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https://stories.durham.ac.uk/jericho/

https://www.istanbul-city-guide.com/map/palestine/jericho-map.asp

https://earth.google.com/

https://www.thearchaeologist.org/blog/ancient-jericho-the-first-walled-city-in-history

https://www.worldhistory.org/

An Awfully Nice Job'. Kathleen Kenyon as Secretary and Acting Director of the University of London Institute of Archaeology, 1935-1947 - Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Available from:https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Kathleen-Kenyon-excavation-at-Jericho-Photo-Stuart-Laidlaw-Reproduced-with-permission_fig1_329497430 [accessed 22 Jan, 2022]

https://ancientwordtour.wordpress.com/2012/03/24/teraphim/

https://www.britishmuseum.org/

https://www.khanacademy.org/

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Figure 8. The Fall of the Jericho Walls Source: https://www.khanacademy.org/

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It is believed that the community in Jericho must have functioned with an organized hierarchy, otherwise it would not have been possible to build in an organized way and have the development that it had at that time compared to other communities.

In Ancient Jericho (11000-5000 BC) people used mud bricks as building material and pottery was not yet known. Archaeological evidence of a government, the use of art and written language is found only from the early bronze age (2100-1600 BC).

The round houses of ancient Jericho were replaced after millennials by rectangular houses,

which were also grouped around rectangular courtyards.

Throughout its history Jericho has had at least 20 different occupations, the city has been invaded, destroyed, and rebuilt several times and has therefore passed through various cultures and forms of government including its most modern ones: Assyrian, Roman, Hebrew, Islam, Christian.

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Figure 7. Plastered Jericho skull at The British Museum. Source: https://www.britishmuseum.org/

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The first inhabitants of Jericho lived in simple round stone huts, still very much like the round tents of the nomadic hunters of the Stone Age.

It is believed that in their religion they worshipped their ancestors because of the skulls found. These skulls have plaster around them reconstructing the face of the dead and clay and shells from the river were put in the eyes. The plaster was painted with colors similar to the skin and then buried under the huts.

Their way of life was still very simple, it is believed that the way of life was pastoral, with primitive agriculture. The city lived around the fresh water source (a spring) which was guarded by a tower that was built of stone.

Jericho was invaded and destroyed several times, it was rebuilt on top of it throughout its history, and because of this it also had different cultures throughout its millennia.

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Figure 4. Kathleen Kanyon examining skulls found at the excavation site in 1953. Source: https://ancientwordtour.wordpress.com/2012/03/24/teraphim/

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Archeological findings

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Figure 3. Archeological excavation of Jericho led by Kathleen Kanyon. Source: Ahttps://www.researchgate.net

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Jericho is believed to have had 300 inhabitants in its beginning up to 3000 inhabitants after a few millennia. The city was built within thick stone walls. The archaeologist Kathleen Kanyon led the excavations where the ancient city of Jericho was once again revealed. The most important findings after the walls are the Jericho skulls. These are human skulls covered with plaster. In the picture, Kathleen Kanyon is studying the skulls, which she later concluded to be a religious practice.

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Figure 2. Satellite map. Source: screenshot from https://earth.google.com/

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Location

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Location
Jericho is the oldest known city at 11,000 years old. It was one of the first known places where humans stopped being nomadic and became more of a community, cultivating the land and having livestock for food instead of being nomadic and hunters.  This was because being close to the river and being located at 250 m below sea level, this place was an oasis in the desert, where there was fresh water and plants grew all year round, the climate is now still warm and the winter is mild. This made it comfortable for humans to settle in this place. During its history Jericho has been destroyed and rebuilt several times.  The ruins of Tell Jericho are now located in Palestinian territory 20 km northwest of the Dead Sea and 40 km from Jerusalem (Israel).  The Jordan River is 10 km away. The coordinates are: 31°51'0.18 "N, 35°26'22 "E.

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Excellent work! 10

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Turkey today is known for its beautiful ceramics. This tradition begins at Çatalhöyük, where the oldest pottery known from Anatolia has been found. The oldest pottery was fired, unpainted and unglazed, and had a very simple bag-shaped form.

The pottery was fired in closed kilns outside of houses. ( Dome-shaped kilns, door inside- can tell because clay is reduced- no oxygen in firing ) Mystery- were kilns used from the beginning of the city or were they developed here? ( May have started firing in bread ovens then moved outside)

photo extracted from: https://th.bing.com/th/id/R.eed2b7ac268c28077753357519cf1abf?rik=pn46tax7NvtmBA&riu=http%3a%2f%2fceramic-studio.net%2fimages%2fmade%2fimages%2fuploads%2fceramic-history-08_350_259.jpg&ehk=ZMC3bHPyDgt4wwIydajPDX2E8AjBVNilQ7nC1Fq5ymQ%3d&risl=&pid=ImgRaw&r=0

info from: wikipedia

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Type of government: Turkish Government

There were Economic Patterns two :

