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Arkansas Before It Was Arkansas (Hundreds of millions of years ago)

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Arkansas Before It Was Arkansas (Hundreds of millions of years ago)

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About 600 million years ago, Arkansas as we know it was covered by water.  Next, the earth’s tectonic plates collided, forming mountains. There are Arkansas regions we like to call upland regions.  The Ozark Mountains,Ouachita Mountains, and Arkansas River Valley are all a part of the upland region. On the other hand, there are regions known as the lowland regions.  These regions are the Gulf Coastal Plain, the Arkansas Delta, and Crowley’s Ridge.  Then, about 230 million years ago, the plains of the Delta of the Mississippi became dry land. The glaciers from the Ice Age did not reach Arkansas, but they did make the weather cooler.  This natural history is important because it tells us how this land came to be.

Hopper, An Arkansas History For Young People. Chapter 5, page 110. Matkin-Rawn, “Arkansas's Highland Geography,”

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The Lives of Clovis People (approximately 11,479-10,879 BC)  

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The Lives of Clovis People (approximately 11,479-10,879 BC)  

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The Clovis people were part of Paleoindian culture. Clovis people lived in small groups known as bands that had up to fifty members per group.  The females went outside of the band to marry.  The girls stayed in the camp to make clothing, take care of babies, and gather plant foods.  The men hunted for days at a time; their favorite prey to hunt was mammoths, but once the mammoth became extinct, they transitioned to the bison. The men used a different technique to kill the bison; when the bison went to drink, they would attack the bison. This is the way archaeologists pictured American life in the 1970s and 1980s. In the beginning, people thought Clovis people were the first Americans, but now experts believe humans have been around for thousands of years. The overkill theory suggests that clovis culture revolves around hunting but evidence shows that hunting is not the primary focus of this culture.
Mann's.  Before Columbus.  Chapter 7, page 66-67.

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Animals Evolving Overtime (11,000-10,000 B.C)

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Animals Evolving Overtime (11,000-10,000 B.C)

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More than 13,000 years ago, large animals known as megafauna's roamed North America.  Some examples of megafauna's are Mastodons, Sabertooth tigers, and five- hundred pound beavers. People all over the world generally believe that rhinos and ostriches are in Africa, but large versions of rhinos and flightless birds were found in North America.  Rhinos and ostriches are part of the Pleistocene megafuana group; Pleistocene is a time period that was about 10,000 years ago.  During this time, there were also giant turtles and sloths that were able to reach branches from twenty feet above.  Around 11,500 B.C., megafauna's began to become extinct, but some still existed but did not live in America; including three species of horses, and at least two species of camels. The big question is " what could have killed so many huge animals, so quickly?"
Mann's Before Columbus. Chapter 7, page 64.

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Reasons Megafuana Could Have Become Extinct(11,000 B.C)

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Reasons Megafuana Could Have Become Extinct(11,000 B.C)

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There are two main reasons that scientists believe megfuana went extinct.  One of these reasons being climate change.  Global warming effected the animals and plants that could survive in an area.  The rivers warmed up and forests expanded.  Another reason it was believed megafauna went extinct was hunting.  Hunters and gathers dominated 2/3 around 10,500 B.C. (Lecture videos). The extinctions effected Native American societies. Other places around the world has domesticated animals; however, Native Americans only had dogs, llama, alpaca, guinea pig, and ducks.  The major difference between Europeans and Native Americans was the difference in the amount of livestock.  With this major difference, this allowed Native Americans to live without multiple diseases. This is important because Europeans had diseases due to the animals they were surrounded with; while the Natives had little to no disease.
Mann's.  Before Columbus.  Chapter 7, page 67-68.

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How did climate change affect Native Americans?

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How did climate change affect Native Americans?

