# data[].attributes.body
A major portion of plastic produced each year is used to make disposable packaging items or other short-lived products that are permanently discarded within a year of manufacture. Over a billion single-use plastic bags are given out for free every day. Around 0.2 to 0.3% of plastic production eventually ends up in the ocean. Two of plastics’ most touted advantages, their light weight and durability, also make plastic items a significant environmental hazard once seaborn. Close to half of plastics are buoyant and remain so until they become waterlogged or acumulated so much epibiota to float. So plastics don’t biodegrade.
Title: Plastic Pollution: An Ocean Emergency.
Author:
Wabnitz, Colette.
Wallace, Nichols.
Publication Date: January 2010

# data[].attributes.body
water pollution.
recycle.
plastic.
environment.
Cristopher Rhodes, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3184/003685018X15294876706211

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
A review is presented of the manufacture and use of different types of plastic, and the effects of pollution by these materials on animal, human and environmental health, insofar as this is known. Since 2004, the world has made as much plastic as it did in the previous half century, and it has been reckoned that the total mass of virgin plastics ever made amounts to 8.3 billion tonnes, mainly derived from natural gas and crude oil, used as chemical feedstocks and fuel sources. Between 1950 and 2015, a total of 6.3 billion tonnes of primary and secondary (recycled) plastic waste was generated, of which around 9% has been recycled, and 12% incinerated, with the remaining 79% either being stored in landfills or having been released directly into the natural environment. In 2015, 407 million tonnes (Mt) of plastic was produced, of which 164 Mt was consumed by packaging (36% of the total). Although quoted values vary, packaging probably accounts for around one third of all plastics used, of which approximately 40% goes to landfill, while 32% escapes the collection system. It has been deduced that around 9 Mt of plastic entered the oceans in 2010, as a result of mismanaged waste, along with up to 0.5 Mt each of microplastics from washing synthetic textiles, and from the abrasion of tyres on road surfaces. However, the amount of plastics actually measured in the oceans represents less than 1% of the (at least) 150 Mt reckoned to have been released into the oceans over time. Plastic accounts for around 10% by mass of municipal waste, but up to 85% of marine debris items - most of which arrive from land-based sources. Geographically, the five heaviest plastic polluters are P.R. China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam and Sri Lanka, which between them contribute 56% of global plastic waste. Larger, primary plastic items can undergo progressive fragmentation to yield a greater number of increasingly smaller 'secondary' microplastic particles, thus increasing the overall surface area of the plastic material, which enhances its ability to absorb, and concentrate, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), with the potential to transfer them to the tissues of animals that ingest the microplastic particles, particularly in marine environments.

Although fears that such microparticles and their toxins may be passed via food webs to humans are not as yet substantiated, the direct ingestion of microplastics by humans via drinking water is a distinct possibility - since 92% of samples taken in the USA and 72% in Europe showed their presence - although any consequent health effects are as yet unclear. Foodstuffs may also become contaminated by microplastics from the air, although any consequent health effects are also unknown. In regard to such airborne sources, it is noteworthy that small plastic particles have been found in human lung tissue, which might prove an adverse health issue under given circumstances. It is also very striking that microplastics have been detected in mountain soils in Switzerland, which are most likely windborne in origin. Arctic ice core samples too have revealed the presence of microplastics, which were most likely carried on ocean currents from the Pacific garbage patch, and from local pollution from shipping and fishing. Thus, sea ice traps large amounts of microplastics and transports them across the Arctic Ocean, but these particles will be released into the global environment when the ice melts, particularly under the influence of a rising mean global temperature.

While there is a growing emphasis toward the substitution of petrochemically derived plastics by bioplastics, controversy has arisen in regard to how biodegradable the latter actually are in the open environment, and they presently only account for 0.5% of the total mass of plastics manufactured globally. Since the majority of bioplastics are made from sugar and starch materials, to expand their use significantly raises the prospect of competition between growing crops to supply food or plastics, similarly to the diversion of food crops for the manufacture of primary biofuels. The use of oxo-plastics, which contain additives that assist the material to degrade, is also a matter of concern, since it is claimed that they merely fragment and add to the environmental burden of microplastics; hence, the European Union has moved to restrict their use.

