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1. Introduction
When I saw Mexican popularities living abroad, I was curios why many Mexicans are living in Germany. I coudln't find any similarities between them. So I decided to find the relationship between Mexico and Germany.

2. Fun facts
(1) Germany once offered to give Texas back to Mexico
Mexico's defeat in the Mexican-American War in 1847 was a bitter one, entailing the loss of about half of its northern territory. So it might have seemed like a very tempting prospect to potentially gain back some of what used to be Mexico, even decades later.

At least, that's apparently what Germany thought. In 1917 at the height of the First World War, Mexico had declared itself neutral while its northern neighbour the United States had not yet entered the international bloodbath. But Germans feared the Americans would soon join the war (and in fact they did so later that year).
So the Germans sent Mexico a cordial invitation to change their minds about the whole neutrality thing, saying that if the US got in of the fight, it would be in Mexico's best interest to join forces with Germany. And upon their victory, Germany would hand Texas, New Mexico and Arizona back over to Mexico. This invitation, known as the Zimmermann Telegram, was intercepted by British intelligence. But Mexico ultimately declined.

(2) Germans love tequila – even if it's less than authentic
About seven percent of the German population drinks tequila at least one a month, which is a higher rate than gin (4.5 percent), according to the German Spirits Industry Association. Young Germans between the ages of 18 and 29 especially enjoy tequila with 13.4 percent of this age group admitting to downing at least one shot every month – a higher rate than for traditional herbal liqueurs like Jägermeister.

Germany even has its own tequila brand: the sombrero-capped Sierra Tequila by Hamburg-based Borco, which is exported to more than 90 different countries, according to the German Spirits Industry Association.

(3) German companies are huge employers in Mexico
Germany and Mexico are actually quite big economic partners, with some 1,700 German companies registered in the Latin American country, according to the German Foreign Office. Most of those are in the car industry, including heavyweights Volkswagen, BMW, Mercedes-Benz and Audi. Plus, is worth around $17 billion (€15 billion), making Germany Mexico's principal trading partner in the European Union.

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3.5/ A study on Korean media's reporting behavior in Latin America

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3.5/ A study on Korean media's reporting behavior in Latin America

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1. Introduction
In recent years, I have witnessed growing interest in Latin
American countries in Korean society and Korean news media has been the outlet of information regarding the region. However, the quality of information that Korean media has provided to us has not been evaluated properly. So I read the study regarding media content published in Korea comparison between US and mexico.

2. Main points
If I search articles related to Latin America, most of the reports related to Mexico are about the increasingly deteriorating security situation, various crimes experienced by Korean Mexicans, and especially the indiscriminate murder of Mexican gangs. This trend is evident not only in Mexico, but also in other Latin American reports. This thesis begins with the question of whether the reporting behavior of the Korean media regarding Mexico is fair and accurate. Do the numerous crime and incident reports about Mexico accurately reflect the reality of Mexico? Or is it conveying an exaggerated image? If exaggerated images are being delivered, does the method of delivery follow the principle of fair and accurate reporting? Or is it mainly provocative and sensational reporting?
This paper compares and analyzes Yonhap News articles related to Mexico and the United States sent from Mexico City and New York City for two years from January 2010 to December 2011 to determine whether mass imprisonment is occurring in Mexico-related articles. was confirmed. As a result of examining the distribution of articles, comparison with US-related articles, crime rate and article ratio analysis, article content analysis, and finally Daum top articles, the content of articles related to Mexico between 2010 and 2011 was very sensational, provocative, and at the same time significant over-detention, which resulted in the conclusion that the picture of Mexican society was distorted.

3. My thoughts
Writing about Mexico, which is quite comparable to writing about the United States, can be seen as a result of “conquering writing” in a Western-centered worldview. But at the same time, what we expect from the media organizations will be accurate and fair reporting that overcomes such a worldview. It is hoped that more diverse studies will be conducted on the reporting behaviors of the Korean media in Latin America.

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1. Introduction
I have watched this movie when it was first showed in Netflix in Korea. I really loved the mood and story of this movie. Being introduced in the class, I watched it agian. I want to share my thoughts that has been deepened being living in mexico now about this art.

2. Brief contents of Roma
The movie Roma is not set in Rome, Italy, as we know it, but in Rome in Mexico City. The film flows from the perspective of Cleo, who lives as a housekeeper, as a woman, and as a person in Mexico in the turbulent 1970s. Cleo is a character based on director Alfonso Cuaron's childhood housekeeper Livo Rodriguez. Some of the stories that make up the film contain the director's autobiographical story. In the movies, the men who are and should be heads leave the women. Sophia's husband leaves her family with an affair on the pretext of her business trip. Cleo's boyfriend, Fermin, runs away from Cleo when she becomes pregnant. During the director's childhood, his father left her family, and Libo's boyfriend also left her.

3. My thoughts
Roma is a film for women. The director introduced the film as a tribute to the woman who took care of him when he was young, but in the film, masculinity and femininity continue to be contrasted. Masculinity is portrayed as violent and cowardly, while femininity embraces and solidifies.
The main characters of the film are two women. Cleo, the housekeeper, and Sophia, her employer, are both abandoned by men and wandering. Their two men, Fermin and Antonio, are symbolized by a sword and a car. Fermin shows off her splendid swordsmanship by holding a shower rod while exposing her penis in front of Cleo. Antonio drives a Ford car, pampering himself for fear of being scratched. The masculinity symbolized by the sword and the car is later overturned by Cleo and Sophia. Cleo proves that even without a sword, the salmas mimicking the postures of Japanese martial arts instructors are strong without a sword by maintaining their postures alone when they all fail. Sophia sells her clunky car and buys a small car to fit her house.
Femininity contrasts with the era of violent masculinity. Cleo, who was pregnant with an unwanted child by Fermin and gave birth to a stillbirth, is portrayed as a victim of masculinity and scapegoat of the times. Sophia and Cleo unite like a family.

