# data[].attributes.body
>Discuss different definitions of health and the relevance of health psychology to medicine and health.

>Compare and contrast the biomedical and biopsychosocial approaches

# data[].attributes.body
>Define social determinants of health and provide examples of them
>Explain how social determinants of health can create health inequalities
>Describe how health inequalities can be assessed and addressed (e.g. Health Inequalities Assessment Toolkit, Marmot Review 10 Years On, Sandwell Model...).

# data[].attributes.body
>Discuss the importance of health behaviour change

>Outline health psychology models that explain and predict health behaviour and explain how we can apply these models to influence behaviour change in clinical practice

# data[].attributes.body
List the 6 different ways of 'how we think of health' according to Blaxter (1990) and consider limitations to this model.

# data[].attributes.headline
At the top of each topic, you will see the learning outcomes. Now, come up with a question that would align with one of these outcomes and have a go at answering it! This is will help embed your knowledge, practice revision skills, and give you a HUGE advantage in preparation for the real thing. So go ahead, write a practice question, answer a question - or do both! 

# data[].attributes.subject
At the top of each topic, you will see the learning outcomes. Now, come up with a question that would align with one of these outcomes and have a go at answering it! This is will help embed your knowledge, practice revision skills, and give you a HUGE advantage in preparation for the real thing. So go ahead, write a practice question, answer a question - or do both! 

# data[].attributes.body
Mandy smokes 20 cigarettes a day, she does not see a problem with this.
State which stage of the transtheoretical model she is currently in.

# data[].attributes.headline
Compare and contrast the Health Beliefs model and the Theory of Planned Behaviour (6 marks)

# data[].attributes.subject
Compare and contrast the Health Beliefs model and the Theory of Planned Behaviour (6 marks)

# data[].attributes.headline
List 3 social determinants of health (3 marks)

# data[].attributes.subject
List 3 social determinants of health (3 marks)

# data[].attributes.headline
Describe the differences between duty ethics and virtue ethics (3 marks)

# data[].attributes.subject
Describe the differences between duty ethics and virtue ethics (3 marks)

# data[].attributes.body
Compare and contrast the biomedical model and biopsychosocial model of health.

# data[].attributes.body
State two ways the biomedical model can be criticised.

# data[].attributes.headline
Why is the COM-B model important in clinical medicine? (2 marks)

# data[].attributes.subject
Why is the COM-B model important in clinical medicine? (2 marks)

# data[].attributes.body
List three examples of protective health behaviours (3 marks)

# data[].attributes.headline
Define 'Relapse' in terms of the Transtheoretical model of behaviour (2 marks)

# data[].attributes.subject
Define 'Relapse' in terms of the Transtheoretical model of behaviour (2 marks)

# data[].attributes.body
List 3 examples of risk behaviours (3)

# data[].attributes.body
Can you explain each of the components in the Theory of Planned Behaviour? - Use an example to help answer this question

# data[].attributes.body
Describe the six stages in the cycle of change (6 marks)

# data[].attributes.headline
Explain 3 outcomes from the Marmot review (3 marks)

# data[].attributes.subject
Explain 3 outcomes from the Marmot review (3 marks)

# data[].attributes.headline
Explain the difference between Opportunity Cost and Marginal Analysis?

# data[].attributes.subject
Explain the difference between Opportunity Cost and Marginal Analysis?

# data[].attributes.headline
A local health authority needs to intervene in a local area, as they have noticed a spike in children being admitted to A&E for any reason...

# data[].attributes.subject
A local health authority needs to intervene in a local area, as they have noticed a spike in children being admitted to A&E for any reason...