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The glaciers from the Ice Age began melting cause the climate to become warmer and drier.The warmer climate affected not only the Indians, but the larger animals such as mastodons.  The mastodons either died or moved North where the weather was cooler; once they left Arkansas all that was left was smaller animals like bears, wolves, rabbits, etc.  This period in history is known as the Archaic tradition. Tools and weapons Indians used were more effective. Archaic Indians stayed in one area for part of the year; they stayed in areas alongside the riverbanks.  Their lifestyles changed overtime; they dug holes to get rid of trash, they collected mussels and crawfish, when they were searching for larger game they would travel to the lowlands, and new tools were used.  They called these tools atlatls which are throwing sticks. This is important because you learn how the change in climate changed the lifestyles of the Indians.

Hopper's, An Arkansas History For Young People, chapter 5 page 112

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Mound building began in 3400 Bc. There were giant hills that are larger than pyramids that are four stories high; these were built by hands. These mounds were the home of 15,000 Native Americans in Cahokia.  Cahokia is near modern day St. Louis, MO.  Most of the mounds were shaped like cones. Some communities built them as burials for their loved ones, it is also believed that they are used for religious purposes. Mound building ended around 1400. Mound allow us to learn the culture and the lifestyle of natives in Cahokia.
Mann's. Before Columbus; Chapter 10 page 93-94.

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Cahokia's golden age lasted from 950 AD-1250.  Cahokian's were not merchants or craft workers; there were a lot of farmers in the Cahokian community. The community started out very small, and expanded when people moved to the area to partake in mound building. The agricultural revolution made mound building possible, and shifted to growing maize; maize is another word for corn.
Mann's.  Before Columbus. Chapter 10, page 94.

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In the late 15th century; a man by the name of Christopher Columbus brought Europeans to the Americas. Columbus believed that he landed on the shores of Asia and India, but he was wrong. Columbus called the people that he saw “Indians.”  Europeans soon realized “Indians” were not a part of Asia, and began looking where they originated from. The Bible says that humans and animals drowned in Noah's flood, if they were not on the Ark. Many believed the Noah’s Ark landed in Turkey. It was simple to realize how these people and animals could have ended up in Africa, Asia, and Europe, but not the Americas. This is why the Europeans were shocked when they arrived.

Mann’s Before Columbus. Chapter 6, page 53.

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Around 1500, culture and ideas from Europe spread around the world.  "Though they did not know it, the Indians were about to have a significant role in the struggle for control of the newly discovered continent." Europeans were forming new ideas, and these new ideas were known as the Renaissance; the Renaissance made people very curious. Technology changed very quickly; "ship design and tools for navigation allowed for longer voyages, firearms, made for easier conquests, and the printing press helped to spread news quickly" Trade became more important for people to become more rich. The Renaissance changed America.
Hopper, Arkansas History for Young People. Chapter 6 page 124.

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European Brings Diseases to the Native Americans (around 1500) 

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European Brings Diseases to the Native Americans (around 1500) 

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Unlike the vast amount of people from Europe, Asia, and Africa, Native Americans grew up in small groups of settlers. People that originated from America, were cut off from diseases after the land bridge was covered by water. People in Europe, Asia, and Africa were surrounded by animals, but Native Americans were not. Native Americans did not have diseases because they did not have domesticated animals. Europeans gained immunity from these disease like small pox or measles. Native Americans were not immune to these diseases, so when the Europeans came to America multiple Native Americans were killed. Hopper, An Arkansas History for Young People page 70.

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Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire in 1532, with the help of diseases that traveled through the empire. In 1526, the emperor Wayna Qhapaq died due to sickness.  Smallpox killed the emperor and 200,000 people in Inca.  The disease led to a fall in the army of Inca.  The emperor died six years before Pizarro arrived in Peru; it is believed that the disease came from the Caribbean ( where smallpox was an issue in a Spanish colony). Disease was spread easily through the country.
Hopper, An Arkansas History for Young People chapter 6 page 72.