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1. PAN
The National Action Party (PAN) was founded in 1939 by Catholic Conservatives and northern entrepreneurs after Manuel Gómez Morin began gathering will to establish a political party in 1929. After propagating in the local elections in 1995 and maintaining the position of the main opposition party, the political weight has been increased. In December 2006, the National Action Party succeeded in re-establishing power and President Felipe Calderón took office. It was founded by Manuel Gomes Maurin, and is composed of middle-class and businessmen, and is a center-right winger. The main support base is the young and middle-aged, middle and upper classes, and the private sector, especially in the northern and mid-western regions, such as Nuevo León, with 43% to 45% support.
The main policies are ① Human Resources continual development of the economy ② Social reform (removal of poverty, improvement of health and education standards, etc.) ③ Political reform (building a state ruled by law centered on economic and social development, maintenance of transparent administrative and legal systems, etc.) ④ Economic reform (enhancement of competitiveness, equalization of profits) distribution, etc.) ⑤ Reinforcement of environmental protection.

2. PRI
The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) originated from the National Revolutionary Party (PNR), which was founded in 1929 by the Mexican revolutionary forces to institutionalize the revolutionary ideology and institutionalize the power succession of the revolutionary forces. On March 4, 1929, the National Revolutionary Party, and on March 30, 1938, the Mexican Revolutionary Party (PRM) changed its name to the current party name on January 18, 1946. The Institutional Revolutionary Party exercised absolute influence while in power for 71 years from 1929 to 2000. However, the economic crisis occurred in 1994, and the people lost the presidential election in July 2000 as the people became inflamed by the conservativeization, corruption, and political and economic ties resulting from the long-term government of the Institutional Revolutionary Party. After that, the Institutional Revolutionary Party won the local elections in 2007 and the general election on July 5, 2009, and is recovering the political support base for retaking the government in 2012. In 1929, Plutarco Elías Calles founded the National Revolutionary Party, and in 1946, Rafael Pascasio Gamboa founded the Institutional Revolutionary Party. Adhering to the ideology of the Mexican Revolution, the center and left and right wing coexist and an open door policy was promoted. The main support base is the elderly, middle-class, and public sector workers, receiving support from 27% to 28% in the North, Midwest, and Central regions and 30% in the southern region.
The main policies are ① to build a sovereign state, a safe, productive and competitive state ② a just state, a state responsible for the protection of nature and the environment ③ a more egalitarian society ④ an orthodox and legitimate government, a prompt and efficient government, a democratic and , is to build a transparent and honest government.

3. PRD
The Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) was founded in 1988 by Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, the son of former President Lázaro Cárdenas, in the PRI's presidential primary, before Carlos Salinas de Gortari. After losing to the president, it was established after leaving the party in protest against corruption and authoritarianism by the Institutional Revolutionary Party, claiming fraudulent elections. After that, in the general election in July 2006, it emerged as the second party in the upper and lower houses, solidifying its position as a major party. After losing the general election on July 5, 2009, the party's leadership and former presidential candidate López Obrador have been divided due to conflicts between them. Founded by Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas and Porfirio Muñoz Ledo, it is a left-leaning movement. The main support base is the elderly and the elderly, the middle and lower classes, farmers and workers, and indigenous people, and in particular, the central region including Mexico City receives 48% of the support and the southern region receives 42% of the support.
Major policies are: ① Promote policies that prioritize the welfare of the common people and emphasize distribution (reinforce policies for the poor within the framework of a market economy, raise the minimum wage and create jobs) ② Concentrate investment in energy, social welfare, and infrastructure construction (in the energy sector) Maintaining the state management system for Korea and acknowledging the government's leading role in resource development) ③ Maintaining tariffs on corn and soybeans to protect farmers.

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-Contemporary Mexican Politics
Just like other Latin American countries, Mexico has suffered from civil wars, dictatorships, revolutions, and coups since independence. This chaos began to stabilize in 1929 when the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) came to power. Compared to other Latin American countries, however, after the Mexican Revolution, institutional democracy has been relatively successful. Corruption pervasive in the substantive one-party dictatorship for more than half a century since the revolution, the absence and corruption of state institutions, and chronic security instability due to incompetence are serious problems. never lost Political disputes in provinces such as Zapatista have always been there, but nevertheless have never escalated into prolonged national civil wars such as El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Peru or Colombia.

-Politics structure

Mexico is a republican system based on two principles: the separation of powers and the federal system. The form of government is a strong presidential system, and the term of office is 6 years. There is no vice president or prime minister, and in the absence of the president, a provisional president is elected by the parliament. Parliament is a bicameral system, with 128 seats in the Senate for six-year terms and 500 seats in the House of Representatives for three-year terms. It is characterized by a ban on re-election of members of Parliament. The 96 seats of the senators are elected by straight line, three from each of the 32 states, and the remaining 32 seats are elected by proportional representation. The six-year term is non-renewable and is renewed by 1/2 every three years. The 300 seats of the House of Representatives are directly elected and 200 seats are elected by proportional representation. are mixing the compulsory system applies only to the army, and both the navy and air force are composed of volunteers, and women can volunteer (as of 2007). As of 2006, the army had 168,497 soldiers, the navy 53,729, and the air force 14,800, and the defense budget accounted for 0.5% of GDP as of 2006. In 1967, 14 Latin American countries gathered in the Federal District of Mexico and signed the Treaty on the Establishment of the Latin American Denuclearized Armed Forces (DMZ), thereby participating in disarmament.

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1. Introduction
Although I've never seen the 1,000 pesos, I learned who are drawn in that bill; Hermila Galindo. Since I am interested in women's right, I have searched about her biology.

