# data[].attributes.body
-emphasizes structure rather than agency
-gender may become subsumes in a complex examination of cross-cutting inequalities, posing an obstacle for political action
-complexity may intimidate, and requires detailed knowledge of context
-in reality, institutions do not have definite boundaries and may overlap and cannot be easily defined

# data[].attributes.body
-holistic analysis of poverty
-aims to place gender at the centre of an entirely new framework
-concentrates on institutions
-links analysis at all levels and can be used in dynamic analysis
-highlights gender relations and emphasizes women's and men's different interests and needs

# data[].attributes.body
-many purposes at many levels
-raises awareness of the importance of institutional analysis and can be used in training

# data[].attributes.headline
SR Approach Concept 5: Immediate, underlying and structural causes

# data[].attributes.subject
SR Approach Concept 5: Immediate, underlying and structural causes

# data[].attributes.body
-gender-blind
-gender-aware (neutral, specific and redistributive)

# data[].attributes.headline
SR Approach Concept 3: Institutional Analysis

# data[].attributes.subject
SR Approach Concept 3: Institutional Analysis

# data[].attributes.body
-An institution is a framework of rules for achieving certain social or economic goals. An organization is a specific structural forms that institutions take (page 104)
-Four key institution locations:
1. state- legal, military, admin orgs
2. market- firms, corporations, enterprises, MNCs
3. community- village tribunals, NGOs
4. family- household, extended, lineage groupings
*international community may be added

The SR approach challenges two myths about institutions:
1. that they are ideologically neutral
2. that they are separate entities and change to one will not affect change to others.

The ideologies which dominate planning practice are based on these assumptions-
1. state pursues national interest and welfare
2. market pursues profit maximization
3. the community is concerned with service provision
4. family/kinship is a cooperative, not conflictual institution

Aspect of social relations shared by institutions:
1. Rules-how they get things done
2. Activities- what is done
3. Resources- what is used and produced
4. People- who is in/out and who does what
5. Power- who decides and whose interests are served

# data[].attributes.body
-Social relations are the structural relationships that create and reproduce systemic difference in the positioning of different groups of people (page 103)
-Social relations change, they are not fixed or immutable. Macro-level changes bring about change in social relations.
-SR determine what tangible or intangible resources are available to groups and individuals (useful for understanding poverty)

# data[].attributes.headline
SR Approach Concept 1: Development as increasing human wellbeing

# data[].attributes.subject
SR Approach Concept 1: Development as increasing human wellbeing

# data[].attributes.body
-development is not only economic growth or productivity
-human wellbeing is concerned with survival, security and autonomy and so development interventions must be assessed based on how it meets these goals
-includes reproductive/household labour

# data[].attributes.body
-a method of analyzing existing gender inequalities in the distribution of resources, responsibilities and power, and for designing policies and programmes which enable women to be agents of their own development

# data[].attributes.body
-developed by Naila Kabeer
-inspired by socialist feminist thinking
-key elements- goal of development as human well-being, concept of social relations, institutional analysis

# data[].attributes.body
-not a complete framework or stand alone toolkit because it does not account for changes over time, doesn't consider other forms of equality or other institutions involved, is broad and does not examine the macro-level
-hierarchy of levels may lead to misconception that empowerment is a linear process, does not allow for relative importance of different resources and does not differentiate between marginally different impacts
-defines development only in terms of women's empowerment can tempt a focus on women rather than gender relations
-ideology can be too confrontational

# data[].attributes.body
-moves beyond the concept of practical/strategic needs to show them as progression
-emphasizes empowerment, strongly ideological
-useful to identify the gap between rhetoric and reality in interventions

# data[].attributes.body
-transformatory planning, monitoring and evaluation
-training on technical and transformatory issues

# data[].attributes.headline
Women's Empowerment Tool 2: Level of recognition of women's issues

# data[].attributes.subject
Women's Empowerment Tool 2: Level of recognition of women's issues

# data[].attributes.body
It is important to denote the extent to which the project objectives are concerned with women's development and issues, in addition to empowerment

1. Negative level- the project makes no mention of women's issues
2. Neutral level- conservative level
3. Positive level- objectives are positively concerned with women's issues and improving their positions in relation to men.

