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https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/10oCB0LDWbIwf0AR1BIqIyZgG4wmIShg4RXwVO-DS_EY/edit

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- A lecturer named John Brown believed that there were two diseases, sthenic (strong) and asthenic (weak), and two treatments which were alcohol and opium
- Samuel Hahnemann created homeopathy or the system of issuing the amount of drugs that exhibit the best results
- John Hunter conducted enough research to get surgery onto a notable level in science
- Doctors now assisted mothers during childbirth
- William Smellie published his books called Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Midwifery
- Giovanni Battista Morgagni published his series called The Seats and Causes of Diseases as Investigated by Anatomy that was about pathology
- René Laënnec created the first simple stethoscopes and wrote De l’auscultation médiate based on his findings with the instrument
- Leopold Auenbrugger discover another method called  percussion
- Vaccination came into practice during this time the first being with giving patients cowpox then having immunity to smallpox
- Started to reform how they treat and view the mentally ill
- There were changes to soldiers health for the better
- Hospitals made during times of war were made and eventually originated the Red Cross Organization
- Johannes Müller published Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen (“Manual of Human Physiology”)
- Rudolf Virchow made his conception of cells
- Claude Bernard made many important discoveries like the pancreas’ role in digestion, revealed the presence of glycogen in the liver, and contraction and expansion of blood vessels
- Francesco Redi and Louis Pasteur both made large contributions to the germ theory
- Richard Bright, Thomas Addison, and Sir William Gull all made large contributions significantly to the knowledge of kidney diseases, including Bright disease, disorders of the adrenal glands and the blood, and a legacy of pithy aphorism.
- America’s large contribution was the introduction of general anesthesia to surgery
- They found the cause of many diseases like malaria, yellow fever
- Advances in diagnosis and treatment
- Discovery of the X-Ray by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895, and of radium by Pierre and Marie Curie, in 1898

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- The lower middle class included artisans, shopkeepers, & tradesmen.
- It included all who worked in rural areas, did menial jobs, & the “urban laboring poor,” who worked in the country.
-  Their labor made commodities available & cheap, but the idea of slavery as wrong was extremely prevalent.
- No matter the protest through, the labor & trade continued until its abolition in 1833.
- Was the key to wealth, power, & property could be purchased.
-  Women would give birth to 8-10 children, due to high mortality rates, only raised 5-6 children.
- Average age of children or poor families began working very early on in life, sometimes even as early as age 7.
- They worked mostly on farms as shepherds, or apprentices & often left home to do so.
- Daughters of these families remained home, often aiding the matriarch of the household until they found a husband & started a family of their own.
- The oldest son of each family would stay as home as well, in order to inherit the farm.
- England did not yet have have the luxury of piped water, which created a rarity in bathing.
- Because of the unhygienic lifestyle, lice & vermin were very common with these families.

By: Nidhi Tekale

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Although education materials such as primers and hornbooks had already existed before the 18th century. It was a trend to make sure that everything  for children had some sort of didactic value(intended primarily to teach rather than to entertain).

John Locke was a very influential seminal. He was so influential that many education writers took their cues from John lockes seminal. Where john Locke famously argued against any “physical punishment of the children because of their little transgressions. Except for the cases where the child enviced a “manifest perverseness of the Will”.” he highly believed that children would learn much better if they were disciplined  while being rewarded or shamed instead of physical punishment.

Most children writers have adapted Lockes way of thinking but others think its not beneficial. The majority of children that were able to have an education where of  middle class. Upper and lower classes were not as interested in an education and it wasn't a concern for them.

