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The Cross of the Calvary represents the founder of the descent. This is found in the niche, or calvary and are found in atriums. Also held in the niche is crosses of ancestors, within an inside space filled with religious images, an alter, and religous artifacts. The chapels are a safe space for religous prayer for the Chichimec people, and also serve as a tribute to their ancestors. Religion is very important to the Chichimec people as it serves as a gateway to preserve their ancestors beliefs and traditions and incorporate Spanish catholism as it's developed into their culture over time.

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Many Chichimec customs and cultural aspects have diminished over time because of the Chichimec assimilation with Spanish culture. The modern day population of the Otomi-Chichimec people live in the Queretaro region of central Mexico. Their culture is a combination of original Chichimec customs and an influence of Spanish Catholocism. They hold certain areas and landmarks in their natual landscape sacred for specific reasons. The South holds the Imposing Boulder of Bernal, which marks the beginning and end of all time, the West holds the Samarino Pine Grove, which provides the people with water and life and where the deseased people reside, to the East is the Fronton Hill where the divine savior appeared. The Otomi-Chichimeca make hikes to sacred hills, where their ancestors hiked, to pray for water, divine protection, and venerate thier ancestors. An ancient deity forged with the holy cross to form a reverence cult with three central elements including the water, hill, and cross. The Otomi find the springs residing in their land to be sacred and blessed, because their ancestors lived with no water and only survived when they found the springs. Along with the natural existing structures, the Otomi-Chichimeca people find other hand built structures like chapels to be sacred, as they were built in the 1700's and show true Otomi culture and beliefs. The chapels create a passageway for the living and dead and safeguard the lineage of the Otomi people.

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The Chichimeca were described to be the "best archers in the world". Along with their talent and accuracy the bow and arrow's they use were essential in their victory over the Spanish during their war. The bow were around 4 feet long, shorter than the Spanish bows. Their arrows were made of reeds and were tipped with Mexican obsidian. The obsidian was hard and sharp and allowed the arrow to pass through Spanish chainmail armour. The flight of the arrow was so intense one time a Spanish soldier was killed after the arrow passed through his horses head and headpiece, and pierced his chest. This demonstrates the sheer force and velocity the arrows held, both which allowed the Chichimeca to deplete the Spanish and their supplies, allowing them to win the war.

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Theme; One folk story passed down in generations in this group, it's importance, and knowledge it produces in this society

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Theme; One folk story passed down in generations in this group, it's importance, and knowledge it produces in this society

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Giants of Chichimeca
According to Chichimeca legend, giants used to roam the lands hundreds of thousands of years ago. They were intelligent and peaceful and built huge cities with palaces that were a combination of beautiful, practical, and safe. These giants lived for many centuries and loved everything around them, living in harmony with nature. One day, their peace was disrupted in an intense outburst of tremors that shook the earth and destroyed entire cities. There were only a few survivors and among them were Prince Verle and Princess Kirle who were chosen to talk to the Gods and ask if they could stay on their lands to rebuild their home. The chief God told them no as there was concern the massive tremors would come again and there would be no point in rebuilding. They begged to be allowed to stay and he finally agreed under the condition that it was for eternity. They returned and told the other survivors their decision and every one of them laid down in the place that would best suited them for eternity. A long eclipse passed over the earth and when the sun returned, there wasn't a living being in sight. The giants had become massive hills which is how the Cerro de Los Gallos, Cerro de San Juan, Cerro de Altamira, and Cerro del Laurel were created. To the Chichimeca, these giants continue to look over those who have inherited their spirituality, their love for family, and their eternal appreciation/adoration of the land.

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Theme; Knowledge in this society that's particularly useful to this society and how it's useful

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Theme; Knowledge in this society that's particularly useful to this society and how it's useful

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Military/War Tactics
The nomadic culture of the Chichimeca made it difficult for them to be defeated. Most battle tactics included large ambushes and raids, the tribe used expertly crafted bow and arrows made to penetrate Spanish armor (and they had extremely skilled archers), they had expertise on rough terrain and finding hiding spots within the land, they had spies and lookouts and scouts, and they would steal (or kill) horses and livestock to make it so they weren't fighting horsemen but were fighting foot soldiers. Sometimes, tribe members would dress up as grotesque animals and cause a ruckus to startle and scare off the animals and to freak out those they were fighting. This knowledge was useful to the Chichimeca because they often raided the Spanish so when they retaliated (the Spanish government had ended up adopting the policy of "war of fire and blood" promising death and destruction of the Chichimeca) the tribe knew how to defend themselves.