# data[].attributes.headline
Women's Empowerment Tool 1: Levels of equality

# data[].attributes.subject
Women's Empowerment Tool 1: Levels of equality

# data[].attributes.body
1. Control (over decision-making)
2. Participation (in decision/policy making, planning, administration)
3. Conscientisation- conscious understanding of difference between sex and gender and an awareness that gender roles can be changes, as well as an understanding that the GDOL should be fair and equal
4. Access
5. Welfare- material welfare relative to men

*These levels are hierarchical and the project can better success if improvements are made at the higher levels.

# data[].attributes.body
Development means enabling people to take charge of their own lives, and escape poverty which results not from lack of productivity but from oppression and exploitation.

The framework is based on the notion of five different levels of equality which determine the levels of women's empowerment

# data[].attributes.body
-Developed by Sara Longwe
-Intended to hep planner questions what women's empowerment and equality means in practice, and to assess critically the extent to which a development intervention supports empowerment

# data[].attributes.body
-possible to exclude gender analysis (but can be combated when accompanied by the HAF or POP which provide gender-disaggregated data from which relations can be drawn out, thus counter-balancing the HAF/POP tendency to see men and women spearately)
-does not include an explicit agenda for women's empowerment
-tempts users to guess
-not a participatory tool
-assumes planners have a neutral agenda regarding gender relations

# data[].attributes.body
-maps complexity
-used at different stages and is flexible
-encourage a long-term perspective
-examines social interactions and the psychological realm
-simple, but not simplistic
-includes other forms of inequality and challenges the status quo
-highlights people's C/V

# data[].attributes.body
-in emergencies and for development work
-as a planning and assessment tool
-useful at different levels (community to national level)

# data[].attributes.headline
CVA Tool 2: Additional dimensions of complex reality

# data[].attributes.subject
CVA Tool 2: Additional dimensions of complex reality

# data[].attributes.body
1. Disaggregation of communities by gender
2. Disaggregation according to other dimensions of social relations
3. Change over time
4. Interactions between categories of analysis (because C/V are related to each other)
5. Analysis at different scales and levels of society

# data[].attributes.headline
CVA Tool 1: Categories of capacities and vulnerabilities

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CVA Tool 1: Categories of capacities and vulnerabilities

# data[].attributes.body
1. Physical or material
2. Social or organized (social fabric, political structure and informal systems of a community)
3. Motivational and attitudinal

# data[].attributes.body
Based on the central idea that people's existing strengths and weaknesses can determine the impact a crisis has on them and how they respond to the crisis

# data[].attributes.body
The CVA was designed to help outside agencies plan aid in emergencies in such a way that the interventions meet immediate needs as well as build on the strength of people and their efforts to achieve long-term social and economic development

# data[].attributes.body
-needs a good facilitator
-some factors can get lost because categories have many aspects
-requires careful repetition to consider changes over time
-does not seek out most vulnerable community members (ethnicity, race etc.)
-difficulty in defining a community
-subordination is often not explicit (i.e. women's complex realities cannot be adequately captured and the framework might need to be adapted to women/men-only groups)
-risk of misleading outcomes due to power relations between funders and community members

# data[].attributes.body
-designed for community-based development workers and  fosters bottom-up analysis through community participation
-simple and systematic, transformatory as well as technical
-considers gender relations, and examines each category separately, and includes men as gendered beings
-levels of analysis can be added to suit particular interventions
-includes intangible resources and can capture changes over time
-used for participatory impact assessment
-quick data gathering

# data[].attributes.body
- a participatory planning tool
-useful for transformatory gender thinking
-purpose designed training manual