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Types of Food in Eighteenth Century England 

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Types of Food in Eighteenth Century England 

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- Meat was the main diet in England during the 1700s.
- Could be pigeons, venison, snipes, ducks, and partridges.
-  Meals in the evening contained sweets, fruits, cold meats, and occasionally wine.
- Hot food was really only served when there were guests.
- The caliber of food became poor after meat got popular, so large amounts of meat had to be transported to cities.
- Only a very select few of wealthy people had access to fruit.
- People thought uncooked fruit could give them the plagues.
- There are 40 different kinds of cheese made at the time.
- 4kilograms of sugar was usually consumed by one individual each year.
- English bread was thought to contain pieces of bone during the 1700s.
- If milk wasn’t watered it was probably sour, this was a general rule.
- Tea was the national drink, it was very expensive though.
- Coffee was super popular in London and was believed to help mens reproduction ability’s.
- Desert was often served with wine, and pudding was usually cooked on the side of meat.
- The two usually soups were white soup and pease soup(served in the colder months).
-a common daisy was gruel(boiled oatmeal) often contained alcohol to keep you warm.
By Molly Reinhart and Jayden Badillo https://websites.umich.edu/~ece/student_projects/food/foods.htm

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The Roast Beef of Old England -- The Tate Gallery

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Peyton Badiak & Maddie Montero

Meat
-Made up a large portion of diets
-Was a symbol of high social status
-While upper class citizens feasted on expensive a savory meats the lower class was only provided around two types of meat

Fruit and Veggies
-Fruit was uncommon in the 18th century
-In the 1700’s it was believed that uncooked fruit could give you indigestion or even the plague
-Vendors often used their own saliva to clean fruits and vegetables

Dairy
-The milk tasted sour
-Cheese became available during the time period, there are over 40 different cheeses documented

Coffee, tea and other Beverages
-In the 1700’s in England Tea was the national drink.It was incredibly expensive and the used tea leaves would be dried and re-sold by the servants of the rich(this was illegal)
-In the 18th century coffee was more popular in London than any other location
-Syllabub was a popular beverage and contained cider or wine with nutmeg, milk and cream

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1. Meat

A large portion of the diets

Some types where -  Oleo, Pigeons, Sirloin of Beef roost, Venison, Chyne or Mutton, Turkey, Snipes, Ducks, and Partridge

Meat was only for the upper class

Mostly kings a queens ate meat

Sometimes vegetables

Venison - the meat that was a symbol of the highest social status

England was only good for cooking meat

Consumed a lot of cold meats for their evening supper

Hot food was served only when quests were present

2. Fruits and Vegetables

Black berries were used to die clothes like navy blue and indigo

Citrus fruits became important to the navy of England

In the “good old days” food was never clean and they washed the food with saliva

Vegetables were often prepared with butter/ flour mix

Vegetables where known as luxuries foods

3.) Cheese

Cheese became available during this time period

A minimum of 40 different kinds of cheeses have been documented at that time

4.) Sugar

A typical English individual consumed about 4 kilograms of sugar each year

5.) Bread

People believed bread contained bone fragments

Alum- a bleaching ingredient that makes bread look bigger, was a key element of bread

6.) Milk

If milk wasn’t watered  down it was probably sour

They believed milk was digestible if taken from the cow itself immediately before consumption

7.) Tea

In England tea was a national drink

Expensive

16s-50s per lb

8.) Coffee

Coffee was more popular in London than any other global location

9.) Dessert

Served with wine after dinner

Pudding was popular

Chocolate was a novelty

10.) Soup

White soup

Pease-soup

11.)Syllabub

Beverage

Contained er or wine sweetened with flavored nutmeg, milk and then with cream

12.)Gruel

British dish composed of boiled oatmeal with a little butter

Contained with alcoholic beverages, mainly wine

Dish was popular because it helped compensate for the lack of central heating in drafty houses

By: Avery Grossman and Evan Ctorides
https://websites.umich.edu/~ece/student_projects/food/foods.htm

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In the 1670’s and 1750’s, changes had transformed both the public social lives and private family lives of the British people. This had increased literacy and this would lead to the Restoration to the British increasing public life. Family’s lives were separated into two roles. The role of men and woman. Men would not have it hard on them while woman would because they would be working hard in the household for men. Marriage would be connected with social class. Woman were seldom married into lower social rungs. When Divorce’s would happen they were carried out through Parliament and was a lengthy and extremely expensive process reserved mainly for the bourgeois. For the Education rich children both boys and girls were sent to petty school. But the only boy were allowed to go to elementary school or grammar school. Girls would be taught only what woman should do in a household whiles boys would get their education. The clothing for woman was stays or corsets. These would keep woman’s posture up for their good. Men clothing would be bland haircuts or even wigs which would be very long. They would wear coats, vest, and suits. Their entertainment were outdoors and mostly English people would be the ones playing. There was Ice skating in the winter which was very dangerous. Boating, and hunting during the fall. Plays would also begin and opera which was produced in the 1728 in the theaters. Art shows and wax figures became very popular.