2. Brief biography
Hermila Galindo was born on June 2, 1886 in the former Hacienda of San Juan de Avilés, Durango. In Coahuila she did a short career at the Industrial School for Young Ladies. Her approach to politics began on March 21, 1909, when in Torreón, during a ceremony commemorating the birth of Benito Juárez, the lawyer Francisco Martínez Ortiz gave a speech extolling Benemérito and criticizing the government of Porfirio Díaz. Faced with this critical speech, the mayor of the city, Miguel Garza Aldape, "collected the original with the aim of not spreading it beyond the commemorative act." However, Galindo took the oratory piece in shorthand, so it could be made known. That year she met prominent opponents of the Porfirio Díaz government in Torreón, and Carlos Patoni in Durango, who encouraged her to continue her revolutionary propaganda work.

After the triumph of the Maderista Revolution, Hermila Galindo moved to Mexico City, where she worked as a stenographer with General Eduardo Hay and, at the same time, she worked as a teacher at the National Boarding School for Preparatory and Mercantile Studies. She joined the Abraham González Club, in which she was designated as a speaker to welcome Venustiano Carranza, in charge of the executive power in his triumphal entry into the country's capital on August 20, 1914. The intelligence and eloquence of the oratory of the young woman impressed Carranza, who invited her to collaborate with him as his private secretary, later moving with Carranza to Veracruz, before the imminent arrival in the capital of the troops of Francisco Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

In Veracruz, Hermila Galindo began in journalism in the constitutionalist body El Pueblo. Her first article was entitled "Women as collaborators in public life." In her text, she stated that women should aspire to a better life by having the same qualities as men, "such as intelligence, will, reason, memory and feeling." She was a passionate defender of Constitutionalism, so Carranza sent her abroad to publicize the ideals of the Revolution. She gave six conferences in Havana, calling for strengthening cooperation among the peoples of Latin America.

Hermila Galindo founded and directed the weekly magazine Mujer Moderna, which began to be published on September 16, 1915, making it a publication with a gender focus ahead of its time that defended, among others, women's right to vote. In 1916 she sent her paper "La mujer en el porvenir", which was read at the opening of the First Feminist Congress held in Yucatan. In her speech, she asked to establish sexual education in educational plans, which caused her to be accused of immorality. At the Second Feminist Congress, also held in Mérida, she defended herself against criticism and was supported by highly prestigious women such as Eulalia Guzmán and Matilde Montoya, the first Mexican doctor. In neither of the two congresses was there a consensus on the request for the full exercise of women's suffrage. It was agreed to start with the right to vote in local elections. Her ideals in defense of women's rights led her to send an initiative to the Constituent Congress, in which she raised the need to grant women the right to vote as an important step to include them in political life. The initiative was read on December 12, 1916 and rejected by the Constituents. In 1917, defying the current electoral law, Hermila presented herself as a candidate for federal deputy for the 5th Electoral District of Mexico City and, although she did not win the election, she set an important precedent in the fight for the political rights of women. women. Thus, in addition to defending and disseminating the theses of Carrancismo, Hermila Galindo became the greatest exponent of feminism in Mexico between 1915 and 1919.

3. My thoughts

I think her pioneering work promotes the development of further feminist movements. She guaranteed women's right to vote, an aspiration that was finally achieved through her publishments. I respect her and I hope in some day I have a chance to have 1,000 peso money, I will definetly so glad to meet her.

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1. Introduction
I was curious about Mexico belonging to central america and what kind of relationship it has with other American countries, so I suddenly found out about Korea and Mexico's diplomacy while searching.

2. Main points
The Republic of Korea and Mexico established official diplomatic relations on January 26, 1962. Although there was little interaction in terms of geography or interaction, the Korean government recognized the importance of reaching Latin America, a strategic region of the world. The establishment of diplomatic ties was immediately promoted.

In 2022, the relationship between Korea and Mexico will mark 60 years. The two countries started out as strangers and developed into colleagues and friends, and now they are like family. Considering the history of such important changes in bilateral relations, the new beginning of the 1960s is expected to be promising, and both countries across the Pacific will create numerous jobs in a comprehensive field. Who would have predicted that annual trade would reach $20 billion and that by 2022 South Korea would become Mexico's fourth trading partner and Mexico would become South Korea's tenth trading partner?

Both countries pursue a common common interest. Today, Mexico is the production base for hundreds of Korean manufacturers that need nearshoring to enter the North American market. The Hyundai-Kia Motor Factory, established in Monterrey in 2016, is a perfect example. Locally produced products are exported to more than 30 countries as well as the domestic market. The Mexican market is growing rapidly and is the second largest in Latin America. Today, South Korea is Mexico's fifth largest export market, importing more and more Mexican goods. Mexico's trade balance is still in the red, but it is narrowing it down through diversification of export items such as avocados and electrical and optical parts. Free trade agreement negotiations can support this trend and will trigger more smooth trade relations.

Currently, the relationship between the two countries goes beyond economic cooperation and has a lot of influence in everyday life. Tens of thousands of Mexican teen K-pop fans follow their favorite idol groups through social media. In South Korea, thousands of people enjoy Mexican food every day at 250 restaurants. Direct flights between Seoul and Mexico City, which started operating in 2017, greatly facilitated exchanges between the two countries and contributed to enhancing mutual knowledge. Today, tourism between the two countries will continue to increase after the COVID-19 pandemic due to the geographical distance that has been physically reduced thanks to fast and free information sharing and 15-hour direct flights.

In 2005, South Korea and Mexico decided to further strengthen diplomatic relations and established a strategic relationship based on the growing interest and interest in each other. Based on an open international trade system and the ideology of sustainable development for all, from a political point of view, it is for the areas indispensable to both countries, such as national security and peace, human rights, democracy, and the rights and interests of women and minorities. It was to empower all departments in each ministry. In addition, the two countries share the same meaning by launching 'MIKTA', a gathering of middle power countries together with Indonesia, Turkey, and Australia in 2013.