The community's economy was based on agriculture, along with a developing practice of cattle raising. Also, it is the first established city to have employed the exchange of goods with distant regions. The first ornamented pottery, metal works, and large animal grazing was undertaken here. With established methods of agriculture, the people of Catal Hoyuk grew three types of wheat and barley as well as many other varieties of grain and cereal. It is also known that they produced oils of maize, wheat, and peanut

information extracted from:
photo: https://th.bing.com/th/id/R.a4cd149825074acc0e976aba1f331111?rik=j6TgGfHnZBTGsg&riu=http%3a%2f%2flh3.ggpht.com%2ftessellar%2fR1BLpUfNLJI%2fAAAAAAAADz4%2fVZWf0-k6YyQ%2fs800%2fCatal%2bHuyuk2.jpg&ehk=NRtYUOjgTATOMV35x0EbN5zX99kONrGnLhruwkBoEtE%3d&risl=&pid=ImgRaw&r=0

info: (PPT) Catal Huyuk- An Introduction to the site and Case study of the wall art and sculptures | Arsh Ali - Academia.edu

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photo from: https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.5WUNW8-qn-LIulmn_PC-QwHaFS?pid=ImgDet&rs=1

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 Goddess from Catal Huyuk is a Neolithic art from Turkey. It was produced around 5800 BC and made from clay found in the grain

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It was created in the year 5800 BC, The art was discovered in a treasure chest of goddess art.
Her body is large, and her creators are Asian, in Asian culture the large and long body represents the amount of power... it's about someone superior.

extracted from:
photo and info: Goddess from Catal Huyuk (Neolithic Art) | shakevia lasharice thomas (wordpress.com)

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The people of Catal Huyuk lived on farming; their life was a succession of planting, cultivating, and harvesting.
Religion: What was the Catal Huyuk religion? It is likely that the inhabitant's practice worship in communal sanctuaries, they believed in goddesses and gods.
Catal Huyuk, a town in Southcentral Turkey with an estimated population of 5,000 -10,000 people, is the apparent center of fertility cult and goddess worship.
In July 2012, it was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Information extracted from:

info: What was Catal huyuk religion? – Colors-NewYork.com

photo: https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=Yw96nCQO&id=1AE17E4A5E32990E83F1EF6BDD1A4531CC5BF405&thid=OIP.Yw96nCQOW-Izof1oYPLcFgHaEm&mediaurl=https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-UibwHJleV0g/VQXKtp7_BII/AAAAAAAAQR4/yv6IzDRSeWQ/s1600/Çatal%2BHöyük.gif&cdnurl=https://th.bing.com/th/id/R.630f7a9c240e5be233a1fd6860f2dc16?rik=BfRbzDFFGt1r7w&pid=ImgRaw&r=0&sres=1&sresct=1&srh=799&srw=1289&exph=301&expw=485&q=way+of+life+in+catal+huyuk&simid=608005565023087659&form=IRPRST&ck=731D55168BCC8F1BF318AAA02B873B64&selectedindex=0&adlt=demote&shtp=GetUrl&shid=3a6e223b-eab4-4fd2-961e-1a141618508a&shtk=RmFyIEZ1dHVyZSBIb3Jpem9ucyA6IE5lb2xpdGhpYyBMaWZl&shdk=Rm91bmQgb24gQmluZyBmcm9tIGZhcmZ1dHVyZWhvcml6b25zLmJsb2dzcG90LmNvbQ%3D%3D&shhk=otpRytYqnndUD%2BPfsfsnrsp0MJV0b1QabU9bNcMNWVM%3D&shth=OIP.Yw96nCQOW-Izof1oYPLcFgHaEm

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people built tools from bones, obsidians, and ceramics.

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obsidian tools were not only used as claws but also to create cute animal figures, they decorated them beautifully, like turkeys or sheep.
as it should be, the tools, the food. among other things were distributed equally.

information extracted from:

photo 1: Life at Çatalhöyük | Çatalhöyük Research Project
(catalhoyuk.com)
photo 2: Goddess from Catal Huyuk (Neolithic Art) | shakevia lasharice thomas (wordpress.com)

info: Life at Çatalhöyük | Çatalhöyük Research Project
(catalhoyuk.com)

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Perhaps the most unique thing for modern city watchers is that it seems that Catal Huyuk is a gigantic building... because it has no streets at all.
the people that lived in these structures chose to build their adjoining houses on all sides, with entrances built under the cornice of each house. these entrances served for the ventilation of what they cooked and for the heat.