Since 6% of the current global oil (including natural gas liquids, NGLs) production is used to manufacture plastic commodities - predicted to rise to 20% by 2050 - the current approaches for the manufacture and use of plastics (including their end-use) demand immediate revision. More extensive collection and recycling of plastic items at the end of their life, for re-use in new production, to offset the use of virgin plastic, is a critical aspect both for reducing the amount of plastic waste entering the environment, and in improving the efficiency of fossil resource use. This is central to the ideology underpinning the circular economy, which has common elements with permaculture, the latter being a regenerative design system based on 'nature as teacher', which could help optimise the use of resources in town and city environments, while minimising and repurposing 'waste'. Thus, food might be produced more on the local than the global scale, with smaller inputs of fuels (including transportation fuels for importing and distributing food), water and fertilisers, and with a marked reduction in the use of plastic packaging. Such an approach, adopted by billions of individuals, could prove of immense significance in ensuring future food security, and in reducing waste and pollution - of all kinds.

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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Plastic Pollution and Potential Solutions - Christopher J. Rhodes, 2018

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A review is presented of the manufacture and use of different types of plastic, and the effects of pollution by these materials on animal, human and environmental health, insofar as this is known.

# data[].attributes.body
"Go to any waste recycling site, and you will almost always stumble upon unhygienic, unhealthy and unsightly conditions. Locations, where every manner of waste is piled, provides a nice ground for the formation of debris and the spread of infectious diseases. The harmful chemicals from these wastes can also be dangerous".
Title:  Advantages and Disadvantages of Recycling

Author: Anonymous

# data[].attributes.body
Bioremediation is limited to those compounds that are biodegradable. Not all compounds are susceptible to rapid and complete degradation.
Harekrushna, S., & Kumar, D. C. (2012). A review on: bioremediation. International Journal of Research in Chemistry and Environment, 2(1), 13-21.

# data[].attributes.headline
"multinational mining and oil and gas companies have embraced the CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) in the extractive industries".

# data[].attributes.subject
"multinational mining and oil and gas companies have embraced the CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) in the extractive industries".

# data[].attributes.body
GavinHilson
School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, The University of Reading, Earley Gate, P.O. Box 237, Reading RG6 6AR, UK

Received 9 January 2012, Accepted 9 January 2012, Available online 18 April 2012.

# data[].attributes.body
Human health benefits associated with the immersion in nature continue to be currently researched. Longitudinal research, conducted worldwide, is needed to produce new evidence of the relationships associated with Shinrin-Yoku and clinical therapeutic effects. Nature therapy as a health-promotion method and potential universal health model is implicated for the reduction of reported modern-day “stress-state” and “technostress.”.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14(8), 851; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080851

# data[].attributes.body
"Plastic pollution has become a major global risk. The European Union (EU) obligates all member states to implement measures according to the waste management hierarchy, with the highest priority given to waste prevention and reuse."

Title: First reduce and reuse, then recycle! Enabling consumers to tackle the plastic crisis – Qualitative expert interviews in Germany.
Author:
Steinhorst, Julia.

Beyerl, Katharina.
Year: 2021.

# data[].attributes.body
In April 2020, Hong Kong customs made one of the largest shark fin seizures in history: 26 tons from Ecuador. In total, it is estimated that this amount corresponds to about 38,500 sharks that are threatened with extinction.

# data[].attributes.body
Just like the rise in veganism, people are becoming more educated about environmental issues surrounding fashion and are actively seeking out more eco-friendly ways to shop," says Orsola de Castro, founder of Fashion Revolution. "The majority of fashion brands are realising that this isn't some passing trend and they're responding to that demand. More and more brands are providing their customers with information on their supply chain, as well as creating sustainable lines."

# data[].attributes.body
A review is presented of the manufacture and use of different types of plastic, and the effects of pollution by these materials on animal, human and environmental health, insofar as this is known. Since 2004, the world has made as much plastic as it did in the previous half century, and it has been reckoned that the total mass of virgin plastics ever made amounts to 8.3 billion tonnes, mainly derived from natural gas and crude oil, used as chemical feedstocks and fuel sources. Between 1950 and 2015, a total of 6.3 billion tonnes of primary and secondary (recycled) plastic waste was generated, of which around 9% has been recycled, and 12% incinerated, with the remaining 79% either being stored in landfills or having been released directly into the natural environment. In 2015, 407 million tonnes (Mt) of plastic was produced, of which 164 Mt was consumed by packaging (36% of the total).
Title: Plastic Pollution and Potential Solutions

# data[].attributes.body
“Human health impacts resulting from exposure to air pollution are complex but are increasingly better understood by air quality and health professionals. These impacts include increased risk of suffering from respiratory illnesses and increased risk of premature deaths with air pollution accounting for 29% of all deaths and disease from lung cancer and 24% of all deaths from stroke globally (WHO, 2019).”

Title:. Communicating health impacts of air pollution and establishing exposure levels

Author/s: Kirsty Tanner

Publication Date: December 2019

Format: Academic Journal

# data[].attributes.body
Academic support:

Keywords:

1.    Water Pollution.

2.    Natural Resources.

3.    Environmental damage.

Rodriguez, M. (2021). Overexploitation of Natural Resources.

