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Innovation in mass-printing technology allowed books to more accessible to a wider audience. This encouraged casual reading among the wider public. The simultaneous growth in public education during the nineteenth century raised the literacy rate among the public. The mass publication of books brought new ideas to the fore among the people. Karl Marx's writing grew in popularity in the late nineteenth century and is an example of far-flung communities with similar conditions being brought together under an ideological banner. Jules Verne, the author of Journey to the Centre of the Earth was able to find wide success due to the printing press and connected people through with is writing.

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After the abolishment of slavery in the nineteenth century, global powers turned to a new form of unfree labour, ‘indentured labour’. Individuals were offered free passage to new lands in exchange for their labour and a small wage for a set period of time, most often spanning two to five years. These labourers were given lodgings on-site and forced to work in particularly difficult conditions. Indentured labourers were often brought from far off places, in particular starting in 1879 Indians were brought to Fiji to work plantations. Over 60,000 Indians were brought to Fiji, the effect of such a demographic shift still being felt today.

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The innovation of the nineteenth century resulted in new technologies that reduced the time and space between peoples. The introduction of the railways was able to bring people closer together by reducing the time it took to travel across the country. Prior to the construction of the transcontinental railroad in America, the experience of those in New York was not often known to those in California. Railways allowed the mass transport of goods (i.e. refrigerated meat), and mail. Railroads made travel and communication far easier for the people of this time and created a more united national identity.

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The telegraph faced a rapid expansion in the mid-nineteenth century that saw the barriers of communication long-distance communication for the most part collapse. Messages across significant distances that may previously have taken days could now be delivered within hours. Submarine cables were also laid between the United Kingdom and the USA at this time. The first telegraphs in Australia were introduced in 1856 and within two years the lines servicing Melbourne and Sydney met in Albury. The ease of intercolonial communication brought from these telegraph lines made it easier for the cause of federalism to grow among the colonies and an Australian national identity to develop.