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Çatal Hüyük is considered one of the oldest cities in the world, from almost 7500 BC.
Çatal Hüyük is approximately 140 km from Mont Hasan's twin-coned volcano, It has two summits, the 3,069 meters high eastern Small Hasan Dagi and the  3,253 meters high Big Hasan Dagi. Çatal Hüyük is located in the south of the Anatolian peninsula.
Latitude: 37° 57' 13.97" N
Longitude: 31° 35' 47.00" E

Information extracted from:
photo: https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=PeEUtp0c&id=869F197CBA8CE4BA33CEDFC16C9D4E9BD8927369&thid=OIP.PeEUtp0cCfDdVS32Z_aMewHaFB&mediaurl=https://studyqueries.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Catal-Huyuk-on-world-map.png&cdnurl=https://th.bing.com/th/id/R.3de114b69d1c09f0dd552df667f68c7b?rik=aXOS2JtOnWzB3w&pid=ImgRaw&r=0&exph=563&expw=831&q=catal+huyuk+location&simid=607993663669227768&form=IRPRST&ck=4C70A82386861F78ED268F5AEE3EF48F&selectedindex=0&adlt=demote&shtp=GetUrl&shid=d970ffb3-35fb-4f3b-9b30-ae906e023e29&shtk=Q2F0YWwgSHV5dWsgLSBEZWZpbml0aW9uLCBIaXN0b3J5LCBMb2NhdGlvbiAmIE1vcmU%3D&shdk=Rm91bmQgb24gQmluZyBmcm9tIHN0dWR5cXVlcmllcy5jb20%3D&shhk=bj7E0gopVhwd%2BhasVgCGCyURkThPUxucoyquG8rLrUo%3D&shth=OIP.PeEUtp0cCfDdVS32Z_aMewHaFB
Latitude and longitude:
GPS coordinates of Hüyük, Turkey. Latitude: 37.9539 Longitude: 31.5964
Location: Catal Huyuk - Definition, History, Location & More (studyqueries.com)

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Emilio, well done!
I think you could have expanded more on each of the topics and add sources.
-2 Sources. Info -0.5
Total 7.5

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This region had already been settled by farming societies of the First Temperate Neolithic,

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The Vinča culture, born by the Danube, may have been as civilized or more civilized than the Sumerian. Archaeological evidence would point in this direction.

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Like most writing systems that have not yet been learned, the Vinča script has attracted the attention of many people.

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Some sculptural pieces typical of the Vinča culture

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The most characteristicals elements of the Vinča civilitation are the dark ceramics.

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Vinča site is located 14 kilometers east of Belgrade, the white city, on the banks of Danube.

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Maite this is excellent work!!!! 10

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Image of the god of the Canaanite people who sacrificed children

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Image:
https://paginasarabes.com/2020/03/24/el-mundo-religioso-cananeo/
Something curious, teacher, that I found is that children were sacrificed. This town believed in the purity of the blood of the first children for their god and that is why the Jewish people said that this was a cursed town that worshiped gods that preferred blood. of children, this town according to research was also very organized, its cities were governed by religious and political leaders, the work was distributed and they began to want to attack other towns to expand.

Consulted  text:
https://paginasarabes.com/2020/03/24/el-mundo-religioso-cananeo/

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Image of the religion of the Canaanite people

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Image http://corredordeencierros.blogspot.com/2009/11/el-culto-al-toro-en-canaan.html
The town that was possibly located in this ancient temple could be the Canaanite who had as main god the god EL who was represented with the head of a bull and was the creator god, his wife and he helped create the CANAANITE people, similar to the god of Mesopotamia AMU, in their religion there were constant fights between the BAAL god of rain and the MOT god of seuia, who were given tributes such as wine in ceremonies to prevent them from getting angry.

Consulted   Text  :
https://www.gotquestions.org/Espanol/cananeos.html

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Image of a cave painting of the Canaanite people

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Image :
https://psicologiaymente.com/cultura/cananeos.
The town  Canaanite people who possibly settled in TEL KABRI, practiced cave painting, these images of animals that served as food for this people were found in other nearby places, they were shepherds of flocks of sheep, goats, pigs, etc., they practiced techniques of cultivation of products and clothing was made from flax, animal skins, and plant fibers.

Consulted Text :

https://rsanzcarrera2.wordpress.com/2009/08/09/las-tradiciones-acerca-del-asentamiento-de-israel-en-canaan/

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Image:
http://corredordeencierros.blogspot.com/2009/11/el-culto-al-toro-en-canaan.html

The CANAANITE people who inhabited this place were related to peoples of Africa, Eurasia, and large caravans of merchants passed by, they had several gods and from there also several beliefs of the Jews are derived, they made ceramics and represented their gods, they worshiped in the Canaanite religion to the bull and believed in the fertility and fertilization of the eart.

Consulted  text:

https://psicologiaymente.com/cultura/cananeos

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Estampa de una Biblia de 1901 publicada por Providence Lithograph Company El único paso por tierra fértil entre el continente africano y ...

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Image:
https://historia.nationalgeographic.com.es/a/descubren-nuevas-tinajas-vino-tel-kabri_9576

The first archaeologists to analyze this place was carried out in the year by the University of Haifa, one of them is Assaf Yasur, who affirms that this place was an ancient palace, the National Geographic intervened to help and discover more things about this place. they lost many remains because they were building a road nearby and an earthquake also collapsed some remains of the palace, but the pieces and stones of this palace are being rescued, the US is also participating with some archaeologists and they say that it could also have been a trench to defend against towns invaders.