3. My thoughts
South Korea and Mexico will celebrate the 60th anniversary of diplomatic ties. In the second half of this year, an exhibition of ancient Mexican relics will be held at the National Museum of Korea in Yongsan, Seoul. As associations, social groups and businesses from both countries continue to seek new opportunities to leap forward in each other's countries, the governments of the two countries plan to promote better alliance relations as they prepare for the upcoming 60th anniversary. It's amazing and fun to see two distant countries getting so close. If given the opportunity, I would like to work for a Korean company in Mexico.

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Benito Pablo Juarez Garcia was a Mexican Native American lawyer who served as President of Mexico from 1857 to 1872. He didn't speak Spanish until he was 12, but after that he dreamed of becoming a lawyer and he was even elected president.

He served as governor of his home state of Oahaka from 1847 to 1852. When he revolutionized in 1855 he overthrew Antonio López de Santa Anna and became Attorney General in the Provisional Cabinet of the Liberal Party led by Juan Alvarez. From 1857 to 1861, he enacted a constitution as interim president to separate the Catholic Church from the Orthodox Church, confiscation of Catholic Church property, and land reform.

He luckily suppressed it, but between 1864 and 1867, the Conservatives sought French aid, leading to the armed intervention of Napoleon III and the uprising of Emperor Maximilian. This gave Mexico the very absurd title of a country where a president and an emperor coexist. He continued to fight while holding on to the border with the United States, and in May 1867, he captured Maximilian at Queretaro, put him on a military trial, and shot him in June. He died during the Revolutionary War in 1872, but was revered as "the savior of the republic". He was hailed as the Oliver Cromwell of Mexico.

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1. Introduction
May 5th is Children's Day in Korea. So, naturally, I thought it was Children's Day worldwide. But it wasn't. I would like to explore this difference.

2. Main points
Cinco de Mayo is the perfect time to celebrate Mexican culture and history. A common misconception is Mexican Independence Day, but the main holiday is in September. This is just one of the surprising facts about Cinco de Mayo. In fact, the holiday of May 5 commemorates the battle between Mexican and French troops outside the city of Puebla in 1862.
At that time, the Mexican army was victorious over the much better trained French army. This slim victory is a source of pride for the Mexicans and is remembered annually on the anniversary of the battle.
So what exactly happened to fuel the conflict between Mexico and France? In 1861 Mexico faced a serious economic crisis, and President Benito Juarez decided to temporarily halt external debt payments to deal with the internal financial situation. Countries indebted to Mexico, Spain, Britain and France are concerned about the payment and have sent delegations to Mexico to assess the situation. Juárez was able to resolve the Spanish and British problems diplomatically and withdrew. But the French had other plans.
Napoleon III, realizing the strategic importance of Mexico as a neighbor of growing American power, decided that it would be useful to make Mexico an empire and give it control.
He decided to send his distant cousin, Maximilian of Hapsburg, to become emperor and Mexico to be backed by French troops.
The French were confident that they would be able to defeat Mexico without undue hardship, but were surprised when a small battalion of Mexican troops led by General Ignacio Zaragoza at Puebla was able to defeat them on 5 May 1862.
But the war was not over. More French troops arrived and captured Mexico City, eventually expelling the Benito Juarez government. Maximilian, daughter of Belgian King Leopold I, and his wife, Carlotta, arrived in Mexico in 1864 to rule as emperor and empress. Benito Juárez did not cease political activity during this period, but moved his current government to the north. Ciudad Juarez. Juárez had the backing of the United States, who hated the idea of ​​a European-style monarchy being its southern neighbor. Maximilian's government continued until Napoleon III withdrew French troops from Mexico in 1866, and Juárez won the victory to resume his presidency in Mexico City.
Cinco de Mayo became a source of inspiration for Mexicans during the French occupation. The moment the Mexicans showed courage and determination in the face of colonial rule, Mexico became a symbol of Mexican pride, unity and patriotism, and is remembered every year.

3. My thoughts
Cinco de Mayo is an optional national holiday in Mexico. Students have breaks, but whether banks and government agencies are closed varies from state to state. The other was interesting.

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-The history and meaning of the three colors
The Mexican flag proudly waved prominently across Mexican buildings and plazas across Mexico. But do you know what red, white and green stand for? What is the image of the center? Read on to find out why Mexico's flag looks what it is today and why it has evolved over time.

-flag of mexico
The Mexican flag consists of three vertical green, white and red stripes, with the Mexican flag centered on a white stripe.

The coat of arms depicts a golden eagle perched on a prickly pear cactus and holding a snake in its beak and talon. The flag has a ratio of 4:7 (the Italian flag has the same colors, but the Mexican flag has a shade of color, center symbol and aspect ratio, and the Italian flag has a 2:3 ratio). Along with the Mexican coat of arms (Mexico State owned) and the national anthem of Mexico, the Mexican flag is considered one of the "patriotic symbols" of Mexico's patriotism and is therefore highly respected by Mexicans. The current flag was adopted on September 16, 1968 and became law on February 24, 1984.

-History and meaning of the Mexican flag
The first flag of Mexico, initially adopted by Miguel Hidalgo, father of Mexican independence, was still the standard today with the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe, the country's patron deity.

America's first Victoria Guadalupe Victoria (originally renamed to Felix by Jose Miguel Ramon Adauco Fernandez, but changed his name to commemorate his victory over Spanish independence), put this flag into battle and his name in an attack on an oasis has changed 1812.

This color was adopted by the Army of the Three Guarantees during the War of Independence to defend Mexican religion, independence and unity.

The flag of Mexico, adopted in 1968, was originally green, although a very similar flag, originally green, has been in use since 1821. While whites represented religion and red was the union of Americans and Europeans, while secularization was going on under the president, Benito Juárez (President of Mexico 1858-1872) believed that the colors meant hope (green), unity (white), and the blood of national heroes. (red) was adopted to indicate

-mexican coat
The Mexican coat of arms is an image representing a legend that told the way the Aztecs decided to build their capital, Tenochtitlan (where today's Mexico City is located). The Aztecs, also known as meh-shee-ka, were a nomadic people traveling from the north. Their leader, named Tenoch, was informed by the god of war Huitzilopochtli about their dream of having to settle in a place where they could spot eagles in the snake-eating cactus pear cactus. It was the swampy area in the center of the three lakes where they saw this sight, but this is where they settled and built the metropolis of Tenochtitlan.