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The Truth Behind Hernando de Soto (1539)

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The Truth Behind Hernando de Soto (1539)

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Hernando de Soto was a Spanish explorer who petitioned the Spanish crown to be Adelantado (governor of Florida; everything North of New Mexico).  In 1539, de Soto and his men arrived in Florida; he had nine ships, 600 soldiers, horses, pigs, war dogs, etc.  De Soto was traveling to find gold.  He eventually reached a village that was home to the Casqui chief.  De Soto told people he was the "Son of Sun" so a God.  The chief asked De Soto to make it rain.  In response de Soto had his men build a cross, and a few days later it did rain, making the Indians believe he was a "God."  De Soto explored "eastern Arkansas." May 21, 1542 de Soto died from a fever. His expedition was failure to say the least.
Hopper, An Arkansas History for Young People, Chapter 6 page 126 and page 128

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De Soto and his men captured Native Americans; men and women.  They stole their clothes as well. People were scared of de Soto and his men because they knew the violence that followed them.  The cacique gifted de Soto and his men with fish, animal skins, and blankets. As you can see, the Native Americans were scared of de Soto.
Spanish Encounter with Arkansas Native: DeSoto in Arkansas.

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A Roman Catholic teacher by the name of Jose de Acosta was the first well-known person to answer the question, “how had people and animals managed to cross the ocean and populate the Americas?”  In 1590, Acosta came to the conclusion that just like other humans, Native Americans were also descendants of the first Biblical man, Adam. Acosta believes the Indians came from the Old World, and walked across to the Americas by crossing a land bridge.    Europeans theorized that Native Americans could have descended from Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, or Jewish tribes.  Other Europeans believe they could have been some of the last survivors of Atlantis.

Mann’s Before Columbus. Chapter 6, page 54.

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In 1686, de Toni establish his trading post and his fort that was "at the mouth of the Arkansas and named it 'Poste Aux,' a.k.a. The Arkansas Post.  De Toni went back to Canada and "eventually went back to France." He left six people at the Arkansas Post when he left.  The first beginning of Arkansas was the first European Settlement.
Hopper, An Arkansas History for Young People; Chapter 6 page 134.

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In the 1640s, a dutch lawyer by the name of Andriaen Van Der Donk lived handworked near the Hudson River Valley.  Donk spent time with Native Americans that called themselves Haudenosaunee.  Later in his life, he stayed in Europe for five years. Donk said "each fall was marked by huge blazes, when the Haudensaunee set fire to the fields and forests."  The Natives did this to kill off the dead weeds, grass, and shrubs.  They did this so new grass, weeds, and shrubs would flourish and attract animals like deer they could hunt.  This method of boring allowed Native Americans to bring new animals into the area, most likely allowing them to stay longer in the area.
Mann's. Before Columbus. Chapter 10, page 87.

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The Revolutionary War is also known as the War for American Independence. The war was between America and Britain.  Spain and France also declared war on Britain as well.  Only one small portion of the war was in Arkansas. John Colbert a British supporter began "a series of raids against Spanish trade in the Mississippi River Valley." 1783, Colbert's raiders crossed Mississippi  south of the AR Post.  In the early morning' a battle began at the Arkansas Post, and Americans began moving west where they would face week Spanish instead of the strong British.  Peace was declared in 1773, and America was free from Britain.
Hopper; An Arkansas History for Young People; Chapter 6 page 141.

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Some Native Americans grew cotton for theirselves, but they had no cotton gin, so the production of cotton in the market was slim.  What is the cotton gin? The cotton gin was invented in 1793 by Eli Whitney. The cotton gin was a machine that removed the seeds from the cotton in a more efficient manner. Without the cotton gin, slaves' would pick cotton; without slaves or a cotton gin, the production of cotton was small, until the global need for cotton rose.
DuVal; The End of the Native Ground? chapter 8, page 227

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After the war ended, Arkansas was not a part of the United States. Arkansas was still Spanish territory. Most Americans stayed on the east coast, "they created a new government under the Constitution that established a procedure for admitting new states into the Union." After the war,  a lot of Americans moved west into the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River.
Hopper; An Arkansas History For Young People, chapter 7 page 148

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One of the most famous expeditions in history is the Meriwether Lewis and William Clark expedition. Lewis, Clark, and their crew traveled eight thousand miles in a little over two years.  They explored western states that would eventually become the states; Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa, North and South Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon.  This expedition allows the crew to gain new knowledge about the rivers, the fur trade became more popular, and they began building friendships with Native Americans. On their journey, Lewis and Clark found over 150 types of plants and 120 species of animals.
Hopper; An Arkansas History For Young People, chapter 7, page 151-152.