Consulted  text:

https://terraeantiqvae.com/m/group/discussion?id=2043782%3ATopic%3A478065

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Archaeologist doing excavations in the nearby place you can see the remains of large bottles where wine was kept because of the color of the ceramics.

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Human remains have been found on this site, ceramics, especially large vessels to store wine, animal bones, such as goats, bones that served as tools, remains of olive seeds, wheat, grapes, etc.

The most important thing found was 40 jars or large bottles where wine was stored, which is why it is believed that this town that lived there produced wine and is considered the oldest wine cellar.

Wine was a drink used not as we know it today but as a thirst quencher.

The remains of this site could be an ancient CANANEAN palace (the people who lived there), a large banquet hall and cellars were found.

Another fact that I found is that there were also remains such as animal offerings near the central part of the palace as if they had performed some ritual or ceremony.

consulted text:

http://www.historiayarqueologia.com/2020/09/el-palacio-cananeo-de-tel-kabri-quedo.html
Image:
https://www.nationalgeographic.es/historia/2020/09/palacio-cananeo-abandonado-hace-3700-anos-arqueologos.

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image of the archaeological site where excavations are being done.  

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TEL KABRI  .-  It is  a town located 8.07257N latitude and  98.91052 E longitude in Western Galilee  Asia.
These remains of the Canaanite peoples who lived 3700 B.C.

Galilea is a semi-dry, rainy and humid area with few mountains and many valleys where remains of wheat, barley, grape, walnut, olive seeds have been found for thousands of years.

The main river in Galilee is the Jordan where many towns settled in order to have water.

consulted text:

https://www.nationalgeographic.es/historia/2020/09/palacio-cananeo-abandonado-hace-3700-anos

image:

https://www.nationalgeographic.es/historia/2020/09/palacio-cananeo-abandonado-hace-3700-anos

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However, you need to watch your spelling and your words that sound the same but are different. Write as in handwriting, me writing a letter. Right as you are right. Or your right hand.
9.8

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The text is possibly the first writing ever made.

It's clear that there were many rulers in the Uruk community
because there is proof engraved in the stone of kings and rulers. For example, Gilgamesh was one of the kings that was found made in stone.

sources:
https://historia.nationalgeographic.com.es/a/epopeya-gilgamesh_6746

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/big-history-project/agriculture-civilization/first-cities-states/a/uruk

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The Uruk was a large community that had about 40,000 to 50,000 inhabitants, and just 100 years later it grew to about 80,000 inhabitants.

The main god that they looked up to was called Inanna, goddess of love and war. She is now known as Ishtar.

As they learned how to farm they changed their clothes from wild animals skins to domestic wool, that they could now produce, thanks to the crops they grew. So now they would wear wool even on hot days, except for the royalty that would wear linen.

Source: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/big-history-project/agriculture-civilization/first-cities-states/a/uruk

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This is part of the findings

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The most important findings are: a stone temple, a statue, and what is to be considered the oldest writing in history.

Source: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/big-history-project/agriculture-civilization/first-cities-states/a/uruk

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Latitude of Uruk: 32.056245
Longitude of Uruk: 43. 994751

from Iraq

The location would sometimes be called "the land between the rivers," and it was also in a high location which makes the Uruk stand out.

Source https: //tapestryinstitute.org/publications/occasional-papers/mythic-roots-alienation-vol-1-no-3-july-2015/page-11/

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There were many types of art that were used in that moment, like, painting, sculpture, pottery, architecture, and music, but the most common were definitely sculpture and architecture.

Soruce:

https://artradarjournal.com/2021/11/17/what-art-did-athens-create/

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In Early Athens, they didn’t have an only religion to follow, they believed in multiple deities, Olympian Gods were something that many religious experts accept as being at the core of their belief system.

Source:

https://www.greekboston.com/culture/ancient-history/religion/#:~:text=Ancient%20Greeks%20Were%20Polytheistic,core%20of%20their%20belief%20system.

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In early Athens, for men, the first jobs were, farmer, fisherman, soldier, teacher, government worker, and craftsman. For woman, raise the children, cook and homemakers.

Source:

http://webpage.pace.edu/nreagin/f2004ws267/annacho/finalhistory.html

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Hermes statue

The well-preserved statue of the head of God Hermes was discovered during construction work in a street in Athens, it was only a meter under the street level.

Soruce:

https://www.greece-is.com/the-top-10-archaeological-finds-in-greece-in-the-age-of-lockdowns/

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Rare artifacts from Hellenistic and Roman times.

During a construction work to extend the Athens metro, they accidentally found an ancient aqueduct and a treasure trove of rare artifacts

Source:

https://www.greece-is.com/the-top-10-archaeological-finds-in-greece-in-the-age-of-lockdowns/

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Location:
Latitude: 37.983810 degrees

Longitude: 23.72.7539 degrees

Greece is located in Southern Europe, bordering the Ionian Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Albania and Turkey. It is a peninsular country, with an archipelago of about 3,000 islands.

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Sergio, you must watch your spelling.
There = indicate place
Their = indicates ownership of a group of people.
They’re = they are.