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1. Introduction
The picture above was taken by me when I went to the Museo de la Historia Mexicana located in Centro. When I first came to Mexico and entered Tec University, I saw a variety of skin colors and thought honestly that it was a little different from the Mexico I had imagined. While living here, seeing Mexicans who are very kind to me as an Asian foreigner, I thought that there is no racism in this place. So I shared my thoughts with Mexican friends. Then my friends introduced me to the issue of racism in Mexico.

2. Main points
As we learned in class, after Spain's domination of Mexico, various races arose, which led to the division of classes. I wanted to know whether racial discrimination is a serious problem in the present and not in the past. And if there is discrimination, I wondered how serious the problem is. So, while searching for it, I found the following articles:
https://elpais.com/internacional/2017/06/29/mexico/1498692599_341796.html
https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2016/05/160517_mexico_frases_racistas_cultura_an

3. My thoughts
All humans are equal. In the past, colonialism, slavery, and warfare made virtually no equality. However, we all know that in today's society, everyone should be treated equally, regardless of country or ethnicity, gender or race. However, there are still cases of discrimination based on skin color, place of origin, and race alone. It is very unfortunate and I sincerely hope that this problem will be resolved as soon as possible.

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Video of original 'Virgen de Guadalupe' I took

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1. Introduction
When I went to Mexico City, I had visited the Cathedral of Guadalupe. At the time, I went without knowing the meaning of the church. When I entered the cathedral, there was a painting of Virgen de Guadalupe. Everyone turned on their cameras at the same time, and some even prayed with their eyes closed on the escalator. I was curious to see them, so I took a video with them. And I forgot about Virgen de Guadalupe. However, in class, when Virgen de Guadalupe  appeared in the Treasures of Mexico part, I chose the subject of this essay as Virgen de Guadalupe because I wanted to delve deeper into it.

2. Main Point
Virgen de Guadalupe is a title for the Virgin Mary, said to have appeared in Mexico in the 16th century. Virgen de Guadalupe is the most popular image representing Mexico's religion and culture. The date of the Feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe is December 12, which was established in commemoration of December 12, 1531, the date the Virgin Mary appeared to Saint Juan Diego at Tepejac Hill near Mexico City.
Virgen de Guadalupe is a symbolic figure that occupies a very important position for Catholics in Mexico. She has been recognized as the 'Defender of America'. The Basilica of Guadalupe in Mexico City is the second largest sanctuary in the Catholic world.

Virgen de Guadalupe has also been a national symbol of Mexico since the Mexican War of Independence. The troops, led by Miguel Hidalgo and Emiliano Zapata, carried flags with Virgen de Guadalupe at the fore whenever they moved, and the Virgin of Guadalupe was generally recognized as a symbol of all Mexicans.

As the famous Mexican novelist Carlos Fuentes said, "A man who considers himself not to be a Christian cannot be considered a true Mexican unless he believes in Virgen de Guadalupe."

Ottavio Paz, Nobel Laureate in Literature, wrote in 1974: Two centuries after the apparitions, Our Lady of Guadalupe now occupies a unique position as the spiritual cradle of the Mexican people and the object of national fortune.

Virgen de Guadalupe has been a national symbol of the Mexican people since the Mexican War of Independence. The Independence Army always gathered under the flag of Virgen de Guadalupe to wage war, and eventually became recognized as the symbol of all Mexicans.

The first to use Virgen de Guadalupe as a major national symbol was Miguel Sanchez, who was the first author to describe the apparitions in Spanish. Sanchez identified Virgen de Guadalupe with the woman of the apocalypse in the Book of Revelation. In 1810, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla said, “Virgen de Guadalupe, live forever! Death to bad government and Gachufines!” and the Grito de Dolores cry, which was caused by the shouts, started the fight for Mexico's independence. When Hidalgo's Indigenous forces attacked Guanajuato and Valladolid, they placed a painting of Virgen de Guadalupe on colored sticks and reed instruments as an emblem of their cause. And they all wore hats with a picture of Virgen de Guadalupe.

3. My thoughts
Although this essay deals with the influence and importance of Virgen de Guadalupe in Mexico, while writing this essay, I learned many surprising things about Virgen de Guadalupe. The brown Virgin Mary, the blue cloak, and many elements that could not be explained by the technology and science of the time were amazing. I also learned the marvelous meaning of the painting, which allowed him to understand more deeply about Mexican culture. :0 !!

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2.1/ History of the soul food of Mexico; Tortilla

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2.1/ History of the soul food of Mexico; Tortilla

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1. Introduction
One of the many reasons I love Mexico is the food. Among them, I like Tacos (especially from taco felix and Orinoco) and Chilaquilez. And the foods introduced in Mexican Inside Jokes part of the class are all made with tortillas in common. Come to think of it, tortillas have always appeared in Mexican food. When I was eating seafood, I was shocked at first to eat shrimp and octopus from cebiche in a fried tortilla. So, through this opportunity, I wanted to find out what the tortillas mean to Mexicans and why they are included in almost every foods.

2. Main points
Tortilla, meaning “small cake” in Spanish, is a bread similar to Korean pancakes made from corn or wheat. When it comes to folding a tortilla in half, add vegetables and meat, and eat it like a sandwich, it becomes a taco, and when rolling it up and eat it with one end closed, it becomes a food called a burrito. And nachos are tortillas that are lightly grilled or fried with cheese, sprinkled with spices such as chili peppers, and eaten as a snack. An enchilada is a stuffed tortilla, sprinkled with hot pepper sauce, and then baked in an oven, and a quesadilla is baked with plenty of cheese. Mexican foods that are well known to Korea include Corona beer, traditional alcohol tequila, nachos and corn chips better known as sweets, and tortillas are at the center of them.

