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Columbia's Guide for Inclusive Teaching 

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Columbia's Guide for Inclusive Teaching 

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Collection of Research Supporting Inclusive Teaching

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Collection of Research Supporting Inclusive Teaching

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How do we know inclusive teaching is effective teaching?

At CRLT, we use "inclusive teaching" as an umbrella term to name a complex network of pedagogical issues and strategies. Drawing from a large body of research, much of it foundational scholarship on teaching and learning, we can feel confident that learning outcomes are improved when teachers:

1. deliberately cultivate a learning environment where all students are treated equitably, have equal access to learning, and feel welcome, valued, and supported in their learning.

2. attend to social identities and seek to change the ways systemic inequities shape dynamics in teaching-learning spaces, affect individuals' experiences of those spaces, and influence course and curriculum design.

The evidence basis for inclusive teaching in this sense includes research on:

the relation between classroom climate and student learning (as reviewed by Ambrose et al in chapter cited below)

stereotype threat as a barrier to academic success (Steele; more here)

social belonging as key to student learning and persistence (e.g., Hausman; Hurtado & Carter, Walton & Cohen)

the benefits of transparency for creating equitable learning environments and supporting the learning of historically underserved college students (more here; see also Eddy & Hogan and Winkelmes et al, below)

contributors to student persistence and retention in STEM fields (CRLT Occasional Paper #25)

best practices for utilizing student groups and teams (as reviewed in CRLT Occasional Paper #29 -- focused on STEM fields but relevant in all disciplines)

the benefits of cooperative learning (as reviewed in the Johnson meta-analysis cited below)

the negative consequences of identity-based microaggressions for learning (e.g., Solorzano et al; Verschelden; Wing)

mindsets about intelligence and their relation to student persistence (e.g., Aronson; Yeager and Dweck; Paunescu)

student development, including development of reflective judgment and intercultural maturity (e.g., King)

best practices for difficult dialogues in higher ed (more here)

Universal Design principles (National Center on Universal Design for Learning)

Almost all of this research directly speaks to the fact that what we call inclusive teaching practices are helpful for all students' learning but especially beneficial to students who are members of groups underrepresented in their fields or traditionally underserved by institutions of higher education. This page provides specific teaching practices aligned with the insights from this research.
Selected Scholarship Pertaining to Inclusive Teaching
Ambrose, S., Bridges, M.W., DiPietro, M., Lovett, M.C., & Norman, M.K. (2010). How Learning Works: Seven Research-Based Principles for Smart Teaching. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Chapter 6: "Why do Student Development and Course Climate Matter for Student Learning?"

Aronson, J., Fried, C., & Good, C. (2002). Reducing the effects of stereotype threat on African American college students by shaping theories of intelligence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 38: 113-125.

Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset. New York, NY: Random House.

Eddy, S.L. & Hogan, K.A. (2014). Getting Under the Hood: How and for Whom Does Increasing Course Structure Work? CBE--Life Sciences Education, 13, 453-468.

Gurin, P., Dey, E.L., Hurtado, S., & Gurin, G. (2002). Diversity and higher education: Theory and impact on educational outcomes. Harvard Educational Review, 72(3), 330-366.

Gurin, P., Nagda, B. R. A., & Zúñiga, X. (2013). Dialogue across difference: Practice, theory, and research on intergroup dialogue. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.

Hausmann, L., Ye, F., Ward Schofield, J. & Woods, R. (2009). Sense of Belonging and Persistence in White and African American First-Year Students. Research in Higher Education 50(7): 649-69.

Hockings, C. (2010). Inclusive learning and teaching in higher education: A synthesis of research. York: Higher Education Academy. Retrieved from https://www.heacademy.ac.uk/system/files/inclusive_teaching_and_learning_in_he_synthesis_200410_0.pdf

Hurtado, S. & Carter, D.F. (1997). Effects of college transition and perceptions of the campus racial climate on latino college students' sense of belonging. Sociology of Education, 70(4), 324-345.

Johnson, D., Johnson R., & Smith, K. (2014). Cooperative learning: Improving university instruction by basing practice on validated theory. Journal on Excellence in College Teaching, 25(3&4), 85-118.

King, P.M. & Baxter Magolda, M.B. (2005). A developmental model of intercultural maturity. Journal of College Student Development 46(6), 571-592.