# data[].attributes.body
1. Analysis is conducted by subjects with initial help of facilitator
2. Intended to be used with other standard analysis tools such a monitoring, needs assessment etc.
3. Reviewed once a month for first three months and once every three months thereafter

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GAM Tool 2: Analysis of four kinds of impact

# data[].attributes.subject
GAM Tool 2: Analysis of four kinds of impact

# data[].attributes.body
1. Labour- changes in tasks, skill level required and labour capacity
2. Time- changes in the amount of time it takes to complete a task associated with the activity
3. Resources- changes in access to resources as a consequence of the project and the extent of control over changes in resources
4. Socio-cultural factors- changes in social aspects of participants' lives

# data[].attributes.headline
GAM Tool 1: Analysis at four levels of society

# data[].attributes.subject
GAM Tool 1: Analysis at four levels of society

# data[].attributes.body
1. Women- all women or women of a specific age group in the community
2. Men- all men or men of a specific age group in the community
3. Household- women, men or children living together, in a nuclear model or otherwise
4. Community- everyone within the project area

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Principle:
1. Subjects of analysis are equipped with the knowledge for gender analysis themselves
2. Gender analysis does not require technical expertise of those outside the community, except facilitators
3. Gender analysis cannot promote transformation unless carried out by the people being analyzed.

The matrix is filled by a group within a community, with equal numbers of men and women

# data[].attributes.body
Determine different impact development interventions have on women and men, by providing a community-based technique for identifying and analysing gender differences. The GAM is a transformatory tool that is intended to initiate a process of analysis by community members themselves, and encourages to identify and constructively challenge their assumptions about gender roles.

# data[].attributes.body
- Developed by Rani Parker in 1993
- influenced by the reality and ideology of participatory planning; accommodates constraints imposed by shortage of funding and time, illiteracy, and insufficient or non-existent qual data on gender roles

# data[].attributes.body
-Radical agenda is depoliticized by the language of planning
- Concept of triple role does not full capture power imbalance between women and men, for instance, does not recognize chosen roles
-Triple role or double role?
- Women's and men's separate activities are emphasized rather than the relationships between the two
- Does not highlight other forms of inequality
- Ignores men as gendered beings
-Change over time is not examined as a variable
- New policy approaches need to be developed and conceptualized
- May encounter strong resistance

# data[].attributes.body
-Accessible and easily applicable
-Moves planning beyond technical concerns
-Speaks to Planners in their own language
-Challenges inequality
-Powerful tools of practical/strategic needs
- Triple role concept makes all areas of work visible

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-Planning at all levels
-Training for awareness raising, programme planning and implementation

# data[].attributes.headline
Moser Tool 6: Involving women, and gender-aware organizations and planners in planning

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Moser Tool 6: Involving women, and gender-aware organizations and planners in planning

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Moser Tool 5: Distinguishing between different aims in interventions- the WID/GAD policy matrix

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Moser Tool 5: Distinguishing between different aims in interventions- the WID/GAD policy matrix

# data[].attributes.body
This a tool for evaluation which can reveal success as well as weaknesses, constraints and pitfalls. It encourages users to consider how planning interventions transform the subordinate positions of women by ask how the intervention has met their needs. (related to approaches- welfare, equity, anti-poverty, efficiency and empowerment)

# data[].attributes.headline
Moser Tool 4: Planning for balancing the triple role

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Moser Tool 4: Planning for balancing the triple role

# data[].attributes.body
asks whether a planned project will increase a woman's workload in one of her roles, to the detriment of her other roles

# data[].attributes.headline
Moser Tool 3: Disaggregating control of resources and decision-making within the household

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Moser Tool 3: Disaggregating control of resources and decision-making within the household

# data[].attributes.body
This asks- who controls/decides what and how?
This tool links the allocation of resources in the household to the bargaining process which determines intra-household allocation.