The tortillas, which are the basis of traditional Mexican food, contain the glory, frustration, and humiliation of the Mexican Aztec and Maya civilizations. The fate of the tortilla changes in 1519, when the Aztecs were conquered by Spain. Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés destroyed an empire of 5 million people with a force of 600 men, using guns, cannons and plagues as weapons. After the Spanish conquest, the fate of tortillas, a traditional Mexican food, changed.
The Mayans believed that corn was the reincarnation of the body of a god and was sacred. Not only that, it was believed that the Creator made humans out of corn dough. Legend has it that tortillas originated long ago in a dish specially prepared by a peasant for a respected king. That is why corn tortillas were sacred food to Mexicans.

After the tortillas were conquered by Spain, they fell into the abyss. The Spaniards, who conquered Mexico, shunned tortillas made from corn dough as a lowly food eaten by natives. Instead, wheat, which was not in Central and South America at the time, was brought from Europe and wheat flour tortillas were made instead of corn.

Indigenous peoples began to eat corn tortillas and whites began to eat wheat tortillas. Indigenous people's traditional food was treated as food for the lower classes, and food brought from Europe became food for the upper classes and elites. So, even if they were Mexicans, white Mexicans of European ancestry rarely ate the traditional foods of the indigenous peoples. Indigenous peoples of Mexico suffered the disgrace of being despised by Boon for not only losing their country, but even traditional food as second-class.

It was eaten by Hispanics from Mexico who came to the United States in search of work or as refugees, so until the early 20th century, Mexican food was not well viewed. Burrito means 'little donkey', and the name comes from the fact that it looks like a load on a donkey's back. Taco means ‘gunpowder paper’ used in silver mines, and it comes from the food that silver mine workers mainly ate. Nachos are the names of restaurant employees, and it is said that when the chef was not available, the waiters made dishes for them and named them after them.

My thoughts:
I felt that The Aztecs, who lost their country after losing the war, suffered the pain of being despised and humiliated even for their traditional food. This is similar to how our ancestors were despised by the Japanese about Kimchi. Mexican traditional food has been revived as a national food since Mexico gained a stronger voice on the international stage. I really hope that every people on earth try real taco of Mexico and the food culture of Mexico to be spreaded more abroad.

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1. Brief story
Coyolxāuhqui is a Mexican godness, who is considered to be the representation of the moon.

In Aztec religion, Coyolxāuhqui, is a daughter of the priestess Cōātlīcue ("Serpent Skirt"). She was the leader of her brothers, the Centzon Huitznahuas ("Four Hundred Huiztnaua"). She led her brothers in an attack against their mother, Cōātlīcue, when they learned she was pregnant, convinced she dishonored them all. The attack is thwarted by Coyolxāuhqui's other brother, Huitzilopochtli, the national deity of the Mexicas.

2. Why is Coyolxāuhqui a goddess of 'Moon'?
On the summit of Coatepec ("Serpent Mountain"), sat a shrine for Coatlicue, the maternal Earth deity. One day, as she swept her shrine, a ball of hummingbird feathers fell from the sky. She "snatched them up; she placed them at her waist." Thus, she became pregnant with the Aztec deity Huitzilopochtli.

Her miraculous pregnancy embarrassed Coatlicue's other children, including her eldest daughter, Coyolxauhqui. Hearing of her pregnancy, the Centzon Huitznahuas, led by Coyolxauhqui, decided to kill Coatlicue. As they prepared for battle and gathered at the base of Coatepec, one of the Centzon Huitznahuas, Quauitlicac, warned Huitzilophochtli of the attack while he was in utero. Hearing of the attack, the pregnant Cōātlīcue miraculously gave birth to a fully grown and armed Huitzilopochtli who sprang from her womb.

Huitzilopochtli killed Coyolxāuhqui, beheading her and throwing her body down the side of Coatepec: "He pierced Coyolxauhqui, and then quickly struck off her head. It stopped there at the edge of Coatepetl. And her body came falling below; it fell breaking to pieces; in various places her arms, her legs, her body each fell."

Some authors have written that Huitzilopochtli tossed Coyolxauhqui's head into the sky where it became the Moon, so that his mother would be comforted in seeing her daughter in the sky every night, and that her scattered brothers became the Southern Star deities.

3. My thoughts
When the moon goddess came out after capturing the ppt screen, I thought of a beautiful goddess under the soft moonlight. But i felt touching and sort of saddness to see the story of her death and her mother's love.

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1.2/ I went to TEMPLO MAYOR & TEOTIHUACAN

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1.2/ I went to TEMPLO MAYOR & TEOTIHUACAN

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1. Discovery of Coyolxāuhqui
On February 21, 1978, a group of workers for the Mexico City electric-power company came across a large shield-shaped stone covered in reliefs while digging. The stone they uncovered depicts the narrative of Coyolxauhqui's defeat at Coatepec. The discovery renewed the interest in excavating the ancient city of Tenochtitlan, underneath Mexico City. This led to the excavation of the Huēyi Teōcalli (Templo Mayor). The Coyolxauhqui stone was located in what was named Phase IV of the Templo Mayor during its excavation.

The artist of the Coyolxauhqui stone carved this disk in high relief out of a single large stone, 3.25 meters in diameter. Aztec historian Richard Townsend describes it as one of the most powerfully expressive sculptures of Mesoamerican art, using "an assurance of design and a technical virtuosity not previously seen at the pyramids."

2. My thoughts

The reason why I wanted to visit Templo Mayor and Teotihuacan was to feel the ancient civilization. At templo mayor, I looked back and remembered the past glory of tenochititlan that I had learned in class. I read some descripstions over there and some guy toured me. It was informative. At Teotihuacan, i was little bit disappointed that I couldn't go up because of the corona virus (I'm not sure). However, I found the ancient pyramids towering on a large ground very tall and wonderful.

