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Chapter 2 Section 3 - Planned Cities on Indus

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Chapter 2 Section 3 - Planned Cities on Indus

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Began about 2600 B.C. to 1800 B.C

Traded gold and silver with Afghanistan,

The Indus river provides transportation

The Indus river connected the sea allowing to trade over long distant

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Close ties to religion

Theocracy

Priests prayed for good harvest and safety from floods

Religions artifacts similar to modern Hinduism's

Worship of bull, fertility images, and figures of the god and goddess

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shift of tectonic plates

earthquakes

floods

some cities survived

people were forced to leave city, due to lack of food

Invasion

Aryans from Hindu Kush

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Wooden toys and clay artifacts suggest a prosperous society

Little weapons suggest limited conflicts

Animals important in culture

Animals seen on pottery, small statues, children's toys and seals

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partially built on a platform

prevent flooding

brick walls for protection

Houses had sewage system

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Written language

Stamps and seals made of carved stones

About 400 symbols

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city planning

buildings were connected by streets

buildings were made of oven-backed bricks

plumbing and sewage system

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Unpredictable floods

River changes course

Monsoons were unpredictable

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The Geography of the Indian Subcontinent

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The Geography of the Indian Subcontinent

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Tallest mountains to the north and a large desert to the east protects the Indus Valley

Ganges and Indus carries silt

Lower valley the Thar desert

Tropical strip of land along the coasts of southern India

Monsoons

seasonal winds

Winter monsoons: October - February

no summer monsoon = drought

Summer monsoons: mid June - October

Brings in moisture, leading to flood

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Sometimes mentioned as Harappan civilization

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Chapter 2 Section 2 - Pyramids on the Nile

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Chapter 2 Section 2 - Pyramids on the Nile

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- Sophia

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Empires rose and fell, but they all adopted many ideas from the Sumerians

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the height of Babylonian empire

Hammurabi's code

rules, judements, laws

engraved in stones

punishments based on social class and gender of vicim

200 yrs after Hammurabi, the empire fell to Kassites

"An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth."

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Aromites took over Sumerians

Capital = Babylon (on the Euphrates River)

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Sargon first to establish an empire

united the northern and southern Mesopotamia

conquered the Sumerians

adopted the Sumerian cultures

lasted 200 yrs

declined through famine, internal fighting, and invasion

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invention of wheel, sail, and plow

first to use bronze

Arithmetic and geometry

plan irrigation system

survey flooded fields

building protection walls

Architectural Innovation

columns, pyramids, arches

Cuneiform

written records

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Kings, priests, landholders

Merchants, ordinary working people

Slaves

Sold children into slavery to pay off debt

Women had rights

merchants, artisans, priestess

own properties

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Polytheism

Enlil - God of storm and air

Ugallu - protected humans from evil demons

Gods are similar to human BUT they are immortal and powerful

ziggurat were built for god

sacrifices

After death souls go to "land of no return"

Between Earth and ancient sea

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Developed a calendar

Developed system of numbers for counting, adding and subtracting

First to use stone columns in homes, palaces and temples

Famous medicine

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Power of pharaohs declined around 2180 B.C.

Strong pharaohs gained control and improved trade and tranportation

In 1640 B.C. a group of Palestines gained control

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surplus food allowed them to have long-distant trade

2500 BC - rising new cities

exchanged products and ideas

Cultural diffusion: the process of new ideas and/or products spreading from culture to culture

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The development of writing was one of the key growth.

Scribes developed hieroglyphics

First written of stone and clay

Invented papyrus, a better writing surface

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Social Classes

King, queen and royal family at the top

Second, wealthy landowners, government officials, priests and army commanders

Third, merchants and artisans

Last, peasant farmers and laborers

You can gain higher status through marriage. Highest positions requires the skill to read and write. Women had same rights as men.

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First Cataract, where boulders turn the river into rapids flowing south. The Nile provide transportation

between Upper and Lower Egypt. The river flows north with the current. Wind current blows south

against the river current balancing the two.

