-decade-of-change-for-women
Btw I believe the source for the image behind that made up woman is- https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ffamily%2Farchive%2F2018%2F11%2Fforgotten-pro-family-feminists%2F575683%2F&psig=AOvVaw2UUNI7q6U8gPi9rXXBULUR&ust=1633683470455000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAsQjRxqFwoTCNikp_j3t_MCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAJ

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The 1960's was the birth of the "Black is Beautiful" movement, which lasted all the way up into the late 70's. It was started by The Grandassa Models, Harlem-based black people who promoted this movement by not attempting to conform to white standards anymore. They wore African prints and afros unapologetically to inspire young black people to do the same. In January 1962, the African Jazz-Art Society & Studio and The Grandassa models gave a fashion show that was held in the basement of a Harlem night club. It was called "Naturally 62" and was one of the first fashion shows to allow amateur models on it. It was created to foster racial pride, African culture, poetry, art, and standards of beauty. The average black person in the early 60's wore their hair pressed straight with a hot comb, however The Grandassa Models were the first to really ignite some change. By the mid-60's afros were starting to catch on, and they were used by many black people as a symbol of black pride and a display of rejection of white beauty standards. The image I included is of some of The Grandassa Models, wearing African prints and afros.

https://medium.com/@gsammy/1960s-fashion-but-make-it-black-ab10d2a43c24

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandassa_Models

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The Vietnam war began in Nov 1, 1955. The picture above depicts soldiers being deployed into Vietnam via helicopter. The war in Vietnam began as a proxy war for America and the other cold war powers, but was really fought between the North and South Vietnamese. This time period was during the cold war, and America wanted to contain the spread of communism before it spread from Vietnam. While at first the war had support and many American soldiers were deployed into Vietnam, over time the general public came to disagree with the war. Over time, the public began to see the effect of the violence of the Vietnam war. Many people were horrified by the images of American soldiers being killed, but also the Vietnamese citizens who were causalities of chemical warfare.  In the end, 3 million people died in the war including 58,000 Americans. During the war, many college students protested the reason for the war in the first place, that American men were being sent off to die for something that didn't have influence on them. Was trying to "contain communism" something worth causing this much destruction over? In the end, the Vietnam war became a war that people in America were not proud of. Millions of innocent civilians were killed in crossfire and chemical bombings, and in the eyes of the public, all the violence could have been avoided if America had never joined the war in the first place. For the soldiers of the war, their experience of fighting in Vietnam would leave Vietnam with them, with 15% of Vietnam veterans suffering from PTSD. Overall, the Vietnam war highlighted how America as a country was willing to spend many resources towards fighting wars in other countries, even if it caused massive destruction. On the Homefront, people reaffirmed their right to protest and the American public didn't like the war. The war represented both imperialistic warlike America, but also the individuals who made their voices heard to want to end the war.
Sources:
Vietnam War: Causes, Facts & Impact - HISTORY
'Matterhorn' Author On What It's Like 'To Go To War' : NPR

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1972 Munich Summer Olympic Men's Basketball Game

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The 1972 Summer Olympics was a roller coaster of events and one of the biggest events in the 1970s and in sports history for both positive and negative reasons. First off, the Munich Massacre took place, where eight terrorists from the Black September Palestinian terrorist organization (BSO) managed to sneak into the Olympic Grounds in Munich, West Germany, and kill two Israeli athletes/coaches/officials while also taking nine others hostage; it was a tragedy heard around the (sports) world. Around five days after, people were watching the Men's Olympic Basketball Game as the United States was facing off against the Soviet Union. Obviously, there was still a lot of tension between them because the Cold War was going on, and these two countries were the superpowers that were battling. To make relations worse, people called what happened next "Stolen Glory." the US was leading 50-49 but confusion about a timeout led to the USSR being able to get multiple inbounds plays to win the game, and they got it: Alexander Belov scored an uncontested layup as the buzzer sounded to win the Soviets the game over the United States 51-50.

This shows that sports embody America because it is a great, entertaining way to bring everybody together to root for or against a certain team. In the picture, the emotion is evident from both sides, in the players, and in the crowd as well.

Sources:
https://stacker.com/stories/3358/iconic-moments-sports-defined-70s
https://www.espn.com/olympics/summer/2012/basketball/story/_/id/8242402/remembering-1972-us-olympic-squad-40-years-later-russian-reaction

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Unimate, the first ever robot to be used by a major manufacturer 

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The 1960s marked the beginning of a new era, the use of robots to handle work in the place of humans. Unimate was the first ever robot to be used for this purpose. It was put into place by General Motors, an automotive company, in 1962 and was mainly used for spot welding. Later on, Ford became interested in such robots as well, due to how efficient and they were and their quality of work. Another robot named the Stanford arm was created in 1967 when another major company decided to build their own robot for their own needs. It was even more sophisticated, as it was one of the first electronically powered, computer controlled arms. It could even eventually assemble a Model T water pump. The use of robots in the 1960s represents America because it was the first uses of robots to be used industrially and marked the beginning of the rise of robots in the workplace.