# data[].attributes.body
Give 3 recommendations of the Marmot Review (3 marks)

and

Suggest how the local authority could intervene and explain why this would reduce health inequalities (3 marks)

# data[].attributes.headline
Describe the Wellness Continuum (3 marks)

# data[].attributes.subject
Describe the Wellness Continuum (3 marks)

# data[].attributes.body
Define motivation, capability and opportunity in the COM-B model (3 marks)

# data[].attributes.body
NHS have released a campaign to make people aware of the increasing levels of child obesity, by releasing posters in appropriate areas, such as schools & hospitals.
Regarding economics, how efficient is this campaign for the NHS? (2 marks)
Describe what tone you would set for the campaign. (2 marks)

# data[].attributes.body
Describe the importance of understanding psychology to the practice of medicine. (2 marks)

# data[].attributes.headline
Explain the importance of health behaviour change (3 marks)

# data[].attributes.subject
Explain the importance of health behaviour change (3 marks)

# data[].attributes.body
State and describe 2 environmental factors that can affect an individual's health status (4 marks)

# data[].attributes.body
>Compare and contrast the 'medical model' and the 'social model' of disability
>Describe two key campaign issues for the UK disability rights movement in the 1970s and 1980s
>Define 'internalised ableism', and how the interplay of social factors impacts on self-image/self-perception#
>Discuss what could doctors could do to work towards inclusivity in their consultation practice (and describe at least one practice/activity)

# data[].attributes.body
>Define social determinants of health and provide examples of them
>Explain how social determinants of health can create health inequalities
>Describe how health inequalities can be assessed and addressed (e.g. include Health Inequalities Assessment Toolkit, Marmot Review 10 Years On, 2020, Sandwell Model).
>Define Health Economics
>Discuss what health care costs and why these costs increase.
>Discuss how we make choices when it comes to different options for health care provision and screening

# data[].attributes.body
>Define and apply ethical principles in medicine including autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice
>Explain the importance and limitations of these ethical principles in professional and patient relationships
>Discuss the role of the principal ethical theories of the Western canon of moral philosophy in resolving conflicts between principles
>Discuss expected standards of professional conduct

# data[].attributes.body
>Describe the differences between qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods research
>Describe and identify different types of studies including systematic reviews, RCTs, case control studies, cohort studies and qualitative studies
>Interpret significance levels

# data[].attributes.body
>Discuss individual issues affecting health including stress and life events.
>Explain the influence of psychosocial impacts on health
>Define coping and explain the difference between engaged (adaptive) and disengaged (maladaptive) coping strategies
>Discuss personality (e.g. self-efficacy, optimism) and behaviours for health outcomes/adaptive coping
>Define resilience and discuss how resilience can be improved and maintained (e.g. Public Health England ‘Rise Above’ campaign).

# data[].attributes.body
>Explain what developmental psychology is and why it is relevant to medicine
>Outline major developmental changes in childhood
>Explain how children’s understanding of health and illness develops
>Discuss the implications for communication in clinical practice

# data[].attributes.body
>Discuss the beginnings of the NHS in the UK and be aware of its developmental timeline
>Explain the current function and structure of the NHS
>Define social prescribing and describe how social prescribing schemes work.
>Discuss the factors that make social prescribing schemes successful and how success is evaluated
>Explain the purpose of public health campaigns and discuss real-life examples run by Public Health England (e.g. COVID-19 handwashing/TV campaigns and Change4Life).
>Discuss the effectiveness of public health campaigns.

# data[].attributes.headline
Why does health spending increase as a proportion of GDP (Gross Domestic Product)? (4 marks)

# data[].attributes.subject
Why does health spending increase as a proportion of GDP (Gross Domestic Product)? (4 marks)

# data[].attributes.headline
Define "Health Economics" and give an example of how it is carried out (2 marks)

# data[].attributes.subject
Define "Health Economics" and give an example of how it is carried out (2 marks)

# data[].attributes.headline
What are 4 ethical principles and briefly explain what they mean (6 marks)

# data[].attributes.subject
What are 4 ethical principles and briefly explain what they mean (6 marks)

# data[].attributes.body
> Describe and explain the changes to the brain and to cognition associated with different types of dementia

> Describe the tests available and methods used to evaluate cognitive function and brain mechanisms in dementia patients

> Explain the link between functional and cognitive symptoms and their neural correlates

# data[].attributes.body
> Define addiction/substance use disorder

> Describe the effects of smoking and drinking on the body

> Explain the physiological basis of addiction
> Explain the psychological basis of addiction