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Mapa de San Miguel y San Felipe de los Chichimecas (1580) - Chichimecas 1.jpg

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time.

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New Mexico/Chichimeca territory; image depicts horsemen 

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Rock art was typically made with paint or by chipping away at the rock with a tool. This kind of art is important because it gives information on what was going on at the time, important historical events, animals and plant life that existed, spiritual and cultural beliefs and rituals (often times rock art was created as part of spiritual rituals and hold meaning in those areas), wars, etc. These pictures provide us with education and insight into the lives of the Chichimeca.

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Knowledge in indigenous group that would be doubted by outsiders, and why it would be doubted

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Knowledge in indigenous group that would be doubted by outsiders, and why it would be doubted

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The Chichimeca were one of the only groups that were able to correctly resist and defeat both the Aztecs- a powerful Pre-Columbian society, and the Spainsh- at the time the most powerful European Nation. Their knowledge and use of guerrilla fighting tactics and speacilized bows with arrows tipped with obsidian, they succesfully fought back the Aztecs and were able to win a war against the Spanish. The Spanish tried to push into their territory to mine and steal gold and silver from the Chichimeca ancestoral lands. The Chichimeca's knowledge of their land allowed them to live off the land, they also killed the Spanish's cattle and food supply and outlasted them until the Spanish were forced to bargain and pay their passage into the Chichimeca land. This could be hard to believe by outsiders because of the sheer force and reputation of the Aztecs and Spanish conquistadors. Both incredibly powerful civilizations that had greater numbers and supplies than the Chichimeca, and it could be hard to beleive that small nomadic tribes occupying a smaller area could resist and defeat both of them.

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How globalization, colonization, westernization, introduced a change in knowledge to this society:

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How globalization, colonization, westernization, introduced a change in knowledge to this society:

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Oringially the Chichimeca were a cluster of very different societies which the Aztecs found Barbaric. In September, 1546, Juan de Tolosa, a spainiard, arrived in modern day Sakateca, and was shown pieces of silver by the Native population. This caused many Spanish to move into Chichimeca, northern territory looking for valuable gold and silver. Their lines for supplies ran over ancesterol lands of the Chichimeca, and after the Spanish started invading their camps and rounding up Chichimeca for slaves, they decided a formal resistence was needed. The confederation consisted of many different tribes and respresented an emergence of a collective establishment. The western colonization of the Spanish caused the Chichimeca to join together as they found a mutual enemy.

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Many different tribes that were apart of the Chichimeca painted their faces for cultural and enviormental reasons. The Zacatecos Indians smeared their bodies with colored clay to protect them from the sun and bugs. The Guachichile Indians painted their body to signify an unmarried man. Another group called the Guamares painted their entire head white, some painted their long hair red and covered their body in colorful palates. The color red was very important to their culture, so much so that red haired women and children were both bought and traded as a form of currency. They were valued the same as gold and silver. When fighting the Spanish they utilized their significant red color to paint themselves and paired with animal heads they scared off the Spanish by posing as rabid animals.

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The remaining Chichimeca are also known as the Chichimeca Jonaz and speak the Oto-Pamean language. Other languages spoken in the region include Otomi and Nahuati. The orignial Chichimeca did not speak a collective language as they were a mix of cultures and ethnics grouped together by the Aztecs.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichimeca
https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/Guanajuato_Languages
https://study.com/academy/lesson/historical-chichimeca-peoples-culture-history.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tX1mghWtnCo
https://indigenousmexico.org/aguascalientes/who-were-the-chichimecas/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p2e0fIy7Wg4
https://khurasanminiatures.tripod.com/chichimec.html
https://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/ask-us/who-were-the-chichimec-people
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guachichil
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tX1mghWtnCo
https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/native-american-rock-art-572/
https://www.history.com/topics/mexico/san-luis-potosi
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Does_anyone_know_about_rock_art_of_horses_in_Chichimeca_territory_16th_17th_century
https://mexicounexplained.com/legends-of-the-chichimeca/
https://www.inah.gob.mx/en/english/4161-dam-construction-results-in-chichimeca-finding
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chichimec

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Of all the Mexican states, Guanajuato has the fourth lowest number of speakers of an indigenous language. The native languages spoken are Chichimeca Jonaz, Otomí and Náhuatl. The Chichimeca Jonaz are a remnant of the once-numerous Chichimeca people; after the Spanish conquest, the only Chichimeca group left were the Chichimeca Jonaz.

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The Chichimeca are located in the present say region of Bajio, Mexico

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Being apart of the Chichimeca meant you belonged to one of the tribes North of Central Mexico.