Upper Egypt

Higher elevation in thesouth

A strip of land from the First Cataract to where the rivers turn into branches

Wear red crown

Lower Egypt

Near the sea to the north

Includes the delta

The delta region is about 100 miles

Wear white crown

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city-states had their own government

Uruk, Kish, Lagash, Umma, Ur

Temples and ziggurat

priest used to control government

Commander led the armies (during war)

frequent war led to commander becoming in full control

military leaders pass powers on to their sons

Dynasty: series of rulers from single family

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Religion

Believe in many gods (polytheistic)

More than 2,000 gods and goddesses

Believe in afterlife

Judged by how heavy a person's heart weighs

Royal bodies mummified

The Book of Dead contain hymns, prayers and magic spells

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Nile River flows north into the Mediterranean Sea

The Nile floods yearly bringing fertile soil, or silt

Irrigation ditches were built to water crops in fall and winter

Settlements along the Nile

The Nile can sometimes bring little silt and water causing the people to starve

The Nile can also damage houses and seeds when there's too much floodwater

The deserts that surround the city cuts off connection from the outside.

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King Narmer united Upper and Lower Egypt around 3000 B.C.

Memphis as capital

Crown of white and red

Pharaohs were considered as gods, as powerful as the gods of the heavens.

Stood at the center of religion along with its government and army.

full responsibility for the kingdom.

Egyptians believe that the pharaohs would rule forever even after death.

Built pyramids containing luxuries for the king's afterlife

Used granite, and limestone to built the pyramids

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Environmental Challenges

Unpredictable flooding and drought

No natural borders

Natural resources were limited

Solution

Irrigation system

built city walls with mud bricks

traded their products for other raw materials

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Tigris and Euphrates flood at least once a year, depositing silt

silt is then used for growing crops, watered crops by irrigating river water

Surpluses of food led to growth of villages

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Egypt

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"The Land Between Two Rivers"

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Chapter 2 Section 1 - City-states in Mesopotamia

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Chapter 2 Section 1 - City-states in Mesopotamia

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- Arisa

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CHAPTER 2  SECTION 4 - RIVER DYNASTIES IN CHINA

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CHAPTER 2  SECTION 4 - RIVER DYNASTIES IN CHINA

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- PJ

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Period of Chinese history from 403 to 221 B.C.E. when between ten and twelve states competed for power in China. Although there was a nominal Zhou king, he ruled only a small territory. Eventually one of the states, the Qin, unified seven major states and several minor ones into China, bringing the era of competing states to an end.

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The Zhou Dynasty produced many innovations. • Roads and canals were built to stimulate trade and agriculture. • Coined money was introduced, which further improved trade. • Blast furnaces that produced cast iron were developed.

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Feudalism is a political system in which nobles, or lords, are granted the use of lands that legally belong to the king. In return, the nobles owe loyalty and military service to the king and protection to the people who live on their estates. Similar systems would arise centuries later in both Japan and Europe.

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Feudalism is a political system in which nobles, or lords, are granted the use of lands that legally belong to the king. In return, the nobles owe loyalty and military service to the king and protection to the people who live on their estates. Similar systems would arise centuries later in both Japan and Europe.

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The Mandate of Heaven was an idea of how dynastic families were chosen. When one emperor came to power, he had the Mandate of Heaven, and the gods smiled on him. At the beginning of his reign, all would be well. Then gradually, things would start going wrong. There would be famines, corrupt officials, natural disasters, and other terrible things. This was because the gods no longer favored the ruling family; they had lost the Mandate of Heaven. The Mandate then went to a new family and the cycle continued.

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The Mandate of Heaven was an idea of how dynastic families were chosen. When one emperor came to power, he had the Mandate of Heaven, and the gods smiled on him. At the beginning of his reign, all would be well. Then gradually, things would start going wrong. There would be famines, corrupt officials, natural disasters, and other terrible things. This was because the gods no longer favored the ruling family; they had lost the Mandate of Heaven. The Mandate then went to a new family and the cycle continued.

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This was the Chinese explanation for rebellion, civil war, andthe rise of a new dynasty. Historians describe the pattern of rise, decline, andreplacement of dynasties as the dynastic cycle.

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This was the Chinese explanation for rebellion, civil war, andthe rise of a new dynasty. Historians describe the pattern of rise, decline, andreplacement of dynasties as the dynastic cycle.

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The earliest writing systems in the world—including Chinese, Sumerian, and Egyptian—developed from pictographs, or simplified drawings of objects. The writing system used in China today is directly related to the pictographic writing found on Shang oracle bones. As you can see in the chart below, the ancient pictographs can still be recognized in many modern Chinese characters.