I would have loved to read more information, you did it super simple. 8/10

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The hieroglyphics were found at the Ancient Roman cave´s, being one of the first hieroglyphics find in the world history,  extending into the 4th century AD. With the final closing of pagan temples in the 5th century.

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The Roman´s belived that the gods control thier life and they respect them as thier life.
They all had a very happy life and they have got a lot of opportunity to do what they want, like wear extravagant clothes, have servants, etc.

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The Ancient Romans thought that there were creatures and monsters in thhier land, and in the present there are find a lot of fossils of they and a lot of fossils of some strange animal or creature that has existed in that time.

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Rome´s Longitud and latitud are: latitude longitude coordinates for Rome are:
41°53'30.95"N and 12°30'40.79"E.
Rome is located in Italy country, in Europe continent (or region).
https://latitudelongitude.org/it/rome/

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The Clovis culture takes its name from the town in New Mexico, where the striking stone projectile point characteristic of the tradition was first found. It's distinctive characteristics include a central groove, or flute, along both of its faces and finely worked edges. The typical blade measures 10-13 cm in length by 4 cm in width and was produced by a combination of percussion and pressure flaking. The fluting allowed hafting to a wooden spear shaft to make a formidable weapon. (See Art Gumbus' LITHICS-Net for a fully detailed description of a Clovis point.) Similar Clovis points have been found in every region of North America south of the glaciers.

The Clovis tool kit also included bifaces that could have been used as tools themselves or further worked into other tool types. Flakes could readily be struck from the biface and used as end scrapers, used for processing hides and other materials (view Tony Baker's detailed discussion of Paleoindian endscrapers), and gravers, spokeshaves and burins that may have been part of a wood or bone working industry. Shaft straighteners, called "wrenches", have also been found. Clovis tools were usually made from high quality stone, such as chert and obsidian, quarried at locations as far as several hundred kilometers from habitation sites ( Kelly and Todd 1988:237 ).

Mammoth,
Manitoba Department of Culture, Heritage, and Citizenship
Historic Resources Branch

Clovis points are found in association with the bones of Ice Age animals in sites in many areas of North America and document both the importance of big game hunting and the effectiveness of early Palaeo weaponry. The species exploited included mammoths, who grazed on the tundra grasses and mastodons who browsed on the spruce needles. Giant, long-horned bison provided a secondary food source.

Only four or five Clovis points have been found in Manitoba. One beautiful specimen (right) is made of Knife River Flint, which was probably quarried in what is now western North Dakota. The rarity of points and absence of other artifacts or signs of settlement suggests the presence of small groups who made only infrequent visits to the province in the course of their movements. While there is no local evidence to suggest the settlement or social forms of Clovis groups, their dependence on prevailing migrations of mammoth herds must have involved movements overs long distances.

Clovis sites elsewhere give us some insight into ritual and belief systems. In southern Ontario ( Ellis and Deller 1991 ) a cache of about 200 burnt chert implements were discovered in a pit which may represent the remains of a cremation burial. Furthermore, at a Clovis burial site in Montana, powdered red ochre (hematite) was found on the remains of two adolescents and the grave goods that were buried with them. The use of red ochre on burials is an ancient one that extends back to European and Asian traditions. The practice persisted amongst many Aboriginal groups until the 19th century.

Continue

© 1998 Manitoba Archaeological Society
Web Development: Brian Schwimmer, University of Manitoba
Text and Graphics: Brian Schwimmer, Virginia Petch, Linda Larcombe
Comments welcome

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The Clovis culture takes its name from the town in New Mexico, where the striking stone projectile point characteristic of the tradition was first found. It's distinctive characteristics include a central groove, or flute, along both of its faces and finely worked edges.

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Ancient people of North America's Clovis culture migrated to South America roughly 11,000 years ago, then mysteriously vanished, researchers have discovered.

In a new study, researchers analyzed DNA from 49 people living over a span of 10,000 years in Belize, Brazil, the Central Andes and southern South America. They found some of these people were genetically linked to people of the Clovis culture, one of the earliest archaeological cultures to extend throughout North America. Although archaeologists have suspected that Clovis people migrated south, they haven't yet found any Clovis artifacts in South America.

Posth et al./Cell

"We weren't expecting to find a relation to people associated with the Clovis culture in South America," said Nathan Nakatsuka, a PhD student at Harvard Medical School who co-authored the new study published in Cell, in a Cell press release. "But it seems the expansion of the Clovis-associated lineage extended to parts of Central and South America."

The researchers discovered that all 49 people in the study were descended from the migrants who crossed the Bering Strait into North America more than 15,000 years ago. Genetic distinctions between the people showed they'd traveled south in at least three different migration groups, one of which was the previously undocumented Clovis group.

In addition to discovering Clovis people in South America, researchers also found that these people disappeared from the continent about 9,000 years ago, and were replaced by people with different genetic ancestry. We don't yet know why this happened, but the insight means archaeologists can start investigating.