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Image from Pieter Aertsen Art print Market Scene Art-prints-on-demand.com

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-A large percentage of the food eaten in the 18th century England was MEAT. High class people like Queen Anne would  eat meals with multiple types of meat.
-The quality of meals dropped in the 1700s as the popularity of meat grew.
-During that time, hot food was generally served only when there were guests and people often just ate cold food which upset tourists.
-In the 18th century, only few English people had fruits because just a little amount of wealthy people had access to fruits.
-In the 1700s, the Britains feared uncooked fruits because they believed it was ‘unhealthy’.
- They later placed importance on citric fruits because they discovered it could cure scurvy.
-Sugar was quite popular as the typical English individual consumed about four kilograms of sugar each year.
Written by Peace Akhibi
Article sourced from https://monroetownship.schoology.com/link?a=2811194007&path=https%3A%2F%2Fwebsites.umich.edu%2F%7Eece%2Fstudent_projects%2Ffood%2Ffoods.htm

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In the 17th-18th century there were a lot of diseases around. There are only two types of diseases sthenic and asthenic (strong and weak). 18th century London doctors were leaders in surgery and obstetrics. John Hunter and William Hunter did research on human anatomy and physiology and founded surgical pathology. Male doctors could now help women in childbirth, William Smellie was the leader obstetrician. Science of modern pathology also began around in this era. Giovanni Batista Morgagni, who made (The Seats and Causes of Diseases Investigated by Anatomy), showed a description of appearances by postmortem examination of nearly 700 cases, in which he tried to correlate the findings after death with the clinical picture in life. Hygiene and health were improving during the 18th century with these doctors studies. Hospitals just started coming around during this time and suggestions arose concerning health legislation

By Nikhil and Anderson

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Kimberly Ramirez
Women were expected to
- Tend the garden
- Cook for the family
- Take care of the children
-  Most mother had up to 8 kids
- Women could not vote
- Not report cases of domestic abuse
Children-
-Only boys went to grammar school
- Girls were taught by tutors (upper class)
- Girls were taught by their mothers (middle class)
-Poor children did not get educated but went to work to provide for their family
https://sites.udel.edu/britlitwiki/social-and-family-life-in-the-late17th-early-18th-centuries/#:~:text=Women%20were%20expected%20to%20tend,able%20to%20survive%20early%20childhood.
https://localhistories.org/a-history-of-children/#:~:text=Things%20changed%20little%20for%20children,and%20corporal%20punishment%20was%20normal.

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Family life ~ family life was different in the 1700s men were the breadwinners and women where the women were supposed to stay home and clean , cook , take care of the kids

Food~ the food were strange in the 1700s they ate food that we don’t eat now food like  Oleo, Pigeons, Sirloin of Beef rost, Venison, Chyne of Mutton, Turkey, Snipes, Ducks, Partridge Women only did the cooking.

Sports~ sports where popular in the 1700s there’s sports that are still popular like football, boxing , horse racing and some that aren’t really heard of like bandy,chess,curling,cricket

Hygiene ~ in the 1700s they didn’t really bathed and occasionally washed there face and hands they stayed clean by changing white linens under there clothes.

Links ~ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1701_to_1725_in_sport

https://www.voanews.com/a/science-health_historian-explores-evolution-personal-hygiene/6187950.html#:~:text=In%20the%201700s%2C%20most%20people,the%20skin%2C%E2%80%9D%20Ward%20said.