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The earliest writing systems in the world—including Chinese, Sumerian, and Egyptian—developed from pictographs, or simplified drawings of objects. The writing system used in China today is directly related to the pictographic writing found on Shang oracle bones. As you can see in the chart below, the ancient pictographs can still be recognized in many modern Chinese characters.

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 Shang kings consulted the gods through the use of oracle bones, animal bones and tortoiseshells on which priests had scratched questions for the gods.After inscribing a question on the bone, a priest applied a hot poker to it, which caused it to crack. The priests then interpreted the cracks to see how the gods had answered.

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 Shang kings consulted the gods through the use of oracle bones, animal bones and tortoiseshells on which priests had scratched questions for the gods.After inscribing a question on the bone, a priest applied a hot poker to it, which caused it to crack. The priests then interpreted the cracks to see how the gods had answered.

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In China, the family was closely linked to religion. The Chinese believed that the spirits of family ancestors had the power to bring good fortune or disaster to living members of the family. The Chinese did not regard these spirits as mighty gods. Rather, the spirits were more like troublesome or helpful neighbors who demanded attention and respect. Every family paid respect to the father’s ancestors and made sacrifices in their honor.

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In China, the family was closely linked to religion. The Chinese believed that the spirits of family ancestors had the power to bring good fortune or disaster to living members of the family. The Chinese did not regard these spirits as mighty gods. Rather, the spirits were more like troublesome or helpful neighbors who demanded attention and respect. Every family paid respect to the father’s ancestors and made sacrifices in their honor.

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RELIGIOUS BELIEFS

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SOCIAL CLASSES

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FAMILY

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Shang society was sharply divided between nobles and peasants.A ruling class of warrior-nobles headed by a king governed the Shang. These noble families owned the land. They governed the scattered villages within the Shang lands and sent tribute to the Shang ruler in exchange for local control.

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Shang society was sharply divided between nobles and peasants.A ruling class of warrior-nobles headed by a king governed the Shang. These noble families owned the land. They governed the scattered villages within the Shang lands and sent tribute to the Shang ruler in exchange for local control.

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The family was central to Chinese society. The most important virtue was respect for one’s parents. It was organized by having 5 generations of families in the household, and the oldest person there was in charge and would chose who there son, daughter granddaughter, grandson etc. Who to marry and also they decided what punishment to give them if they were bad and sometimes the punishment were very strict. 

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The family was central to Chinese society. The most important virtue was respect for one’s parents. It was organized by having 5 generations of families in the household, and the oldest person there was in charge and would chose who there son, daughter granddaughter, grandson etc. Who to marry and also they decided what punishment to give them if they were bad and sometimes the punishment were very strict. 

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In the Chinese view, people who lived outside of Chinese civilization were barbarians

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Shang peoples needed walled cities because they were constantly waging war. 

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Shang peoples needed walled cities because they were constantly waging war. 

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The Huang He, or Yellow River, is named for the color of its silt. This silt nurtured early development of Chinese civilization and is still a vital resource today.

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The Huang He, or Yellow River, is named for the color of its silt. This silt nurtured early development of Chinese civilization and is still a vital resource today.

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Unlike the cities of the Indus Valley or Fertile Crescent, Anyang was built mainly of wood.

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Unlike the cities of the Indus Valley or Fertile Crescent, Anyang was built mainly of wood.

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Among the oldest and most important Shang cities was Anyang , one of the capitals of the Shang Dynasty.

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Among the oldest and most important Shang cities was Anyang , one of the capitals of the Shang Dynasty.

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The Shang Dynasty lasted from around 1700 B.C. to 1027 B.C. It was the first family of Chinese rulers to leave written records. The Shang kings built elaborate palaces and tombs that have been uncovered by archaeologists. The artifacts reveal much about Shang society.

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the first Chinese dynasty, the Xia (shyah) Dynasty, emerged around 2000 B.C.

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The Huang He, or Yellow River, is named for the color of its silt. This silt nurtured early development of Chinese civilization and is still a vital resource today.

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The Huang He, or Yellow River, is named for the color of its silt. This silt nurtured early development of Chinese civilization and is still a vital resource today.

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The Shang Dynasty changed their capital numerous times because of environmental problems (floods), hostile neighbors, or because they were a semi-nomadic people used to moving .

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The Huang He, also known as the Yellow River found in the North. The Huang He, whose name means “yellow river,”.