"The large-scale population replacement is a process that was not widely expected by archaeologists," said David Reich, a geneticist at Harvard Medical School and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute who co-authored the study, in the Cell press release. "This is an exciting example of how ancient DNA studies can reveal events in the past that were not confirmed and thus can stimulate new work in archaeology."

Cell published the study the same week that Science published two other major studies about early people in the Americas. One of these identified the origins of Nevada's 10,600-year-old "Spirit Cave Mummy."

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Why Did the Clovis People Mysteriously Vanish?

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Ancient people of North America's Clovis culture migrated to South America roughly 11,000 years ago, then mysteriously vanished, researchers have discovered. In a new study, researchers analyzed DNA from 49 people living over a span of 10,000 years in Belize, Brazil, the Central Andes and southern South America.

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Brian, great work! I love the explanation and clarity.
10! Excellent

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This is an Egyptian sculpture that represented a pharaoh 

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One of the oldest known evidence of prehistoric religious life on Egypt was back to about 600,000 years ago, went from the tombs where the ancients buried their dead, the shape of clay and carving the horns of animals bones, and ivory. Ancient Egyptian art includes the painting, sculpture, architecture. All their art had to be related to their religion, somehow Ancient Egyptian art refers to art of the second and third dynasty developed in Egypt from 3000 BCE until the third century.
source:
https://www.monartem.com/blog/22/egyptian-cave-paintings-#:~:text=It%20is%20an%20early%20work,began%20about%2035%2C000%20years%20ago.&text=Egyptian%20prehistoric%20man%20developed%20many,animals%2C%20bones%2C%20and%20ivory.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/introduction-to-ancient-egyptian-art/#:~:text=Ancient%20Egyptian%20art%20includes%20the,5000%20BCE%20to%20300%20CE.&text=In%20a%20narrower%20sense%2C%20Ancient%20Egyptian%20art%20refers%20to%20art,BCE%20until%20the%20third%20century.

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The size of the population was up to 1 to 1.5 million of people in the 3rd millennium, the religion of Ancient Egypt was polytheistic, who belived that gods and goddesses controlled the forces of the nature and supernatural world. The Egyptians built their houses from mud-brick, so they could later use stone for their temples and tombs. Building with this material was super cheap and fast, but unfortunately, over time, almost all the mud-brick houses and palaces have crumbled and dissolved. A very interesting fact about the Egyptians are their rulers pharaohs,  were both the supreme status and religious leaders of their people. ... most of the peoples called early Egyptian rulers “kings,” over time, that name was changed to the name “pharaoh”
source:

https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Egypt
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldcivilization/chapter/ancient-egyptian-religion/
https://collections.dma.org/essay/makAzZyl
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/pharaohs/#:~:text=As%20ancient%20Egyptian%20rulers%2C%20pharaohs,religious%20leaders%20of%20their%20people.&text=While%20early%20Egyptian%20rulers%20were,between%20the%20gods%20and%20Egyptians.

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Life in ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt can be thought of as an oasis in the desert of northeastern Africa, dependent on the annual inundation of the Nile River to support its agricultural population. The country's chief wealth came from the fertile floodplain of the Nile valley, where the river flows between bands of limestone hills, and the Nile delta, in which it fans into several branches north of present-day Cairo. Between the floodplain and the hills is a variable band of low desert that supported a certain amount of game. The Nile was Egypt's sole transportation artery.

The First Cataract at Aswān, where the riverbed is turned into rapids by a belt of granite, was the country's only well-defined boundary within a populated area. To the south lay the far less hospitable area of Nubia, in which the river flowed through low sandstone hills that in most regions left only a very narrow strip of cultivable land. Nubia was significant for Egypt's periodic southward expansion and for access to products from farther south. West of the Nile was the arid Sahara, broken by a chain of oases some 125 to 185 miles (200 to 300 km) from the river and lacking in all other resources except for a few minerals. The eastern desert, between the Nile and the Red Sea, was more important, for it supported a small nomadic population and desert game, contained numerous mineral deposits, including gold, and was the route to the Red Sea.

To the northeast was the Isthmus of Suez. It offered the principal route for contact with Sinai, from which came turquoise and possibly copper, and with southwestern Asia, Egypt's most important area of cultural interaction, from which were received stimuli for technical development and cultivars for crops. Immigrants and ultimately invaders crossed the isthmus into Egypt, attracted by the country's stability and prosperity. From the late 2nd millennium bce onward, numerous attacks were made by land and sea along the eastern Mediterranean coast.

At first, relatively little cultural contact came by way of the Mediterranean Sea, but from an early date Egypt maintained trading relations with the Lebanese port of Byblos (present-day Jbail). Egypt needed few imports to maintain basic standards of living, but good timber was essential and not available within the country, so it usually was obtained from Lebanon. Minerals such as obsidian and lapis lazuli were imported from as far afield as Anatolia and Afghanistan.

Agriculture centred on the cultivation of cereal crops, chiefly emmer wheat ( Triticum dicoccum) and barley ( Hordeum vulgare). The fertility of the land and general predictability of the inundation ensured very high productivity from a single annual crop. This productivity made it possible to store large surpluses against crop failures and also formed the chief basis of Egyptian wealth, which was, until the creation of the large empires of the 1st millennium bce, the greatest of any state in the ancient Middle East.