> Discuss the pharmacological approach to treating addiction

> Discuss the psychosocial approach to treating addiction

# data[].attributes.body
> Describe the sleep-wake cycle, the sleep cycle and the difference between circadian and ultradian rhythms

> Explain the health consequences of disrupting the sleep-wake cycle

> Discuss lifespan changes in sleep and how these changes impact health and illness

> Outline the psychological effects of sleep deprivation

> Discuss the link between physical and psychological health and sleep disorders

# data[].attributes.headline
State two reasons we are spending more money on healthcare and explain why (4 marks)

# data[].attributes.subject
State two reasons we are spending more money on healthcare and explain why (4 marks)

# data[].attributes.body
Do please read the questions others ask and answer if you can.
We will do our best to answer any questions posted here too.. and if we can't answer we will find someone who can.

# data[].attributes.headline
You're talking to a friend who says their sleep has been terrible lately. They mention the fact that they can't seem to sleep for any longer than an hour before waking up again, and they have no idea why.

# data[].attributes.subject
You're talking to a friend who says their sleep has been terrible lately. They mention the fact that they can't seem to sleep for any longer than an hour before waking up again, and they have no idea why.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Approximately how long is one sleep cycle and what is the name of the last stage? (2)
2. Explain why disrupting sleep cycles may cause physiological effects (2)
3. Your friend is infamous for snoring; give and explain one possible cause of insomnia that is linked with snoring (2)

# data[].attributes.headline
A 70 year old woman is having her sleep monitored as part of a study to assess REM stage sleep in varying age groups

# data[].attributes.subject
A 70 year old woman is having her sleep monitored as part of a study to assess REM stage sleep in varying age groups

# data[].attributes.body
1. Name all 5 stages of the sleep cycle and describe 2 physiological changes in each one (5)
2. As the study goes on, it is found that elderly people spend 20% of their nights in REM sleep. What proportion of sleep in newborns is REM sleep? (1)

# data[].attributes.headline
You're a doctor and a patient of yours is seeing you to amend his blood pressure medication. He's known to be a moderate alcoholic, but he is willing to stop if it would benefit his health 

# data[].attributes.subject
You're a doctor and a patient of yours is seeing you to amend his blood pressure medication. He's known to be a moderate alcoholic, but he is willing to stop if it would benefit his health 

# data[].attributes.body
1. Give a definition of Substance Abuse Disorder (SUD) (1)
2. As well as CVD, what other physiological issues could arise from alcohol addiction and why? (2)
3. The patient also mentions he feels as if his health is declining generally, feeling exhausted at work and, consequentially, being short tempered at home, causing relationship issues. How could these factors cause someone to develop an addiction? (3)

# data[].attributes.headline
A woman was prescribed opioid painkillers after being injured in a car crash. She has now developed an addiction  

# data[].attributes.subject
A woman was prescribed opioid painkillers after being injured in a car crash. She has now developed an addiction  

# data[].attributes.body
1.  Describe, physiologically, what happens when someone takes an opioid for an extended period of time (4)
2. The woman cannot stop taking opioids immediately. She reduces her dosage over time until she no longer requires it. Why is this the case? (2)

# data[].attributes.headline
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) gives clinicians indications for specific types of dementia

# data[].attributes.subject
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) gives clinicians indications for specific types of dementia

# data[].attributes.body
1. What 3 indications from DSM-5 suggest a patient may have Alzheimers Dementia? (3)
2. An MMSE is conducted and demonstrates a poor score compared to other forms of dementia. Suggest why this is (2)
3. When taking a patient history, what is the best way to establish a baseline to determine cognitive decline? (1)

# data[].attributes.headline
A man in his late 60's is attends a clinic after his speech becomes less fluent. His son says that he is quite forgetful and his temper is very short in the last few days, despite being a mild mannered tradesman before retiring.