# data[].attributes.body
Practical gender needs vs. strategic gender needs

Practical needs can include interventions such as- water and health-care provision, income earning opportunities, provision of housing and basic services, food distribution

Strategic needs can include interventions such as- challenges to GDOL, alleviation of domestic labour and childcare burdens, removal of institutionalized inequality and discrimination, provision of SRH which offers women choice over child-bearing, measures against male violence.

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Moser Tool 1: Gender roles identification/triple role

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Moser Tool 1: Gender roles identification/triple role

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1. Reproductive work- care and maintenance of the household
2. Productive work- production of goods and services for consumption and trade
3. Community work- collective organization of social events and services

*It make sense to use the triple role analysis in a planning framework since a development intervention in one area impacts the other two areas

# data[].attributes.body
Key concepts:
1. women's triple role
2. practical and strategic gender needs
3. categories of WID/GAD policy approaches

# data[].attributes.body
To set up gender planning as a type of planning in its own right

Moser distinguishes gender and traditional planning. Gender planning is both political and technical in nature, assumes conflict in the planning process, involves a transformatory process and characterizes planning as a debate.

# data[].attributes.body
-developed in the time of GAD which sought to integrate gender planning into all aspects of development work

# data[].attributes.body
-works best with homogenous groups
-questions of control cannot be fully answered as control is often assumed by external actors
-leads to short-term interventions rather than long-term

# data[].attributes.body
-simple step-by-step approach
-include concepts of change over time and protection
-uses an expanded concept of resources, for instance looks at intangible resources such as skills, time and social organization

# data[].attributes.body
originally designed to assist in refugee situations but can be adapted in emergencies or periods of rapid change

# data[].attributes.body
-too materialist and relies on the tangible while ignoring relationships
-oversimplifies concepts of access and control
-changes over time are not accounted
-does not pay attention to who performs community work

# data[].attributes.body
- developed from an efficiency perspective (WID), rather than equity perspective, thus gives no guidance on how development workers might challenge existing inequalities. Using Kabeer's definition of gender-aware policies, they lead to gender neutral/specific interventions rather than to ones which transform gender relations
-encourage an insufficiently thorough analysis through a 'tick-the-boxes' approach and thus miss the complexity of the community's reality
- fails to specify the importance of the participation of women and men themselves in analyzing their own realities.
-do not address the culture or context of the institutions which determine the allocation of resources to recipients.
-emphasize separation rather than connectedness and interrelationships between people (i.e. concentrate of activities and resources of different people rather than on relationships between different groups). It does not look at the realities of negotiation and decision-making.
-issues of power are not made explicit and ignores other underlying inequalities
-Adaption of Havard Tool 2 (Access and Control Profile) to include a third profile, women's socio-political position.
-designed for information collection, not planning

# data[].attributes.body
-practical and hands on
-gives a clear picture of GDOL
-distinguish between access and control of resources
-easily adaptable
-non-threatening and gender neutral (facts over theory)

# data[].attributes.body
- both used for gathering and analyzing information, creating a database for any stage of a project cycle
- used in training and sensitization
-used a gender-neutral entry point (because they are based on fact, not (feminist) theory and there is less resistance
-communication
- in conjunction with Moser Framework

# data[].attributes.headline
Joint Commentary on Harvard Framework and POP

# data[].attributes.subject
Joint Commentary on Harvard Framework and POP

# data[].attributes.headline
POP Tool 3: Use and Control of Resources

# data[].attributes.subject
POP Tool 3: Use and Control of Resources

# data[].attributes.body
Indicates how resources are distributed and who has a say over their use, including material and intangible resources (community, social networks, time, labour, education). It considers that men and women have lost resources in the refugee situation, but may have gained new ones. It considers how the new situation will affect gender relations and introduce opportunities for positive change for women.

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This indicates who does what, when and where they do it, and the resources used, before and after their refugee situation.

