# data[].attributes.body
Burning oil produces carbon dioxide gas. This is a greenhouse gas that contributes towards climate change. Burning oil can pollute the air. Much of our oil has to be imported and it is becoming more and more expensiv

# data[].attributes.body
Burning oil produces carbon dioxide gas. This is a greenhouse gas that contributes towards climate change. Burning oil can pollute the air. Much of our oil has to be imported and it is becoming more and more expensive as reserves reduce and imports increase.

# data[].attributes.body
Burning oil produces carbon dioxide gas. This is a greenhouse gas that contributes towards climate cha

# data[].attributes.body
Production of petroleum in Australia ( Thousand B/D)

1980 - 400
1990 - 600
2000 - 700
2010 - 500
2020 - 320

Consumption of petroleum in Australia ( Thousand B/D)

1980 - 594
1990 - 738
2000 - 872
2010 - 1013
2020 - 936

# data[].attributes.body
The oil and gas industry is a major contributor to Australia’s current prosperity and wealth creation in numerous ways, including:

Investment

Employment

Direct and indirect job creation

Regional development

Export revenue

Taxation

Energy security.

This sector underpins around 80,000 direct and indirect jobs – and hundreds of thousands of Australian jobs rely on the reliable, affordable and sustainable supply of oil and gas.

Many oil and gas jobs are based in rural and regional towns, which provides a range of benefits including upskilling and educational opportunities as well as creating stronger, more resilient local communities.

In addition, companies all over Australia are supplying goods and services to the oil and gas industry, and the use of fly-in, fly-out staffing is spreading the benefits of the sector right across Australia.

# data[].attributes.body
The production of crude oil, condensate and liquefied petroleum gas has declined since 2001. Australia possesses less than 0.3% of the world’s oil resources, and it exports most crude oil to Asian refineries. Completed and announced closures of refineries will shortly see Australian refining capacity halve compared to 2000–01 levels, and liquid fuel supply will increasingly rely on imports. In the 2013-14 budgets,  funds were appropriated for the Government to investigate Australia’s  compliance with its international Energy Agency fuel stockpiling obligations

# data[].attributes.body
Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquid found beneath the earth’s surface that can be refined into fuel.
Petroleum is used as fuel to power vehicles, heating units, and machines, as well as it can be converted into plastics and other materials.
The extraction and processing of petroleum, and thus, its availability, is a major driver of the world's economy and global politics.
Petroleum is recovered by oil drilling. After it has been recovered, it is refined and separated. It is most commonly refined into different types of fuels. Petroleum contains hydrocarbons of different molecular weights. In general, the denser the petroleum the more difficult it is to process and the less valuable it is.
In the petroleum industry, petroleum companies are divided into upstream, midstream and downstream. This refers to an oil and gas company's position in the supply chain. Upstream oil and gas companies identify, extract, or produce raw materials. Downstream oil companies engage in business related to the post-production of crude oil and natural gas. Midstream oil and gas companies connect downstream and upstream companies, typically by participating in the storage and transportation of oil and other refined products.

# data[].attributes.body
Pipelines act as the artery of Australia’s petroleum products, transferring oil and gas from production sites to domestic and international customers. Australia has successively invested in the construction of long distance oil and gas pipelines. The Moonie to Brisbane pipeline, for example, was the first Australian pipeline built for oil transportation. It was completed in 1964 and was 306 kilometres long. The 440km Roma to Brisbane pipeline, on the other hand, came into operation in March 1969 and is Australia’s oldest natural gas pipeline. Today, Australia has more than 39,000 kilometres of natural gas tr... more
Taking digital innovation from pilot to deployment
20 Dec, 201989
At a recent executive panel event, author and independent advisor on digital strategy and innovation in oil and gas, Geoffrey Cann said the oil and gas sector's inability to 'scale-up' digital innovations is an impediment to progress. One of the key takeaways at the event was the problem of scaling up digital innovations from pilot to real application. Although oil and gas companies may be serious about investing in digital innovation, many still struggle with moving beyond pilots and trials.  Mr Cann said due to oil and gas companies’ multiple layers of management, tight procurement rules, waterfall desi... more
New training technologies become reality
20 Dec, 201974
Following the rapid deployment of virtual reality (VR) in the gaming and entertainment industries, and as VR headsets become increasingly more affordable, we are now the witnessing wide-scale deployment of this technology in other industries to achieve increased safety, efficiency and productivity. Many applications are available that allow oil and gas companies to develop use cases, train employees in virtually identical workplace environments, increase productivity and lower risk. The benefits VR can offer oil and gas companies are numerous. TRAINING Most oil and gas facilities (such as drilling platform... more
Subsea robots go to greater depths
20 Dec, 2019106
Subsea robots go to greater depths. They are typically connected to a ship via a group of cables so they can be operated by someone at the water surface.  ROVs have been used by the oil and gas industry for many years for a variety of works that may be challenging or unsafe for humans to conduct - from underwater drilling, construction and installation as well as the inspection and maintenance of key assets. The most basic ROVs are equipped with a video camera and lights. However, they may also feature non-destructive testing sensors (to check structural integrity), cleaning devices such as rotating wire, ny... more
Oil and Gas demand shapes subsea pipelines
20 Dec, 2019121
Increased demand for oil and natural gas, a rise in offshore production, and demand for cheaper methods of transportation have encouraged companies to accelerate the process of building subsea pipelines. Thus, the global offshore pipeline market is forecast to grow from US$11.5 billion in 2018 to US$15.8 billion by 2023, at a 6.54 per cent growth each year.  Subsea pipelines are subject to several inherent challenges,  some that are beyond the operator’s control.