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Most of the food eaten in the 1700’s were varieties of meat, occasionally eaten with vegetables. Oleo, Beef, Venison, Mutton, Turkey, Ducks, and even Pigeons were on the menu. During this period, meat was widely consumed by peasants and nobles alike, although venison was seen as a symbol of the highest status. A person who could serve venison either owned a vast amount of property or knew someone who did. Although the English were highly adept at cooking meat during this time, a Swedish tourist remarked that they, “Did not seem to have talent in any other arenas of cooking.” Hot meals were only served when guests were present, and most English people ate their meals served cold. Despite such a large selection, the quality of meat was rather poor in this time period because of its popularity. Large amounts had to be shipped from the farms to the cities, and during these trips the meat would become damaged and spoiled in most cases. Very few people had a choice, though, as this meat was usually their only food (excluding wine, bread, and cheese). Only a select few among the wealthy had access to to fruit, and even then the British feared them because they thought fruit would give someone indigestion or the plague. Fruit was also very dirty, and som vendors used saliva in. An attempt to clean it. Vegetables, on the other hand, were considered a luxury, and were either served as secondary dishes or delicacies. Other foods included on an English menu would be:

Cheese (no less than 40 types being documented)

Sugar (With the typical English individual consuming about 4 kilograms per year

Bread (widely distributed, and almost always containing alum, a bleaching ingredient thought to make break look bigger)

Milk (drunk watered down or straight from the cow)

Tea (Officially the national drink, yet very expensive)

Coffee (thought to “increase reproductive capabilities on men”, extremely popular in London)

Soup (containing a variety of vegetables, bread, and rice, although in very little amounts compared to the soup itself)

Gruel (composes of boiled oatmeal and a pinch of butter, often containing alcoholic beverages such as wine or beer, especially popular because of the way it compensated for the lack of central heating in drafty houses)

Sources: websites.umich.edu, https://che.ubmc.edu

By Nibodh Golla

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Education by Jesse Salgado, Ethan Rodrigues, Brennan Peters.

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Education by Jesse Salgado, Ethan Rodrigues, Brennan Peters.

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-The school was suited to study the psychology of people to help them learn.
-They used primers, and hornbooks as their main learning resource.
-They used pedagogical reasoning to teach children at this time
-The Enlightenment encouraged the education of children to be done methodologically and in a particular way.
-Rich boys and girls were sent to preschools but only boys were able to attend elementary school.
-Wealthy girls were still taught by their mothers about the softer arts. While boy's studied more academic subjects.
-Their school was started early in the morning and ended in the late afternoon, from about 6am-5pm.
-If students acted up they would be hit on their bottoms with twigs.
Sources: https://sites.udel.edu/britlitwiki/social-and-family-life-in-the-late17th-early-18th-centuries/

https://www.representingchildhood.pitt.edu/eighteencent_child.htm

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Life in Enlightenment (Cooking) by Kayla Pyzik and Avneet Brar 

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Life in Enlightenment (Cooking) by Kayla Pyzik and Avneet Brar 

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. No microwave ovens or refrigerators as well as they didn’t have any electricity.

. Food was prepared all from scratch

. During the 1700s venison was the meat  which was a symbol off the highest social status.

.Evening meals cold meat, sweets, fruits, sometimes wine

. Hot meals where only served when people came to visit.

.Farmers/ Peasants grew food

.potato’s really helped the European people

.Women were the ones who cooked

.British bread was alum, which is bleaching ingredient that makes bread look bigger.

.

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Education in the Enlightenment by Allison Zangrando and Eliana Rosin 

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Education in the Enlightenment by Allison Zangrando and Eliana Rosin 

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-Men and women were taught completely different because of their sex. Men were mostly taught about science, math, economics. They were also taught how to provide a good future for themselves. On the other hand, women were taught how to become a good wife and good mother.
-Many women in the Enlightenment wanted to protest to get a better education. Others went against parents rules and learned about economics, math etc. To become doctors and scientists on their own.
-Children got a fine education depending on their wealth. They also were considered precious time of development and were all made sure to at least get some education.
-Enlightenment children were taught to memorize facts through oral and graphic methods.
-through education the nation could be enlightened and the people would also be better prepared to live as better citizens.