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marcelo_Rodriguez24/publication/350730270_Sobreexplotacion_de_los_Recursos_Naturales_Revision_Sistematica_de_la_Literatura_Overexploitation_of_Natural_Resources_Systematic_Review_of_the_Literature/links/606ef905299bf1c911b7df62/Sobreexplotacion-de-los-Recursos-Naturales-Revision-Sistematica-de-la-Literatura-Overexploitation-of-Natural-Resources-Systematic-Review-of-the-Literature.pdf.

Opposite Keywords:

1.    Water care.

2.    Environmental recovery.

3.    Environmental care.

Ruiz, L., Campos, J. (2021). Mejora de recuperación del agua de contacto mediante línea de tubería HDPE, para el transporte de relave en una unidad minera, 2021. DOI: http://repositorio.uasf.edu.pe/handle/UASF/463.

# data[].attributes.body
QUOTE: “    Microplastics (bottle caps, beads, degraded items) and macroplastics (drink bottles, single-use bags, etc.) find their way into the world's oceans by various routes, harming people and wildlife and proving costly to collect and remove. Publications in Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) journals show that plastics are difficult to test and cause potential ecological risks in diverse aquatic environments (Rochman et al. 2016; Peng et al. 2017). But we need more work on impacts to the oceans because they represent 70% of our planet.     ”

Title: A Plastic Problem: Taking a Look at Plastic Pollution in Our Oceans

Author/s: Ralph G. Stahl Jr

Publication Date:  20 August 2020

Format: E.g.: Academic Journal

# data[].attributes.body
"In today’s world, we are producing more “WASTE” in term of plastics, papers, glasses, foods, electronics, and others.  Each and every waste has its own value in term of economy. These wastes have already created serious effects on our natural environment and might totally collapse the entire ecosystem. These issues can be controlled and suppressed by practicing the four R’s. They are Reducing, Recovering, Recycling and Reusing material/components/items/parts over and over again (Arokiaraj. D, 2011). It is not only economically lucrative but also environmentally beneficial".
Title: RECOVER, RECYCLE AND REUSE: AN EFFICIENT WAY TO REDUCE THE WASTE.
Authors: Arokiaraj David, Yamuna Devi Thangavel & Ramanarayan Sankriti

# data[].attributes.body
QUOTE: “Bioremediation is a spontaneous or controlled process in which biological, mainly microbiological, methods are used to degrade or transform contaminants to non or less toxic products, reducing the environmental pollution”.

Title:Biological treatments of contaminated soils: hidrocarbons contamination. Fungal applications.

Author/s: Carmen Martin Moreno, Aldo Gonzalez Becerra and Maria Jose Blanco Santos.

Publication Date: 2004

# data[].attributes.body
QUOTE: “Marine plastic contamination is a complex mixture of materials with a range of physical and chemical properties that can affect movement and accumulation in the environment and thus, potential impacts to ecosystems ”
Title:. Plastic contamination of a Galapagos Island (Ecuador) and the relative risks to native marine species.
Author/s: Jones JS, Porter A, Muñoz-Pérez JP, Alarcón-Ruales D, Galloway TS, Godley BJ, Santillo D, Vagg J, Lewis C
Publication Date: 2021-05-28
Format: E.g.: Academic Journal

# data[].attributes.body
“Among the management objectives is usually the need for sustainable exploitation of the targeted stocks resulting in employment, income and food security. In most countries and regions, there are also stated objectives to accomplish this exploitation with minimal habitat impacts or losses of ecosystem services and to ensure the unintended bycatch is minimized.”

# data[].attributes.headline
"Our results reveal the potential losses that mining could cause: eight critically endangered species, including two primates (brown-headed spider monkey and white-fronted capuchin), 37 endangered species, 153 vulnerable, 89 near threatened, and a large number of less threatened species. Our data show that each reserve protects a unique subset of taxa in this region of highly localized endemics and the reserves also generate sustainable income for local people. The short-term national profits from mining will not compensate for the permanent biodiversity losses, and the long-term ecosystem service and economic losses at the local and regional level."

# data[].attributes.subject
"Our results reveal the potential losses that mining could cause: eight critically endangered species, including two primates (brown-headed spider monkey and white-fronted capuchin), 37 endangered species, 153 vulnerable, 89 near threatened, and a large number of less threatened species. Our data show that each reserve protects a unique subset of taxa in this region of highly localized endemics and the reserves also generate sustainable income for local people. The short-term national profits from mining will not compensate for the permanent biodiversity losses, and the long-term ecosystem service and economic losses at the local and regional level."

