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https://www.purposegames.com/game/protein-synthesis-diagram-practice-game

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This online quiz is called Protein Synthesis Diagram Practice

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Rosalind Franklin: Found the shape of DNA- "double helix"
Maurice Wilkins: Took Photo 51 and showed it to Watson and Crick.
Watson and Crick: Credited with the founding of the shape of DNA. Got all the reward for it, and the public didn't know that it was thanks to Franklin until after she had died.
Chargoff: Found the idea of complementary base pair rules.

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Starts with Transcription. mRNA is in the nucleus with DNA. Helicase unwinds the DNA and RNA lines up with DNA on ONE STRAND. It then disconnects and the RNA leaves the cell- the DNA seals up again.

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A video on Rosalind Franklin (it also talks about other people)

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A video on Rosalind Franklin (it also talks about other people)

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Rosalind Franklin: DNA's unsung hero - Cláudio L. Guerra

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She spent over 100 hours developing Photo 51- the first photo of DNA. She then spent an additional year working on the math behind finding its shape- and once she got it, she found it made a double helix.

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They had basically theorized and guessed what the shape of the DNA strand could be based off of the picture and came up with three items. One of them was correct- the thing they were credited with and got them known for their work. (They didn't make the picture. Rosalind Franklin spent 100 hours developing the image)

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A always pairs with T
G always pairs with C

Idea discovered by Chargoff.

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Hydrogen bonds: between Nitrogen bases- they're very weak and require an enzyme to break them(like helicase unwinding DNA). Two hydrogen bonds between A and T. Three hydrogen bonds between G and C.

Covalent bonds: between phosphate groups and deoxyribose sugar. Very strong bonds.

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Better picture of Covalent and Hydrogen bonds

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Better picture of Covalent and Hydrogen bonds

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The amount of Adenine in a DNA strand is equal to the amount of Thymine. The amount of Cytosine is equivalent to the amount of Guanine.

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DNA is the instruction for your body to make the right proteins for the cell. The DNA is genetic info.

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Nucleotides are made up of a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and one nitrogen base.

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Making an exact copy with no mistakes. Mistakes would make a mutation.

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1.) When you need a new cell (when cells divide)
2.) To grow(it's needed as a step in growth, as shown in image above).
3.) To fix cuts and bruises.
4.) To replace old or worn-out cells (like skin cells).
5.) To fix broken bones.

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DNA always forms from 5' to 3' - and the strands are always anti-parallel. (meaning 5' is on one side, the other strand has 3' on the side aligning with it)

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DNA Replication as explained by Hank Green

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DNA Replication as explained by Hank Green

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We watched this video in class- it's Hank Green explaining the idea of DNA Replication.

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DNA Structure and Replication: Crash Course Biology #10

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Replication Fork: Where the DNA splits in DNA replication.

SSB Proteins: Single strand binding- holds DNA apart.

DNA Polymerase: Acts like a "match maker" which pairs up the nucleotides properly. (it also proofreads! Makes sure everything is indeed in it's right spot). It gets ride of the RNA primer from before.

Helicase: Unwinds and unzips DNA.

RNA Primase: makes primer- which tells DNA Polymerase where to start.

Okazaki Fragments: Short pieces of DNA.

Semi-conservative: Holds 1 strand of old DNA and 1 strand of new DNA.

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Leading Strand: Continuous strand that has no buffers or breaks in the production of the DNA strand. Shown on top of the diagram.

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Lagging Strand: Primase makes primer, and the DNA Polymerase lays down nucleotides, forming Okazaki Fragments. The Polymerase proofreads, and the Ligase acts as glue, sticking the fragments together. Shown on the bottom of the diagram. Shown on the bottom of the diagram.

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At the end, there are two IDENTICAL strands of DNA.

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If the right side of a DNA strand is ACT TAG GAC GTA, then the other side that develops to replicate it would be TGA ATC CTG CTG CAT. Then the left side of the original DNA strand would be the same thing as that latter pattern, and the replication to that would be the same thing as the original right side.

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https://quizlet.com/658861153/dna-structure-replication-quiz-bio-320-flash-cards/?x=1qqt

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DNA Structure & Replication Quiz--Bio 320 Flashcards | Quizlet

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Start studying DNA Structure & Replication Quiz--Bio 320. Learn vocabulary, terms and more with flashcards, games and other study tools.

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At the ribosome. The mRNA slides THROUGH the ribosome, and the ribosome "reads" the mRNA. It looks for the start codon- which is AUG. tRNA brings the correct Amino Acid to the ribosome. On the other side of the tRNA is the anti-codon, which is the opposite to the mRNA. In this case, anti-codon is UAC, since codon is AUG. (translation is the bottom half of the diagram)

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The next tRNA brings the NEXT amino acid, and forms a peptide bond. This is a tough bond between amino acids. The tRNA continues bringing the amino acids the the amino acid chain until the ribosome reads the stop codon- which is either UAG, UGG, or UGA.

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3 Bases in DNA is a Triplet.
3 Bases in mRNA is a Codon.
3 Bases in tRNA is an Anti-Codon.

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There are 64 possible codons! And 20 different Amino Acids.

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Transcription comes first- it technically means to write across. Translation comes second- and it basically means to change the language of. You can't change the language of something if it's not in front of you for seeing! Which is how I remember that Transcription is first. It's like subtitles on a movie.

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The start Codon is ALWAYS: AUG, which is methionine.
The stop codons are always either: UAA, UAG, or UGA. These are just the stop codons, which tells the ribosome to stop reading.

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DNA is double stranded. mRNA and tRNA are both single strand.
In RNA you'll find uracil in place of thymine.
The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA is just ribose.
There are three types of RNA, while there's only one type of DNA.
DNA is genetic info. RNA is instruction on how to make proteins.

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Locations and general ideas of Transcription & Translation

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Locations and general ideas of Transcription & Translation

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Transcription: In the nucleus, making mRNA.
Translation: @ the ribosome, changes from mRNA code to amino acids.

*mRNA can get through the nucleus. It may be made IN the nucleus, but due to it being single stranded, it can get out through nucleic pores in the nucleus.

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Notes are also on paper- but a slideshow is much easier to link.

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A permanent change in DNA caused by mutagens (viruses, high temps, chemicals, radiation).

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1.) No effect on organism
2.) Good mutation (evolution, and Usain Bolt)
3.) Genetic disorder (bad)
4.) Cancer (bad)

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No effect, since the amino acid is not changed due to the mutation. So a single base may have changed, but it still is the same amino acid as it was when it was properly identical.

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Mutations in bacteria that allow them to become antibiotic-resistant. For example- a belief is that a long time ago everyone was lactose intolerant- but now thanks to that mutation, most people AREN'T. Map is a general idea of lactose intolerance as of more recently than ancient times.

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Gene Mutation: Small. A small piece of DNA- one gene, usually 1 base.
Chromosome Mutation: Huge. Entire chromosome, many genes.