Basin irrigation was achieved by simple means, and multiple cropping was not feasible until much later times, except perhaps in the lakeside area of Al-Fayyūm. As the river deposited alluvial silt, raising the level of the floodplain, and land was reclaimed from marsh, the area available for cultivation in the Nile valley and delta increased, while pastoralism declined slowly. In addition to grain crops, fruit and vegetables were important, the latter being irrigated year-round in small plots. Fish was also vital to the diet. Papyrus, which grew abundantly in marshes, was gathered wild and in later times was cultivated. It may have been used as a food crop, and it certainly was used to make rope, matting, and sandals. Above all, it provided the characteristic Egyptian writing material, which, with cereals, was the country's chief export in Late period Egyptian and then Greco-Roman times.

Cattle may have been domesticated in northeastern Africa. The Egyptians kept many as draft animals and for their various products, showing some of the interest in breeds and individuals that is found to this day in the Sudan and eastern Africa. The donkey, which was the principal transport animal (the camel did not become common until Roman times), was probably domesticated in the region. The native Egyptian breed of sheep became extinct in the 2nd millennium bce and was replaced by an Asiatic breed. Sheep were primarily a source of meat; their wool was rarely used. Goats were more numerous than sheep. Pigs were also raised and eaten. Ducks and geese were kept for food, and many of the vast numbers of wild and migratory birds found in Egypt were hunted and trapped. Desert game, principally various species of antelope and ibex, were hunted by the elite; it was a royal privilege to hunt lions and wild cattle. Pets included dogs, which were also used for hunting, cats, and monkeys. In addition, the Egyptians had a great interest in, and knowledge of, most species of mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish in their environment.

Most Egyptians were probably descended from settlers who moved to the Nile valley in prehistoric times, with population increase coming through natural fertility. In various periods there were immigrants from Nubia, Libya, and especially the Middle East. They were historically significant and also may have contributed to population growth, but their numbers are unknown. Most people lived in villages and towns in the Nile valley and delta. Dwellings were normally built of mud brick and have long since disappeared beneath the rising water table or beneath modern town sites, thereby obliterating evidence for settlement patterns. In antiquity, as now, the most favoured location of settlements was on slightly raised ground near the riverbank, where transport and water were easily available and flooding was unlikely. Until the 1st millennium bce, Egypt was not urbanized to the same extent as Mesopotamia. Instead, a few centres, notably Memphis and Thebes, attracted population and particularly the elite, while the rest of the people were relatively evenly spread over the land. The size of the population has been estimated as having risen from 1 to 1.5 million in the 3rd millennium bce to perhaps twice that number in the late 2nd millennium and 1st millennium bce. (Much higher levels of population were reached in Greco-Roman times.)

Nearly all of the people were engaged in agriculture and were probably tied to the land. In theory all the land belonged to the king, although in practice those living on it could not easily be removed and some categories of land could be bought and sold. Land was assigned to high officials to provide them with an income, and most tracts required payment of substantial dues to the state, which had a strong interest in keeping the land in agricultural use. Abandoned land was taken back into state ownership and reassigned for cultivation. The people who lived on and worked the land were not free to leave and were obliged to work it, but they were not slaves; most paid a proportion of their produce to major officials. Free citizens who worked the land on their own behalf did emerge; terms applied to them tended originally to refer to poor people, but these agriculturalists were probably not poor. Slavery was never common, being restricted to captives and foreigners or to people who were forced by poverty or debt to sell themselves into service. Slaves sometimes even married members of their owners' families, so that in the long term those belonging to households tended to be assimilated into free society. In the New Kingdom (from about 1539 to 1075 bce), large numbers of captive slaves were acquired by major state institutions or incorporated into the army. Punitive treatment of foreign slaves or of native fugitives from their obligations included forced labour, exile (in, for example, the oases of the western desert), or compulsory enlistment in dangerous mining expeditions. Even nonpunitive employment such as quarrying in the desert was hazardous. The official record of one expedition shows a mortality rate of more than 10 percent.

Just as the Egyptians optimized agricultural production with simple means, their crafts and techniques, many of which originally came from Asia, were raised to extraordinary levels of perfection. The Egyptians' most striking technical achievement, massive stone building, also exploited the potential of a centralized state to mobilize a huge labour force, which was made available by efficient agricultural practices. Some of the technical and organizational skills involved were remarkable. The construction of the great pyramids of the 4th dynasty ( c. 2575- c. 2465 bce) has yet to be fully explained and would be a major challenge to this day. This expenditure of skill contrasts with sparse evidence of an essentially neolithic way of living for the rural population of the time, while the use of flint tools persisted even in urban environments at least until the late 2nd millennium bce. Metal was correspondingly scarce, much of it being used for prestige rather than everyday purposes.