# data[].attributes.subject
A man in his late 60's is attends a clinic after his speech becomes less fluent. His son says that he is quite forgetful and his temper is very short in the last few days, despite being a mild mannered tradesman before retiring.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Why is it important to have an informant present when assessing someone for dementia? (1)
2. The man has an MRI (as shown above. The arrow indicates the effected area). Explain what type of vascular dementia the man has which lobe is effected? (3)
3. Having established the form of vascular dementia, what trajectory of cognition will the man experience? (2)

# data[].attributes.headline
You're part of a campaign group who's aim is to reduce obesity rates. The group has released TV and newspaper ads in the past, but are now looking to launch on social media. 

# data[].attributes.subject
You're part of a campaign group who's aim is to reduce obesity rates. The group has released TV and newspaper ads in the past, but are now looking to launch on social media. 

# data[].attributes.body
1. Which demographic of people will launching on social media influence the most and why? (1)
2. The group have been criticised in the past for pushing the government to introduce a tax on unhealthy food, being accused of wanting to control what people ate. Explain why campaigns, such as in this example, may lead to public backlash (2)
3. A successful endeavour of the group has been their workshops, which operate a volunteer run service in local communities that run activities to help people lose weight. If a healthcare provider offers this kind of service to a patient, define what this is called and explain how the potential benefits this may have over other treatment options (3)

# data[].attributes.headline
The parents of a 2 year old girl are concerned that her vocabulary is limited for her age, and that she can still only give one word answers. They are also concerned that she isn't interacting much with the other children at her nursery. There are no concerns regarding her motor development  

# data[].attributes.subject
The parents of a 2 year old girl are concerned that her vocabulary is limited for her age, and that she can still only give one word answers. They are also concerned that she isn't interacting much with the other children at her nursery. There are no concerns regarding her motor development  

# data[].attributes.body
1. At what age would you expect a child's vocabulary to exceed 200 words? (1)
2. By the age the girl is at now, what kind of speech should be expected from her? (2)
3. You refer the family to a child psychologist. 6 months later, you see the family again and the girls speech has improved, and the parents report that she is interacting with others far better than before. Why is it important to consider stages of child development as guidelines? (3)

# data[].attributes.headline
You are treating a 7 year-old girl who has been diagnosed with asthma. Her parents want to take control of her treatment (inhalers etc.) and do not see the point in bombarding such a young child with complicated medical information

# data[].attributes.subject
You are treating a 7 year-old girl who has been diagnosed with asthma. Her parents want to take control of her treatment (inhalers etc.) and do not see the point in bombarding such a young child with complicated medical information

# data[].attributes.body
1. By this age, how would you usually expect a child to view and understand illness? (2)
2. considering the research evidence on children’s understanding of illness and health, what advice would give the parents? (4)

# data[].attributes.headline
Stress has been shown in research to have adverse effects both physiological and psychological

# data[].attributes.subject
Stress has been shown in research to have adverse effects both physiological and psychological

# data[].attributes.body
1. Describe the biological cascade that occurs when someone experiences stress (6)

# data[].attributes.headline
You are tutoring an A-level student who says they are feeling under pressure due to their workload, as they also have a part-time job at the weekend. They ask you for advice

# data[].attributes.subject
You are tutoring an A-level student who says they are feeling under pressure due to their workload, as they also have a part-time job at the weekend. They ask you for advice

# data[].attributes.body
1. Why is seeking advice, regarding stressful situations, from others you trust beneficial? (2)
2. The student says that they find it difficult to motivate themselves to study and usually procrastinates until the last minute. They also tend to spend their free time alone and binge-eating, as they feel studying takes up so much mental energy that they can't bring themselves to exercise or draw up a plan to avoid cramming. Why is this scenario an example of a disengaged coping strategy? (4)

# data[].attributes.headline
You're wanting to studying the effects of teratogens, specifically heavy metals, but you're unsure as to how to go about this 

# data[].attributes.subject
You're wanting to studying the effects of teratogens, specifically heavy metals, but you're unsure as to how to go about this 