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The national government was divided into two sections when Arkansas and what was left of the Louisiana Purchase became part of the United States.  The North of the Louisiana territory; this included present-day Arkansas. In the south was the territory of Orleans.  in 1806, Arkansas was named a district, and in 1812 Orleans was named a state.
Hopper, An Arkansas History for Young People; Chapter 8 page 164.

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Mistreatment of People (early to mid 1800s)

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Mistreatment of People (early to mid 1800s)

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Slavery was first introduced to the Americans when the Europeans arrived. Slavery in America were usually people that were African American. Slavery was a labor system that ensured a large number of workers.  According to Hopper, slavery was a way white people could keep the blacks under control, and under their power.  Whites believed that blacks were lower than them; white often believed they had more power than the blacks as well.
Hopper, An Arkansas History for Young People; chapter 8 page 165.

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Religions in Arkansas (early 1800s; 1825)

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Religions in Arkansas (early 1800s; 1825)

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Churches were a very important  symbol of behaving in a civil manner.  In 1825, the first Baptist meetinghouse was formed, 1828, the first Presbyterian church was organized.  1832, the first Christian Church was formed. Methodist churches began coming up in the northwest.  1845, a group of slaves made the First Missionary Baptist church of Little Rock.  Roman Catholic Churches were brought to American when the first French and Spanish settlers came to Arkansas, but was not formed until the 1840s.  Religion is a very important part of being American.
Hopper, An Arkansas History for Young People; chapter 9 page 197.

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Ms. Jenne Proctor was a young slave who cleaned her white owner's house. She was cleaning one day, and she was starving. She found a biscuit, and she ate it.  Her mistress came into the room asking where the biscuit went, and she told her she ate it.  Proctor was beat with a broom and salt was rubbed into the cuts for more punishment.  It is important for us to learn about the truth behind slavery.  It gives us a sense of emotion; sadness and anger.  It is very hard to imagine why people were treated this way.
Unchained Memories: Reading from the Slave Narratives.

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During the Antebellum Slave period, there was many forms of resistance. One of the main forms of resistance were slaves running away.  There was a system called the Underground Railroad an escape route for slaves to escape to free states and Canada.
Unchained Memories: Readings from the Slave Narratives

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The spring of 1835, talk was going around Arkansas that it could become a state in the Union.  Statehood rallies took place all over Arkansas that spring and summer.  In August of 1835, the unofficial vote was in favor of Arkansas becoming a state, with 1,492 votes in favor and 908 votes against Arkansas becoming a state.  Those who were in favor of becoming a state wanted more rights and a stronger voice. Those who were against felt like being a state only benefited those who were planters; planters could afford to pay the taxes that came along with being a state.  What do you think?
Hooper; An Arkansas History for Young People; chapter 9 page 182.

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On January 30,1836, the first state constitution of Arkansas was completed.  It stated that local officials will be elected by popular vote, the governor must be 30 years old, lived in Arkansas for ten years, and serve four year terms, the legislature would select U.S. senators, state Supreme Court judges, Secretary of State, state treasurer, etc., voting was limited to fee white males, and poll taxes were prohibited unless levied to raise money for county needs.
Hopper, An Arkansas History for Young People; chapter 9 page 184.

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Worthington was a planter and a slave owner from Chico County. He was one of the six people who owned between 200-300 slaves, but he owned over five hundred slaves. Half of the slaves were owned in groups of four or less.  Slaves worked in the fields side by side in the fields with the masters that owned them.
Hopper, An Arkansas History For Young People, chapter 9 page 190.