Source: https://www.robots.com/articles/industrial-robot-history

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STAR WARS : NOT JUST A MOVIE      Luke Sun Pd.3

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STAR WARS : NOT JUST A MOVIE      Luke Sun Pd.3

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This is the poster for the film Stars Wars: Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back, which the fifth movie of the Star Wars franchise. It is from the same film that the famous quote “Luke I am your father” derived from. Although the film took root in 1977, two years after the Space Race, it is still relevant well into the 1980s. The film brought about a simplistic conflict set in a fictional world in outer space. The fact that the movie is set in outer space may have been influence by the victory of the Americans against the Soviet in being the first to reach the moon. This then contributes to the American pride and spirit that says “America will always prevail”. Beside that the Star Wars movies also influence American culturally as more Star Wars content are still being release even today. That said, Star Wars itself is a part of being a American because many associate it with their childhood and even children born in the 2000s would say the same. This expansive franchise had reached many in America, where lightsabers, R2-D2, Jedis aren’t uncommon to hear. Which goes to show that Americans have the luxury to watch movies and indulge in a fictional film. Making America a culture where people would connect to certain franchise. Either it’s Star Wars, Marvel, DC, etc. Overall the release of the Star Wars movies truly make American different from the others as it spark more than it intended.

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In the 1950s America’s economy was booming. The economy grew 37% and American families had 30% more spending power. Taxes were low, inflation was low, and job opportunities were at an all-time high. The GI Bill allowed veterans to go to college for free and helped them get homes for affordable prices, increasing homeownership. Technical and scientific advances along with oil helped boost the U.S economy. With this boost came a lot of spending, Americans had only made up 6% of the world’s population but bought over 30% of all of the world’s goods. With the creation of credit(“buy now pay later”) American overconsumption problem grew even more. People of color, unfortunately, didn’t reap the benefits of the booming economy.

(Source: https://www.exploros.com/summary/Economy-in-the-1950s,https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/culture-magazines/1950s-business-and-economy-overview)

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Facial Recognition used in China - Financial Times

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Computer Vision, and Facial Recognition, in particular, have been some of the most important technological developments of the 2000s and 2010s. Because of Cameras gaining quality and being available for cheaper, as well as the advent of AI learning, Computer Scientists have been able to make programs that scan huge databases of photos and video, and recognize commonality, and thus, unique objects. Recognition can be used in innumerable ways, like programming driverless cars to spot objects on the road, transcription of physical writing into digital text, or recognizing faces with security cameras.

Sources:
https://viso.ai/applications/computer-vision-applications/

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Billie Jean King was undeniably the most dominant tennis player in the 1970s. She had won numerous Grand Slam titles and was ranked number 1 for five years. King was also an activist for gender equality and social justice after she had encountered said injustices at a young age. One of the most anticipated events during the 1970s was the Battle of the Sexes tennis match against players Bobby Riggs and Billie Jean King. It was estimated that over 90 million people watched the televised event worldwide. Despite being arrogant and making sexist remarks, Riggs would go on to lose 3 sets to King. Billie Jean King would go on to fight harder for women's rights using her influence as leverage. Thanks to King, women's sports became more socially acceptable, and major tournaments began to offer equal prize money for both men and women athletes.

Sources:
http://www.espn.com/sportscentury/features/00016060.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Jean_King#1970

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Modern Day Gender Norms - Nael Faizullah

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Modern Day Gender Norms - Nael Faizullah

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Present day gender roles has differed a significant amount from the previous decades. They can be conceptualized as behavioral expectations based on their sexualities. Men are expected to act masculine and women are expected to act feminine. Men are expected to be aggressive and bold, while women are expected to be more polite and nurturing. Throughout history, women were seen as a creative source of life and inferior to men in a general concept, while men are the ones expected to accomplish great things and take part in larger political affairs. Currently, women are vastly more accomplished in a multiple array of things including education, family income contributions, and professional achievements. More women are enrolled in colleges, and they are now expected to earn more degrees than men in the upcoming years. There is a much equal participation in both genders for different activities compared to previous generations. For instance, Mary Clarke was the first woman to ever attain the rank of major general in the army in 1978. This took a large step forward in gender norms to show how not only men are capable of military achievements, but women can also overcome adversity and advance through the ranks.

Source: https://www.oneworldeducation.org/our-students-writing/gender-roles-in-modern-society/