# data[].attributes.body
Production ( million barrels )

1980 - 0.5

1990 - 1.0

2000 - 0.75

2010 – 1.0

2020 – 1.5

Consumption ( million barrels )

1980 – 0.6

1990 – 1.2

2000 - 2.0

2010 – 2.5

2020 -  4.2

# data[].attributes.body
1) The first part of refining crude oil is to heat it until it boils. The boiling liquid is separated into different liquids and gases in a distillation column. These liquids are used to make petrol, kerosene, diesel fuel etc. Crude oil is a mixture of different chemical called hydrocarbons.

2) Oil production in India comes primarily from three onshore states, Assam, Gujarat and Rajasthan, which together account for more than 96 per cent of oil from onshore fields, and from the aged offshore Mumbai High Field.

3) Petroleum refineries change crude oil into petroleum products for use as fuels for transportation, heating, paving roads, and generating electricity and as feedstocks for making chemicals.

# data[].attributes.body
Petroleum products include transportation fuels, fuel oils for heating and electricity generation, asphalt and road oil, and feedstocks for making the chemicals, plastics, and synthetic materials that are in nearly everything we use.

Petroleum is extremely easy to extract.

It is a high-density fuel.

Petroleum can be transported over long distances.

It provides a fuel that works with our infrastructure.

It can be used in a wide variety of ways.

Petroleum provides a stable energy resource.

1) The Indian economy will likely see significant benefits in the form of lower current account deficit, reduced inflation and higher GDP following a slump in international crude oil prices, Kotak Institutional Equities Research said on Wednesday.

The collapse in cooperation between Saudi Arabia and Russia has triggered a plunge in oil prices that shows no signs of abating. Saudi Arabia has been cooperating with Russia to limit supply to the oil market and prop up prices.

# data[].attributes.body
1) Once we extract this fluid, refiners can use it to produce several different fuels, including diesel oil, kerosene, and petrol. There are some places where this oil does not get trapped underground, so it will start seeping to the surface. One of the most significant natural seeps for this resource is found in the Upper Ojai Valley in California.

2) Petroleum is thick and flammable, which is why it makes such an efficient resource for fuel. The color can range from yellow to black, while the hydrocarbons we harvest can also take on solid or gaseous qualities.

Petroleum is a limited resource.

Is a major contributor to air pollution.

Petroleum is used to produce other products that are harmful for the environment.

Transporting petroleum products overseas can affect the environment.

3) Burning oil produces carbon dioxide gas. This is a greenhouse gas that contributes towards climate change. Burning oil can pollute the air. Much of our oil has to be imported and it is becoming more and more expensive as reserves reduce and imports increase.

# data[].attributes.body
picture

# data[].attributes.body
picture

# data[].attributes.body
The estimated potential for geothermal energy in India is about 10000 MW. There are seven geothermal provinces in India : the Himalayas, Sohana, West coast, Cambay, Son-Narmada- Tapi (SONATA), Godavari, and Mahanadi.

# data[].attributes.body
Consumption(GWh)
1980 - 40000
1990 - 50000
2000 - 55000
2010 - 65000
2020 - 75000
Production(GWh)
1980 - 40000
1990 - 50000
2000 - 55000
2010 - 65000
2020 - 75000

# data[].attributes.body
1. Geothermal Energy Sourcing Is Good for the Environment

First and foremost, geothermal energy is extracted from the earth without burning fossil fuels, and geothermal fields produce practically no emissions. What’s more, geothermal energy can be very beneficial, as you can achieve savings of up to 80% over conventional energy usage.