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The Divide Between the North and South Arkansas(1860)

The North and South of Arkansas divided after a major debate about slavery in 1860.  People from the South talked about leaving the Union if the people in the North abolished slavery, won  in electing the president of their choice.  People believed secession would cause a short war and the Southern people would win. Arkansas was unstable due to the divide between non-slave and slave areas.  Why is it important to know why Arkansas was divided? Arkansas is a southern state; southern states during the slave era were typically for slavery. So, Arkansas being divided by the North and South is very interesting; that one half believed you should have slavery and the other half did not.

Hopper, An Arkansas History for Young People, Chapter 10 page 212.

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What Happens After Lincoln Becomes President? (1860)

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What Happens After Lincoln Becomes President? (1860)

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Abraham Lincoln was the Republican Party candidate in 1860. Lincoln won the national election; Lincoln had the most votes out of all of the candidates, and according to the textbook; “he carried eighteen free states to win a clear victory with 180 votes in the Electoral College.” States who were in involved in slavery wondered what would happen to the South once Lincoln became president.  A lot of people worried the south would have to leave the Union.  Others wanted to wait it out, and wait until they saw the actions Lincoln would take against the South before they went into any action.  What do you think Arkansas’ view was regarding what to do? Arkansas was one of the southern states who decided to wait and see what action Lincoln would take against them.  Arkansas was warned that they would have to make a decision between “the Union without slavery, or slavery without the Union” (page 214).  Why is this important? Arkansans had to make the hard decision whether to leave the Union or not; if they left the Union, secession would be a long, hard process for Arkansas.

Hopper, An Arkansas History for Young People, chapter 10 page 213-214.

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What did women in Arkansas do during the war? (1860s)

Women in Arkansas were left with some difficult tasks due to the lack of factories that are in the North. The women had to spin, weave, and dye cloth.  The women made the uniforms, the blankets, and the bandages for the army.  Most of the work the women did were by hand, unless there were machines. It was very difficult for the women to keep the supply of boots up, there was a shortage of boots everywhere. When the war was going on, the women were responsible for doing their normal tasks, and the man’s tasks.  Women would sneak food and medicine to the men in the war, the women would also care for those who were sick, wounded, and raise their children. Why is it important to know what role women had? It shows you the strength and courage the women have to take care of those around them.

Hopper, An Arkansas History for Young People, chapter 10 page 227-227

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University of Arkansas (1862)

The University of AR was a part of the Reconstruction era legacy.  The Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862 allowed 30,000 acres of land to be sold in every state to help with funds for a university.  The end of the war delayed the action for the school building to begin. The Arkansas Industrial University was built in 1871. The college was renamed University of Arkansas in 1899. This is important because it gives us a history about UARK.

Hopper, An Arkansas History for Young People, chapter 12 page 261.

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A man by the name of John Wilkes Booth killed Lincoln on April 14 of 1865.  President Lincoln and his wife went to see a play at the Ford’s Theatre in D.C.. The Lincolns were in their booth, and their guard, John Parker, left his spot by the booth.  John Booth was able to simply walk into the booth, pointed his pistol at Lincoln, and Booth shot Lincoln in the back of the head.  John Booth jumped from the balcony, and landed on the level below.  Booth broke his leg from the fall, and drug himself out of the theatre.  On April 26, Booth was found and killed by a sergeant.  Why is it important to know about the assination of this president? In my opinion it shows what people are capable of, but it also shows us the history behind why president Lincoln is one of the most talked about presidents.

Hopper, An Arkansas History for Young People, chapter 11 page 238-239.

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Who is going to take Lincoln’s Place? (1865)

Lincoln’s Vice President, Andrew Johnson took office. Johnson shared to the public Lincoln’s goals and ideas of Reconstruction. The main goal of Reconstruction was to get southern states back into the Union. Gov. Murphy continued to serve for Arkansas. Murphy made sure to keep the principles of civil rights, BUT Arkansas denied the rights to blacks; blacks had no rights to vote, they were not allowed to serve in a jury, separated from whites at all times (not allowed to go to the same school or marry a person outside of the African American community). Why is it important to know what happens after Lincoln is killed? It shows that people kept the ideas of Reconstruction alive.