# data[].attributes.body
New Mining Concessions Could Severely Decrease Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Ecuador

Show all authors

Bitty A. Roy, Martin Zorrilla, Lorena Endara, ...

First Published June 19, 2018 Research Article

https://doi.org/10.1177/1940082918780427

# data[].attributes.body
I think that the environment is everyone's home. The ocean must be taken care of in the best way, there is no need to throw plastic into the water.

# data[].attributes.body
Plastic is the most abundant contaminant in the world, every year, ecuadorian people eats a bottle of plastic per year. Even if in Ecuador there is less pollution than Japan, there are a lot of animals that are eating them too. As humans we eat those animal, so the amout of plastic increase. Also, this happends with water. Drinkable water is getting microplastic contaminants.

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The environment is everyone’s home. The ocean must be taken care of in the best way, there is no need to throw plastic into the water.

# data[].attributes.body
I think it is the contamination of Ecuadorian beaches is largely due to plastic pollution.Nature must be taken care of for us and for the new generations.

# data[].attributes.body
I think that the smartest and richest people in the world should think about how to recover the environment and not how to live on another planet, we live on a planet and we are killing it.

# data[].attributes.body
The nature as form of having a therapy of peace

Nature is most of times quiet
Have beutifull enviroment
The oxigen is pure

# data[].attributes.body
I think we must have to use non pollute alternative energies like eolic or solar, and forget about all the current dangerous polluting energies that only cause global warming, or worse, like the nuclear energy

# data[].attributes.body
(I think that:) The plastic trash is a big problem right now in the ocean. A lot the trash that is near the cost right now are product of the boats contamination and the trash that they trow.

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scholargoogle.com

# data[].attributes.body
The environment is very important for people, and they should take care of it and the animals that live there

# data[].attributes.body
I think that water pollution is a big problem that brings more problems, but people can use alternatives that can helpe to reduce pollution, for example, reduce the use of plastic.

# data[].attributes.body
Shark hunting in fishing areas on the Asian continent has become a problem, as fishermen are killing endangered shark species

# data[].attributes.body
I think that I am concerned about the environment, especially about the pollution produced by means of transport such as vehicles, buses, etc. and that it is urgent that we must move to electric vehicles in order to save our environment.

# data[].attributes.headline
Ecuador is the only country where nature is considered as a figure of its own rights.

# data[].attributes.subject
Ecuador is the only country where nature is considered as a figure of its own rights.

# data[].attributes.body
I think that the pollution of the environment, mainly water, is what is slowly wearing down the world and deteriorating the quality of life that we can have, people should be aware of the damage we do.

# data[].attributes.body
I think that soil bioremediation will be of great benefit in the future, since it degrade the pollutants of the environment, and can help grow healthier and more fruitful crops.

# data[].attributes.body
I think it's a good idea to start buying less clothes and recycle the ones we no longer wear, even giving them a second use, either by using their material or donating them.

# data[].attributes.body
I think that it's important to reduce the excessive use of plastic, both by consumers and companies in the packaging of their products.

# data[].attributes.body
(I think that) if we reduce the use of non-recyclable plastic can be contribute to save the life in oceans.

# data[].attributes.body
I think that trawling, although it is one of the most common fishing methods, causes a considerable negative impact on the environment, hence it is necessary to seek measures to reduce its impact.

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(I think that) Excessive consumption and constant water pollution strongly affect the life cycle. The environment, the living beings and the resources of planet earth are being deteriorated daily by the unconsciousness of human beings.

# data[].attributes.body
- Juan Martín Larco
(I think that) Quito's economy and development must adapt to climate change.

Why?
It is estimated that in the last 100 years, the average temperature in Quito increased by 1.2–1.4°C, causing significant change in weather patterns and directly and indirectly impacting ecosystems, infrastructure, water availability, human health, food security and hydroelectric generation, among others.

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Google Scholar provides a simple way to broadly search for scholarly literature. Search across a wide variety of disciplines and sources: articles, theses, books, abstracts and court opinions.

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Biblioteca UDLA :: Carlos Larreátegui Mendieta ::

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Acuérdese de borrar la caché y cerrar el navegador.

# data[].attributes.headline
(I think that) Mining threatens Ecuador's unique biodiversity.

# data[].attributes.subject
(I think that) Mining threatens Ecuador's unique biodiversity.

# data[].attributes.body
(I think that) we have to practice the three "R's" to conserve natural resources and landfill space: Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.

# data[].attributes.body
(I think that) The oceans have become one giant refuse bin for all manner of plastics. Plastic production and pollution continues to increase at most locations. Currently, there are many projects to reduce the use of it.