Lawrie, G., Marquis, E., Fuller, E., Newman, T., Qiu, M., Nomikoudis, M., Roelofs, F. & van Dam, L. (2017). Moving towards inclusive learning and teaching: A synthesis of recent literature. Teaching & Learning Inquiry: The ISSOTL Journal, 5(1), 10.

Nagda, B.A., Gurin, P., Sorensen, N., Zuniga, X. (2009). Evaluating intergroup dialogue: Engaging diversity for personal and social responsibility. Diversity & Democracy 12(1), 4-6.

Page, S. (2007). The Difference: How the Power of Diversity Creates Better Groups, Firms, Schools, and Societies. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Solorzano, D., Ceja M., & Yosso, T. (2000). Critical Race Theory, Racial Microaggressions, and Campus Racial Climate: The Experiences of African American College Students. The Journal of Negro Education 69(1/2), 60-73.

Steele, C. (2011). Whistling Vivaldi: How Stereotypes Affect Us and What We Can Do. Reprinted. New York: Norton.

Stephens, N. M., Fryberg, S. A., Markus, H. R., Johnson, C. S., & Covarrubias, R. (2012). Unseen disadvantage: how American universities' focus on independence undermines the academic performance of first-generation college students. Journal of personality and social psychology, 102(6), 1178.

Sue, D.W. (2010). Microaggressions in Everyday Life: Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.

Svinicki, M. & McKeachie, W.J. (2011). Active Learning: Group-Based Learning. In McKeachie's Teaching Tips: Strategies, Research, and Theory for College and University Teachers. (13th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Tanner, K.D. (2013). Structure Matters: Twenty-One Teaching Strategies to Promote Student Engagement and Cultivate Classroom Equity. CBE--Life Sciences Education 12(3): 322-331.

Verschelden, C. (2017): Bandwidth Recovery: Helping Students Reclaim Cognitive Resources Lost to Poverty, Racism, and Social Marginalization. Sterling, VA: Stylus.

Walton, G.M. & Cohen G.L. (2011). A brief social-belonging intervention improves academic and health outcomes of minority students. Science 331(6023), 1447-1451.

Winkelmes, M., Bernacki, M., Butler, J., Zochowski, M., Golanics, J. & Harriss Weavil, K. (2016). A teaching intervention that increases underserved college students' success. Peer Review 18(1/2), 31-36.

Wlodkowski, R.J. & Ginsberg, M.B. (1995). Diversity and Motivation: Culturally Responsive Teaching. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Yeager, D.S. & Dweck, C.S. (2012). Mindsets that Promote Resilience: When Students Believe that Personal Characteristics can be Developed. Educational Psychologist, 47(4), 302-314.

Yeager, D. S., Purdie-Vaughns, V., Garcia, J., Apfel, N., Brzustoski, P., Master, A., & Cohen, G. L. (2014). Breaking the cycle of mistrust: Wise interventions to provide critical feedback across the racial divide. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(2), 804.

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The Research Basis for Inclusive Teaching

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How do we know inclusive teaching is effective teaching? At CRLT, we use "inclusive teaching" as an umbrella term to name a complex network of pedagogical issues and strategies.

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Inclusive Language from the Office of Diversity Equity and Inclusion

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Inclusive Language from the Office of Diversity Equity and Inclusion

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Equity-Focused Teaching Strategies Reflection (5 principles) -- crlt.umich.edu

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Strategic Planning at the University of Missouri-St. Louis

The University of Missouri-St. Louis is the region's premier public research university - one that is a beacon of hope, a force for good and a powerful agent of change in Missouri and beyond. With a goal of becoming the nation's top urban, metropolitan public research university, the UMSL community is actively engaged in ongoing strategic planning efforts to ensure that we continue to live out our mission to transform lives. This includes outlining measures and investments to support enrollment growth, enhance student success outcomes, strengthen research and creative works, engage in community engagement and economic development, build inclusive excellence, and to shape our campus and community environment through focused planning, operations and stewardship. Please explore this site to learn more about these efforts.

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The University of Missouri-St. Louis is the region's premier public research university - one that is a beacon of hope, a force for good and a powerful agent of change in Missouri and beyond.

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Inclusive Teaching Practices Toolkit from ACUE

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Inclusive Teaching Practices Toolkit from ACUE

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Online Teaching Toolkit | Resources for Online Instruction

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Resources for instructors needing to make a quick transition to utilizing an online environment. Improved the online experience for teachers and students.

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Definitions of Power, Privilege and Oppression

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Definitions of Power, Privilege and Oppression

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Erin Whitteck, Ph.D.
elwbcf@umsl.edu