Hopper, An Arkansas History  for Young People, chapter 11 page 239.

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Arkansas After the War (1865)

After the war, Arkansans struggled with going back into a routine of being home and settling in.  People had not only physical wounds from the war, but also mental scars.  In Northwest, Arkansas, people’s property was destroyed.  A majority of plantations were not operating because there were simply no slaves to work.  Livestock had decreased by around thirty percent after the war due to livestock being stolen or lost.  Property damage throughout Arkansas was at a sky high amount in the millions of dollar range.  Family members were missing, and people would roam the country looking for family.  People were starving left and right.  African Americans who could not afford land, worked for white men which was the beginning of sharecropping.  This is important because you realize how hard it was for people to go back to life like normal.  It was very difficult to pick up where you left off prior to the war.

Hopper, An Arkansas History for Young People, chapter 12 page 256.

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New State Constitution (1874)

The New Constitution was a response to the Radical Reconstruction. It still had some of the features of Reconstruction; the features were supporting public schools, however, the new constitution made “it very hard to raise taxes.” Governor terms were cut from four years to two years. The new two- year terms took a lot of a governor's power away. This new state constitution meant there had to be a new governor; the new governor was Augustus Hill Garland. Garland was an “expert on constitutional law.” Why is this important? It is important that Garland was an expert because he knew what he was doing.

Hopper, An Arkansas History for Young People, chapter 11 page 246.

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New Women’s Rights (1874)

The New State Constitution allowed women to own property in her own name.  With that being said; some women in the rural areas still had to endure the long and hard days that required them to do chores.  Women in urban areas had a better possibility at being more wealthy, urban women typically had fewer children, and town services increased which helped form a upper middle class of city women (page 260). By 1880; women were making clubs involving books, arts, music, etc. Why is it important to know about the new rights women received? These new rights gave women greater opportunities to do what they wanted to without a man’s approval.

Hopper, An Arkansas History for Young People, chapter 12 page 260.

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In the 1890s, "amateur" archeologists found bones and tools all over America; these archaeologists believed they found tools and bones from Ice Age Americans, but "country's top archaeologists and geologists disagree."  Archaeologists said there was no proof of the tools and bones being more than a few hundred or even a few thousand years ago.  A flash flood in New Mexico changed everything.  This flood tour a gully near the town of Folsom; making large bones appear . About 36 years later; in 1926 a man by the name of Jesse Figgins, began to dig those bones up.  Figgins was hoping to find only a bison skeleton for his museum, little did he know he would find much more.  Workers' for Figgins discovered human artifacts; including spear points made of stone.  One of the spear points was found near the bison skeleton.  In 1927, some of the top archaeologists came to Folsom to watch Figgins excavate the bison skeleton.  While they were observing, they watched Figgins remove a spear point that was between the bones.  This was proof that people lived during the time of the bison, which was approximately 10,000 years ago.
Mann's Before Columbus. Chapter 6, page 55.

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New Crops (1900s)

Cotton has always been an important crop for people. Cotton is used for clothes, cloths, padding, etc.  In the 1900s, corn, hay, nuts, wheat, sorghum, and peanuts became very popular.  These few crops made up ninety-five percent of farmland in Arkansas.  Farmers also grew “fruit, dairy products, eggs and chickens, and hogs.” Rice became a very popular crop as well. Why is it important that new crops were brought into Arkansas? These new crops not only helped the farmers profit, but it also helped the communities with food sources.

Hopper, An Arkansas History for Young People, chapter 13 page 299.

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Improvement of Arkansas (1913)

Life in Arkansas improved for a few reasons. The government made it a mission to work on controlling disease in Arkansas because the state had a reputation for not being a healthy state to live in.  In 1913, Arkansas joined a health movement and formed the Board of Health.  In 1914, the Bureau of Vital Statistics began recording births, deaths, and marriages.  This is important because improvement of our state allows for more things to happen; including ways for people to be treated when sick, able to have the records of loved ones, just an overall improvement for life in Arkansas.

