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In Dred Scott v. Sandford the Supreme Court ruled that former slaves and the descendants of slaves were not citizens of the United States.

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This amendment prohibited all forms of slavery and involuntary servitude to exist within the United States unless if it was a punishment given to the individual by the court.

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The 14th amendment gave citizenship and equal rights to African Americans and enslaved people.

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The 15th Amendment allowed all men the ability to vote regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

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Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.

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Plessy v. Ferguson, was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that racial segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution as long as the facilities for each race were equal in quality, a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal".

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The 19th amendment gave women the right to vote in the United States.

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Brown v. Board of Education, was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that U.S. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality.

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The Little Rock Nine were a group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. The Act prohibited discrimination in public accommodations and federally funded programs. It also strengthened the enforcement of voting rights and the desegregation of schools.

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Affirmative action refers to a set of policies and practices within a government or organization seeking to include particular groups based on their gender, race, sexuality, creed or nationality in areas in which they are underrepresented such as education and employment.

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The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting.

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Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. It upheld affirmative action, allowing race to be one of several factors in college admission policy.

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Roe v. Wade, was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that the Constitution of the United States protects a pregnant woman's liberty to choose to have an abortion without excessive government restriction.