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1.3/ How amazing ancient city on the lake is

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1.3/ How amazing ancient city on the lake is

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1. City on a lake, Tenochtitlan
Tenochtitlan, also known as Mexico-Tenochtitlan, was a large Mexica altepetl in what is now the historic center of Mexico City. The exact date of the founding of the city is unclear. The date 13 March 1325 was chosen in 1925 to celebrate the 600th anniversary of the city. The city was built on an island in what was then Lake Texcoco in the Valley of Mexico. The city was the capital of the expanding Aztec Empire in the 15th century until it was captured by the Spanish in 1521.

At its peak, it was the largest city in the pre-Columbian Americas. It subsequently became a cabecera of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. Today, the ruins of Tenochtitlan are in the historic center of the Mexican capital. The World Heritage Site of Xochimilco contains what remains of the geography of the Mexica capital. Tenochtitlan was one of two Mexica āltepētl on the island, the other being Tlatelolco. The city is located in modern-day Mexico City.

The city was divided into four zones, or camps; each camp was divided into 20 districts; and each calpulli, or 'big house', was crossed by streets or tlaxilcalli. There were three main streets that crossed the city, each leading to one of the three causeways to the mainland of Tepeyac, Iztapalapa, and Tlacopan.

2. My thoughts
As climate change occurred and the glaciers and snow accumulated in the highlands melted to create a lake, people gathered around the lake to live and farm. Aztecs who came to this area at the end of the 13th century reclaimed the lake to create an artificial island, and on top of that, Tenochtitlan was built. It was built on a lake, so the ground is weak and vulnerable to earthquakes. When I went to Mexico City, I never felt that it was a city built on a city. Even after seeing the leaning building in the Cathedral of Guadalupe, I realized it only later. It is amazing how ancient cities were built on lakes.

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Since I am interested in trade, I wanted to deeping my knowledges. Here were some questions that came into my mind.

1. What were some barriers to trade in Mesoamerica?
Merchants exchanged goods, ideas, and people in times of war and peace. Maya merchants traveled the coast in huge canoes, carrying jade, cacao, honey, and feathers, among other luxury items.

Jewels, gems, precious metals, sea shells, bones and feathers. Construction materials, petates (tatami). Birds, dogs, rabbits. Medicine and ointments. Textiles, ceramic, leather, pigments, obsidian blades, cotton. Fruits, corn and vegetables, tortillas, cakes and empanadas.
(Source: ppt from the class)

2. Where was an important trading center?
Teotihuacan was an important market center and trading power because its rulers controlled access to two of the largest sources of obsidian—a natural glass formed by the cooling of volcanic lava. Since metal-working was rare in Mesoamerica, obsidian was the best option for weapons and other sharp tools. Like iron and copper in Afro-Eurasia, Mesoamerican societies that had reliable access to obsidian had a distinct advantage.

The rulers of Teotihuacan monopolized the region's obsidian, and merchants from Teotihuacan traveled across Mesoamerica and beyond, trading obsidian and bringing back luxury goods. Archeological evidence suggests that Teotihuacan's trade networks reached from today's Southwestern U.S. to Panama. However, its strongest trade was with the Maya city-states (now Mexico). Teotihuacan and the Maya exchanged goods, ideas, and people in times of war and peace. Maya merchants traveled the coast in huge canoes, carrying jade, cacao, honey, and feathers, among other luxury items.

3. What sort of goods traveled across long-distance routes in the Americas?

Long-distance trade was limited to lighter, high-value luxury goods that were easy for merchants to carry. But staples like salt, grains, cotton, lime, and ceramics moved shorter distances along the same routes. Short-distance trade moved food between different climate zones, helping protect societies from sudden natural disasters like drought. These shorter trade routes probably developed first and laid the foundations for truly long-distance networks during the Classic Period.

4. How were the aztec merchants?
Not much is known about the Mayan merchants. They are depicted in lavish clothing on several ceramic artifacts, suggesting that at least some of them were members of an elite class. During the Spanish Contact, Mayan nobles are known to have been actively involved in long-distance trade. Most of the merchants, however, were middle-class, and the vast majority of them concentrated on regional and local trade activities. Importing or selling goods from afar was permitted only to high-ranking nobles. It was considered almost as dangerous for merchants to move around other cities with goods, so the guardian deities of the merchants at the time were two gods of the underworld carrying bags. When merchants went on a trip, they painted their bodies black to make them inconspicuous, and they wore heavy weapons.

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For me it was really interesting that there are five different stages or periods since the creation of the world, the universe and humanity. I thought that God was omnipotent and could make the world perfect without mistakes. While I look for the story of Kay Almere Read, I found Poopol Wuuj which is described as a Mayan spirit.

『Poopol Wuuj』 is a historical book dealing with the cosmic view, way of thinking, and life of the Maya natives at the time. The book, whose author is unknown, is a transcribed of the oral traditions until the middle of the 16th century. At first, the pronunciation of the Chiche natives was written in Latin, after which the manuscript was translated into Castilian by a Spanish priest. 『Popol Part』 is divided into four main parts according to the subject. The first chapter describes the creation of the world and creatures from the sea and sky (the origin of the world), the second chapter describes the mythical achievements of two pairs of twins (civilization process), and the third chapter tells the story of humans who originated from corn. , the last chapter describes the history of the Kice people and each tribe and family of the Kice kingdom.