Hopper, An Arkansas History for Young People, chapter 13 page 291

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Prohibition Begins (1915)

Prohibition is a goal to end the sale of all alcoholic beverages and the manufacture of alcohol. The prohibition campaign was successful in the 1900s. In 1915, most of the state was considered a dry state which means no alcohol. In 1919, the national law of ending the sale and make of alcohol was passed. This is important because it shows how the state has changed overtime, and shows the thought of the state during the 1900s.

Hopper, An Arkansas History for Young People, chapter 13 page 282.

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Racism in Elaine, Arkansas 1919

In 1919, in Elaine, Arkansas, African American people were terrorized.  This documentary talked about blacks being brought into places like concentration camps, and they were held against their will.  Segregation was a big part of life during the 1900s.  Blacks were the second class citizens, who kind of got the leftovers of things in my opinion. By that, I mean the black community had the dirty bathrooms, they had different seats on a bus, different waiting rooms, and more.  The white community were first class and got the better parts of life.  There was a group known as the Klu Klux Klan, or the KKK; this  group would burn African Americans to death if they transgressed racial codes. Learning about racism and the difference in life then versus now is very important, and disheartening.  You learn about personal stories, the struggles blacks went through, and the lives of blacks.

Triumph and Tragedy

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The Story of Scipio Jones (1920s)

Jones was an African American Little Rock Lawyer.  There was a case where twelve African American men were sentenced to death and Jones did not agree with this. In the documentary it said, “As far as he (Jones) is concerned the trial is a lynching that wear the mask of law.” Jones was born into slavery, but he is one of the few who was able to receive his college education and get his degree, once he got his degree, he studied law and became one of the best lawyers in Little Rock.  Jones is trying to save the twelve farmers from being put to death.  A man by the name of Walter White recruited a man by the name of George Murphy.  Murphy and Jones worked together on the case and went to Arkansas. During Jones’ stay in Arkansas, he was always at risk knowing the color of his skin.  There was another trial, but the judge still sentenced six of the men to death, shortly after the trial, Murphy passed away.  In 1925, all of the men were released.  This is important to know because like the documentary said, Jones was the first black man to pressure the court and win his case.

Triumph and Tragedy

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The Flood of 1927

The flood of 1927 was the worst flood in Arkansas.  The flood started in April on the Mississippi River.  In Canada that snow began melting and began filling the north part of the river, along with rain, and “forced the raging waters of the Mississippi to fill the Arkansas, White, and St. Francis rivers.” All three of the rivers overflowed and flooded Arkansas.  The MS river valley was affected drastically, millions of acres were destroyed, thousands of homes were destroyed, and waters were about thirty feet deep.  People in Arkansas were suffering as well; people were homeless, livestock was lost, people were left with no food or water.  The Red Cross helped people with food, clothes, and shelter.

Hopper, An Arkansas History for Young People, chapter 15 page 324-326.

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Tragedy Strikes Again 1930

After the tragedy of the flood, three years later, the South had the worst drought known as the Dust Bowl.  The rainfall in Arkansas decreased to only about thirty-five percent.  Central part of Arkansas didn’t have any rain for seventy-one days. Temperatures were up in the hundreds for a long period of time. People faced starvation due to the lack of crops and farming.  This is important to learn about because you realize the struggle and devastation people went through, and we haven’t gone through anything to this extreme.

Hopper, An Arkansas History for Young People, chapter 15 page 327-328

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Franklin D. Roosevelt 1932

Roosevelt became the president in 1932, where he won against Hoover.  Roosevelt was concerned about the wellbeing of the people and the distress the Great Depression caused America.  Roosevelt came up with a New  Deal. This deal was a promise that Roosevelt would not allow American to go into a deep economic downfall again.  At the beginning of Roosevelt’s term there were new programs that were known as the Hundred Days.  These programs were in the first one hundred days of Roosevelt’s presidency; that consisted of relief and recovery bills.  This is important to know about because you learn about the change that Roosevelt was attempting to complete.  Roosevelt noticed the distress in America and was trying to make a change and help those.