# data[].attributes.headline
POP Tool 1: Refugee Population Profile and Context Analysis

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POP Tool 1: Refugee Population Profile and Context Analysis

# data[].attributes.body
-who are the refugees and what is their context

# data[].attributes.body
1. The Determinants Analysis / Refugee Population Profile and Context Analysis
2. The Activities Analysis
3. Use and Control of Resources Analysis

# data[].attributes.body
-emphasized change, participation and the importance of analysis

# data[].attributes.body
To ensure that "disparities between the sexes are reduced" (Anderson 1992) and to ensure efficient and equitable distribution of resources and services, and promote more appropriate targeting of development assistance.

# data[].attributes.body
-published in 1992
-adapted from Havard Analytical Framework
-first used in refugee situations

# data[].attributes.headline
Havard Tool 4: Checklist for Project-Cycle Analysis

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Havard Tool 4: Checklist for Project-Cycle Analysis

# data[].attributes.body
-examines the project proposal from a gender perspective using gender disaggregated data through a series of questions (page 36)
- occurs at all stages of planning- identification, design, implementation and evaluation
- Women's dimension in project identification- assessing women's needs, project objectives, identifying negative effects
- Women's dimension in project design- project impacts on women's activities and access and control
- Women's dimension in project implementation- personnel (sensitization), organizational structures, operation and logistics, finances, flexibility
- Women's dimension in project evaluation- data requirements, collection and analysis

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-identifies what influences differences in the GDOL, access and control listed in Tool 2
-can include norms, demographic conditions, institutional structures, economic conditions, education
-how does each influence present constraints or opportunities?

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Harvard Tool 2: The Access and Control Profile (resources and benefits)

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Harvard Tool 2: The Access and Control Profile (resources and benefits)

# data[].attributes.body
- identifies what resources people use to carry out the tasks identified in Tool 1.
-indicates whether men and women have access to resources, who controls their use and who controls how these resources are distributed in the household and who benefits.

# data[].attributes.body
-identifies productive and reproductive tasks (who does what?)
- considers gender and age denominations, time allocation and activity locus

# data[].attributes.body
- uses a grid/matrix to collect data at a micro-level

# data[].attributes.body
An economic case for allocating resources to women as well as men

# data[].attributes.body
- published in 1985
-formerly called the Gender Roles or Gender Analysis Framework
- efficiency approach

# data[].attributes.headline
What are the potential limitations of the framework and how are the accounted/compensated for?

# data[].attributes.subject
What are the potential limitations of the framework and how are the accounted/compensated for?

# data[].attributes.headline
Does the framework do what I want it to do?

# data[].attributes.subject
Does the framework do what I want it to do?

# data[].attributes.headline
Which gender frameworks can also be used in work addressing male identity and roles?

# data[].attributes.subject
Which gender frameworks can also be used in work addressing male identity and roles?

# data[].attributes.body
While the Women's Empowerment (longwe) Framework does not look at men as well, the DPU's adaptation of the Moser Framework, as well as the Gender Analysis Matrix do.

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What is the role of the planner in the framework?

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What is the role of the planner in the framework?

# data[].attributes.body
The Social Relations Approach explicitly requires planners to examine their own institutions and understand how they bring biases into the planning process.

# data[].attributes.headline
What is the ultimate goal of each framework? Is it focusing on efficiency or empowerment?

# data[].attributes.subject
What is the ultimate goal of each framework? Is it focusing on efficiency or empowerment?

# data[].attributes.body
The efficiency approach to WID is based on the understanding that it is inefficient to ignore women in planning a distribution of resources. It is concerned with efficient allocation of resources. However, it does not challenge existing gender relations and leads to gender neutral or gender specific policies or interventions.

Empowerment approaches emphasize the transformation of gender relations, through women's empowerment...Empowerment cannot be given, it must be self-generated.

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How much does each framework include and vale intangible and tangible resources?