2. Geothermal Is a Reliable Source of Renewable Energy

Geothermal energy also has many advantages when compared to other renewable sources like solar, wind or biomass. It is an exceptionally constant source of energy, meaning that it is not dependent on neither wind nor sun, and available all year long.

When looking at the availability factor, which shows how reliable and constant specific energy sources are, geothermal is ranking on the top.

3. High Efficiency of Geothermal Systems

Geothermal heat pump systems use 25% to 50% less electricity than conventional systems for heating or cooling, and with their flexible design they can be adjusted to different situations, requiring less space for hardware as opposed to conventional systems.

4. Little to No Geothermal System Maintenance

Due to the fact that geothermal systems only have few movable parts which are sheltered inside a building, the life span of geothermal heat pump systems is relatively high. Heat pump pipes even have warranties of between 25 and 50 years, while the pump can usually last for at least 20 years.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Environmental Concerns about Greenhouse Emissions

Unfortunately, no matter its reputation of being an environmentally friendly alternative energy source, geothermal energy also causes some minor concerns in regards to the environment. The extraction of geothermal energy from the grounds leads to a release of greenhouse gases like hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, methane and ammonia. However, the amount of gas released is significantly lower than in the case of fossil fuels.

2. Possibility of Depletion of Geothermal Sources

Furthermore, despite being considered a sustainable and renewable energy, the chances are that specific locations might cool down after time, making it impossible to harvest more geothermal energy in future. The only non-depletable option is sourcing geothermal energy right from magma but the technology for doing so is still in the process of development. This option is worth the investment mainly thanks to the fact that magma will be around for billions of years.

3. High Investment Costs for Geothermal System

Another disadvantage is the high initial cost for individual households. The need for drilling and installing quite a complex system into one’s home makes the price climb quite high. Nevertheless, the return on such investment is very promising, being able to earn the investment back within 2 to 10 years.

4. Land Requirements for Geothermal System to Be Installed

In case of geothermal systems, having a piece of land next to the house is required in order to be able to install one. That makes geothermal systems hard to be implemented for homeowners in big cities, unless a vertical ground source heat pump is used.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Hot water is pumped from deep underground through a well under high pressure.

2. When the water reaches the surface, the pressure is dropped, which causes the water to turn into steam.

3. The steam spins a turbine, which is connected to a generator that produces electricity.

4. The steam cools off in a cooling tower and condenses back to water.

5. The cooled water is pumped back into the Earth to begin the process again.

# data[].attributes.body
1) In the recent years, the O&G industry has adopted advanced machinery aimed at increasing yields. It also has been using information technology applications for managing and organizing data being generated from the front-end operations. At present, some of the leading industry players are even implementing new-age technologies to re-imagine business processes and drive actionable insights from the available data pool.

2) Yet there is a dearth of data mapping, analysis and real-time decision-making between the layers of IT applications and machines, as well as the systems used for actual operations. It is this gap the O&G industry is looking to bridge by integrating the processes of information technology and operational technology (OT).

3) One approach that enabled the project team to squeeze timelines and budget was the modular construction concept for building the steel structures. By directly erecting prefabricated steel structures, the team avoided major structural fabrication work at the site.

4) Plot clearing activities and construction of new workshops went on simultaneously, enabling the project team to release the plot for project activities in phases.

5) Civil works for the control room and substation building that started early set the pace for the rest of the project. The control room and sub-station were completed. The control room was used as a site office which allowed the team to monitor the project.

# data[].attributes.body
1 Improvements in Exploration, Drilling and Assessment Technologies
In exploration, R&D is required to locate hidden geothermal systems (i.e., with no surface manifestations such as hot springs and fumaroles) and for EGS prospects. Refinement and wider usage of rapid reconnaissance geothermal tools such as satellite-based hyper-spectral, thermal infrared, high-resolution panchromatic and radar sensors could make exploration efforts more effective.

2 Efficient Production of Geothermal Power, Heat and/or Cooling
Equipment needed to provide heating/cooling and/or electricity from geothermal wells is already available on the market. However, the efficiency of the different system components can still be improved, and it is even more important to develop conversion systems that more efficiently utilize energy in the produced geothermal fluid at competitive costs. It is basically inevitable that more efficient plants (and components) will have higher investment costs, but the objective would be to ensure that the increased performance justifies these costs.

3 Technological and Process Challenges in Enhanced Geothermal Systems
Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) require innovative methods, some of which are also applicable to power plants and direct-use projects ased on hydrothermal resources.