Hopper, An Arkansas History for Young People, chapter 15 page 334.

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The Powers 1935

The Axis Powers are the joined forces of Germany, Italy, and Japan.  The only thing these three countries had in common was the want to dominate.  In 1935, Italy took over Ethiopia, and Japan took over Korea and Manchuria.  Japan controlled China in 1937.  In 1938, Hitler from Germany spoke with the leaders of Britain and France; Hitler told them he wanted a portion of Czechoslovakia.  Of course, this was a complete lie and he overtook the entire country. Hitler then decided he wanted to take over Poland.  It is important to know about the Axis Powers for many reasons.  It shows that leaders of countries can disagree on many things, but have one thing in common and become allies. These three countries wanted nothing but to take over different countries and gain power.

Hopper, An Arkansas History for Young People, chapter 16 pages 349-350.

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Arkansas Giddy Ups to War 1940s

Men in Arkansas were almost excited to join the war.  An entire highschool football team enlisted for the Navy. More than ten percent of the state was serving in the war. The soldiers in the war were diverse; going from young men, women, whites, and African Americans. Families whose sons and husbands were fighting in the war had a banner in the windows of their homes that were white with one star on the banner.  If there was a gold star, this symbolized a family losing a loved one in the war.  By the end of the war, more than four thousand Arkansans had died in the war. This is important because in the 1940s, people didn’t have the resources to survive, or options about the war.  In today’s day and age, men and women get to decide whether they want to be in any military forces, and they are trained.  The men and women who fought during World War II were not.

Hopper, An Arkansas History for Young People, chapter 16 pages 351-352

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The Big Boom 1941

In December of 1941, the United States became part of the war.  Japanese bombers bombed Pearl Harbor.  This bombing was a direct hit on American men.  About thirty- three percent of the fleet was destroyed.  Roosevelt wanted to declare war on Japan, and before the United States knew it, Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S. The United States then became allies with Great Britain, France, and China; this group was known as the allied powers.  This war lasted until 1945.

Hopper, An Arkansas History for Young People, chapter 16 pages 350-351

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Japanese American Story 1941

At the beginning of this documentary, a Japanese man was talking about a radio announcement that Japanese were bombing Pearl Harbor.  Japanese Americans were arrested and interrogated, their homes were invaded, and Japanese men were the ones taken away. Over one thousand men were being held with no charges against them, but since they were Japanese they were being held.  The FBI was looking for any evidence that could have connected these Japanese Americans to the Japanese that bombed Pearl Harbor.  Japanese Americans were put in concentration camps with soldiers on watch of these people.  This documentary goes into more detail, but this entry would be a mile long! This is upsetting to me because these men were taken from their homes and families when they had no idea what was going on. I believe it all had to do with the race and ethnicity they were.

Time of Fear

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The Million dollar race between Congressman J. William Fulbright and governor Homer Adkins.  Fulbright beat Adkins by over fifty percent.  This win started Fulbright's thirty year career in the Senate.  Fulbright gained knowledge on foreign affairs, and he was striving for world peace.
Hopper, An Arkansas History for Young People, chapter 17 page 370

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In 1950, the United States went to war again in Eastern Asia.  This war was known as the Cold War.  North Korea was going to attack South Korea; the United States Army protected their ally South Korea.  President Truman said this was a way of preventing communists from taking over South Korea.  Many of the men on reserve after World War II was called to fight again, and eighteen year olds were being drafted to fight.  In 1953, the war came to an end,  The boarder between North and South Korea stayed in the same spot it did when the war started.  Why is this important? You are taught are two sides of one country can be completely different.
Hopper, An Arkansas History for Young People, chapter 17 pages 372-373