# data[].attributes.subject
How much does each framework include and vale intangible and tangible resources?

# data[].attributes.headline
Does the framework mainly analyse social roles or social relations? 

# data[].attributes.subject
Does the framework mainly analyse social roles or social relations? 

# data[].attributes.body
A gender-roles analysis (eg. Harvard Analytical Frame) sees a community in terms of who does/has what, while a gender-relations analysis (eg. Social Relations Approach) sees community in terms of how members relate to each other (bargaining power, altrusim, self-interest).

A roles approach may encourage users to think of women and women as separate or isolate groups. Kabeer (1992) posits that a gender-roles analysis does not directly examine how power is structures and negotiated. However, a gender relations approach attempt to reverse them by analyzing the relationships between people.

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How flexible are different gender frameworks?

# data[].attributes.subject
How flexible are different gender frameworks?

# data[].attributes.body
Gender analysis must recognize that change over time will occur, especially at a fastened pace during economic or heath crises.

# data[].attributes.headline
To what extent does the framework incorporate an analysis of social relations which go beyond issues of gender?

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To what extent does the framework incorporate an analysis of social relations which go beyond issues of gender?

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Simply put, to what extent is it intersectional? Does the framework look at how other social categories such as economic status, race, ethnicity or disability contribute to an individual's power and status in their community?

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Comparing Gender Frameworks- Useful Questions

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Comparing Gender Frameworks- Useful Questions

# data[].attributes.headline
Naila Kabeer (1992) Classification of Policies

# data[].attributes.subject
Naila Kabeer (1992) Classification of Policies

# data[].attributes.body
1. Gender-blind policies- recognize no difference between the sexes, and make assumptions that lead to bias in favour of existing gender relations and excludes women.

2. Gender-aware policies- recognizes women as development actors and women's involvement is determined by gender relations. Further divided into gender-neutral policies, gender specific policies and gender re-distributive policies.

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These challenge the existing relations of power between men and women, and usually relate to the GDOL, power and control.

For women, these can include issues such as legal rights, domestic violence, equal pay, bodily autonomy. For men, these can include provisions to partake in childcare.

# data[].attributes.body
A response to an immediate perceived necessity; interventions which do this are typically concerned with inadequacies of living conditions. These improve the lives of women without changing existing gender relations

# data[].attributes.body
Gender relations- The social relationships between men as a sex and women as a sex...Gender relations are concerned with how power is distributed between the sexes...They define the way responsibilities and claims are allocated and the way each is given a value (page 18)

Gender analysis- It explores and highlights the relationships of women and men in society, and the inequalities in those relationships...it breaks down the divide between the public and private sphere.

GDOL/SDOL- defines how men and women are assigned tasks, activities and responsibilities according to their sex.

Production- production of goods/services for income or subsistence.

Reproduction- care and maintenance of a household and its members. It is necessary but unpaid work and is of lesser value than productive work.

Access- the opportunity to make use of a resource.

Control- the power to decide how a resource is used, and who has access to it.

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The risk that exists for GPF to encourage an exclusive focus on gender in development projects, thus leading to practitioners ignoring the fact that gender equality must be fought for at other levels and by other means, for instance, through advocacy and collective action of women...There is a tendency to bypass theory...in the assumption that a knowledge of facts is sufficient for development work.

# data[].attributes.body
Ruth Pearson- "Gender planning frameworks are seductively universally, presented as providing universally applicable tools. Experience has shown, however, that they are not universal." (ODA 1996)

# data[].attributes.body
The 'methods of research and planning for assessing and promoting gender issues in institutions'.

Gender frameworks are a means to a bigger end: that of devising and implementing policies and programmes which do not exclude women, which take their needs and perspectives into account, and which may help redress some of the existing gender imbalances.

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Both a technical and political process which requires shifts in organizational cultures and ways of thinking, as well as in the goals, structures and resources allocation of international agencies, governments and NGOs (Kardam 1998)

# data[].attributes.body
1. Welfare approach
2. Equity approach
3. Efficiency approach
4. Empowerment approach