Genesis describes the creation of the world and creation from the sea and the sky. At first, creators create animals such as birds, deer, jaguars and snakes, but when they do not know how to praise and pray, they turn them into food for those who serve them. In the flood myth, the creator made a mud man, but failed. The mud creature spoke, but it made no sense at all, and its muddy body was so weak that it soon fell apart. The Creator again made a sturdy tree-man, but he did not worship the gods because he had no soul. In anger, the Creator sends rain and cruelly destroys the world and humans. After that, he kneaded yellow and white corn to create four humans, and instead of giving them all-powerful powers, he made and paired them with four beautiful wives. Human history begins as they spread offspring and establish human genealogy. That's why the Mayans are called 'Descendants of Corn'. The fact that humans were made from corn tells us that, as an agricultural people, corn was a very important grain for the Maya people.

On the other hand, the introduction and achievements of the Kice family that ruled the city are recorded, and the depiction of the royal family as a god shows that the power of the Maya ruling class at that time was equal to that of the gods. It embodies the archetypal spiritual world of Mesoamericans such as olmeca, mixteco, and tolteca as well as Maya people, and summarizes the national spirit and history of the Maya-Kiche people. Therefore, their lifestyle, lifestyle, and the psychology of living in troglodytes are vividly described as if unfolding before our eyes. 『Popol Boo』 is a monumental work in studying the culture before the discovery of the new continent.

In addition, 『Popol Bu』 is a poetic sentence that uses symbols and metaphors appropriately at the same time, and is a work of excellent literary quality. The language in the book is metaphorical. It is expressed through analogies and explained through thinking with symbols, not rational explanations. As it is counted as the oldest and most sacred original text in the history of world civilization, pope boo is a totality of languages ​​with profound meanings and has made a significant contribution to the study of the semantic field of words. For this reason, the pope boo has become a research resource for archaeologists, sociologists, and historians.

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케이 앨미어 리드 (Kay Almere Read): 아즈텍의 다섯번째 태양신 신화 - 케이 앨미어 리드 (Kay Almere Read)

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전체강의 보기: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-aztec-myth-of-the-unlikeliest-sun-god-kay-almere-read 아즈텍 신 중에 가장 약한 여드름투성이 나나우아틀은 새로운 세계를 만들기 위해 선택받았어요. 그 전에 있던 네 개의 세계는 각자 고유의 "태양신"이 있었고, 전부 파괴되었죠. 새로운 세상을 만들기 위해서는 다른 신이 모닥불로 뛰어들어서 다섯번째 태양이 되어야 했어요. 나나우아틀은 희생을 마칠 수 있을까요? 케이 A. 리드 (Kay A.

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1.6/ Nezahualcoyotl, the poet king who founded the Aztec Empire

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1.6/ Nezahualcoyotl, the poet king who founded the Aztec Empire

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1. Brief information about Nezahualcoyotl
The Nahuatl name Nezahualcoyotl is commonly translated as “hungry coyote” or “fasting coyote.” However, more accurately, it means "coyote with a fasting collar," from nezahualli, a collar made out of bands of paper twisted together.

He was born in 1402 and died in 1472. The son of Ixtlilxóchitl I, he witnessed the assassination of his mother by the henchman Tezozómoc. After a long persecution and many exploits, he came to rule Texcoco in 1431. He reorganized the kingdom, providing it with fairer laws. He rebuilt the city and procured economic prosperity for its inhabitants. He also composed many poems, several of which, preserved in manuscripts, are undoubtedly his, but have not been brought properly to light.

Nezahualcoyotl is credited with cultivating what came to be known as Texcoco's Golden Age, which brought the rule of law, scholarship and artistry to the city and set high standards that influenced surrounding cultures. Nezahualcoyotl designed a code of law based on the division of power, which created the councils of finance, war, justice and culture. Under his rule Texcoco flourished as the intellectual center of the Triple Alliance and was home to an extensive library that, tragically, did not survive the Spanish conquest. He also established an academy of music and welcomed worthy entrants from all regions of Mesoamerica.

2. Poem from Nezahualcoyotl

In vain I was born. Ayahue.
In vain I left the house of god and came to earth.
I am so wretched! Ohuaya, Ohuaya!
I wish I'd never been born, truly that I'd never come to earth. That's what I say. But what is there to do?
Do I have to live among the people? What then?
Princes, tell me! Aya. Ohuaya, Ohuaya!

I love the song of the mockingbird,
bird of four hundred voices.
I love the color of jade
and the enervating perfume of flowers,
but I love my brother more: the man

The belief is that he was a man of great intelligence who elaborated a philosophical theory on the problems of the world. No reliable documentation exists that would allow us to follow his thinking accurately. As a figure of both legend and fantasy, he is one of the most famous people of ancient Mexico.

2. My thoughts
Unlike many of his contemporaries, he was an innovator and his style came to be copied by many other poets who followed. The flower songs all have a particular cadence and were intended to be recited or sung along with the beat of a drum and were meditations on universal concerns such as life and death and their meaning.

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1.7/ Is Malinche: ‘a traitor to the nation’ or ‘the founding mother’?

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1.7/ Is Malinche: ‘a traitor to the nation’ or ‘the founding mother’?

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There are many controversies between Malinche. So for further understanding, I read a korean article dealing with it. The below is its abstract.

This article deals with Malinche, who is one of the most important women in the conquest of the Aztec empire. The predominant evaluation is negative. Although she symbolizes the origin of 'la traitor' or 'la chingada', malinche is positively estimated as 'the founder of the nation' by Chicana authors in recent studies. Such estimation has to do with nationalism.

-My thoughts :

Cortés used Malinche as an interpreter, an instrument of conquest. Malinche not only translated Nahuatl into Spanish, but also provided Cortés with information about indigenous society. So, unlike other Indians, Malinche could not have the opportunity to acquire and consolidate the national identity so sharply. When Cortés arrived in Mexico, she was going through a harsh and hostile situation as a slave. Malinche understood that the role of interpreter for Cortés would serve as an opportunity to improve her destiny; Therefore, she tried to live actively by playing her role with all her efforts. Now Malinche must be interpreted as a historical character instead of a mythical one, and recognized as an indigenous woman who lived with great force during a complex period.