# data[].attributes.body
1. What aspects of a clinical trial must you consider before choosing a research method? (4)
2. You choose to go with a case-control study. Why is this considered a retrospective study? (1)
3. You identify an area in which local water reservoirs have higher trace concentrations of lead compared to other areas. You hypothesise that areas with greater lead concentrations in their reservoirs will have a greater number of recorded birth defects. How would you phrase this using a null hypothesis? (1)

# data[].attributes.headline
A systematic review is a summary of the literature regarding a particular area of study   

# data[].attributes.subject
A systematic review is a summary of the literature regarding a particular area of study   

# data[].attributes.body
1. Outline the process by which one goes about writing a systematic review (6)

# data[].attributes.headline
The NHS provides universal healthcare and is free at the point of service. By some, it is venerated as Britain's greatest institution. By others, it's seen as another cumbersome arm of the state that needs to be made more efficient 

# data[].attributes.subject
The NHS provides universal healthcare and is free at the point of service. By some, it is venerated as Britain's greatest institution. By others, it's seen as another cumbersome arm of the state that needs to be made more efficient 

# data[].attributes.body
1. Evaluate the healthcare model the NHS is based on, comparing it to other models, and justify your conclusion as to whether it is effective or not (6)

# data[].attributes.headline
A man in his 80's is admitted to A&E after having a fall, leading to a number of cracked ribs and severe bruising. Subsequently, he has developed a chest infection which will require antibiotics. He refuses the treatment as does not wish to 'prolong the inevitable'.

# data[].attributes.subject
A man in his 80's is admitted to A&E after having a fall, leading to a number of cracked ribs and severe bruising. Subsequently, he has developed a chest infection which will require antibiotics. He refuses the treatment as does not wish to 'prolong the inevitable'.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Despite his age, the man is still mentally sharp and physically active (up until his fall), but has suffered from numerous seasonal illnesses and repeat hospital visits. Does the man have autonomy of his decisions? (2)
2. His family has been trying to convince him to have the treatment, but he still refuses. It is highly likely he will die without treatment. Using ethical theory, discuss what you would do in this situation (4)

# data[].attributes.headline
A study requires that a group of people fast extended periods of time to better understand the effects of ketosis and it's effects on health

# data[].attributes.subject
A study requires that a group of people fast extended periods of time to better understand the effects of ketosis and it's effects on health

# data[].attributes.body
1. Make an argument, according to 3 ethical theories, as to whether this is morally permissible? (6)

# data[].attributes.headline
A patient is visiting her GP for an appointment. She needs to use wheelchair access to access the clinic and she uses a hearing aid

# data[].attributes.subject
A patient is visiting her GP for an appointment. She needs to use wheelchair access to access the clinic and she uses a hearing aid

# data[].attributes.body
1. What is the main difference concerning the medical and social models of disability? (2)
2. What could her GP do to make the consultation easier for the patient? Explain each answer (4)

# data[].attributes.headline
You're comparing the medical records of two patients. One is from an affluent rural area, and the other is from a deprived urban area. They are both of a similar age and gender and are of the same ethnicity

# data[].attributes.subject
You're comparing the medical records of two patients. One is from an affluent rural area, and the other is from a deprived urban area. They are both of a similar age and gender and are of the same ethnicity

# data[].attributes.body
1. Why would you expect the person from the deprived urban area to have a lower life expectancy? (3)
2. Both patients are 25 year old men with  south Asian heritage. Statistically, give 2 increased risks they may have (2)
3. In terms of health, suggest one way through which the man from the deprived urban area could be helped (1)

# data[].attributes.headline
You're the head of finances for a hospital, and have been tasked with cutting funding to certain services. You must ensure that whichever services are cut do not proportionally reduce the overall service outcome

# data[].attributes.subject
You're the head of finances for a hospital, and have been tasked with cutting funding to certain services. You must ensure that whichever services are cut do not proportionally reduce the overall service outcome

# data[].attributes.body
1. When considering the efficacy of multiple healthcares services and products, what common measure can be used and how is it determined? (2)
2. You are comparing 2 treatments for kidney disease, one medical and one surgical. discuss and justify which treatment is most likely to result in a lower QALY score (4)