In urban and elite contexts, the Egyptian ideal was the nuclear family, but, on the land and even within the central ruling group, there is evidence for extended families. Egyptians were monogamous, and the choice of partners in marriage, for which no formal ceremony or legal sanction is known, did not follow a set pattern. Consanguineous marriage was not practiced during the Dynastic period, except for the occasional marriage of a brother and sister within the royal family, and that practice may have been open only to kings or heirs to the throne. Divorce was in theory easy, but it was costly. Women had a legal status only marginally inferior to that of men. They could own and dispose of property in their own right, and they could initiate divorce and other legal proceedings. They hardly ever held administrative office but increasingly were involved in religious cults as priestesses or "chantresses." Married women held the title "mistress of the house," the precise significance of which is unknown. Lower down the social scale, they probably worked on the land as well as in the house.

The uneven distribution of wealth, labour, and technology was related to the only partly urban character of society, especially in the 3rd millennium bce. The country's resources were not fed into numerous provincial towns but instead were concentrated to great effect around the capital-itself a dispersed string of settlements rather than a city-and focused on the central figure in society, the king. In the 3rd and early 2nd millennia, the elite ideal, expressed in the decoration of private tombs, was manorial and rural. Not until much later did Egyptians develop a more pronouncedly urban character.

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Ancient Egypt | History, Government, Culture, Map, & Facts

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Ancient Egypt, civilization in northeastern Africa that dates from the 4th millennium BCE. Its many achievements, preserved in its art and monuments, hold a fascination that continues to grow as archaeological finds expose its secrets. Learn more about ancient Egypt in this article.

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A well preserved mummie from 3000 year ago

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One of the most relevant archeological finding on ancient Egypt are the mommies ,

The ancient Egypt’s believed in several rituals in order to reach the afterlife and a dead person spirit needed a body so in order to preserve a proses had to be done, and it was called mummification practiced throughout most of early Egyptian history. The firsts mummies from ancient times were probably accidental. Probably dry sand and air (Egypt has almost no  rainfall) preserved some bodies buried in shallow pits dug into the sand.

Another important archaeologists findings was a statue of a sphinx on the temple of Kom Ombo near the southern city of Aswan.

The antiquities ministry said that the statue of the mythical beast, which measures about 28cm wide and 38cm tall, was made of sandstone.

source:
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-45546415#:~:text=Egyptian%20archaeologists%20have%20discovered%20a,tall%2C%20was%20made%20of%20sandstone.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4FiM8S2_nSg

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Egypt's latitude is 30° 06' N

and longitude is 30° 06' N and 31° 25' E .

It´s located in northeastern Africa part of it is the Sinai Peninsula (also seen as Sinai) it is often known as a part of Asia. It limits to the north by the Mediterranean Sea, to the east by the Red Sea and Israel, to the south by Sudan, and to the west by Libya.

source:
Egipto - Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores

http://www.exteriores.gob.es ›
Egipto - Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores

http://www.exteriores.gob.es ›

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Vinča symbols have been found on many of the excavated artifacts in Europe. These symbols are between 8,000 and 6,500 years old.
Some scholars believe that the Vinča symbols represent the oldest form of writing. Since all the inscriptions are short and appear on objects found in places like caves.
Sources
https://omniglot.com/writing/vinca.htm

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Vinča was first inhabited around 5500 BC. It was a large community with around 30,000 to 40,000 inhabitants. The first to inhabit it were farmers and artisans who formed a small settlement there.
Vinča culture, civilization bring and develop new religious
themes, some known since Early Neolithic, others starting now. Many religious themes are present in this culture,
including worship in temples or at shrines.

Source
https://www.academia.edu/9926451/Abaut_the_great_religious_themes_of_Vin%C4%8Da_culture_
file:///home/teamq/Descargas/Abaut_the_great_religious_themes_of_Vinc.pdf

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Numerous objects were found from this culture, such as bone hooks, stone axes and ceramic vessels.
To make many of their crafts, the people of this culture used different materials such as Spondylus shells, which were used to make jewelry, or obsidian, which was used for blades.

Source:
https://artsandculture.google.com/incognito/story/WwWxbKaruyd39Q

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Location
The Vinča culture was one of the earliest cultures in Europe. It was found along the Danube in Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Macedonia.

Latitude of Vinča: 44.7533
Longitude of Vinča: 20°36'28.19"E

Sources

https://latitude.to/articles-by-country/rs/serbia/80403/vinca

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Mystery about origin
The origin of valdivia culture is one of the great mysteries of Ecuador's archeology. One hypothesis maintains that it was a point of union between Asia and America about 4500 before the arrival of Christopher Columbus.

This hypothesis states that its appearance was related to contacts with present-day Japan, since some researchers have found similarities between its ceramics and that made by a people located in the Japanese archipelago,especially in the decoration

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This culture was discovered by Victor Emilio Estrada in 1956. The remains found, especially ceramic objects, led to it being considered the oldest culture in America. However, many facts about this culture are unknown, including its origin and way of life.
From the moment of its discovery, valdivia culture and its origin has been an enigma for archaeologists. The hypotheses have been several, but none has been demonstrated to this day.

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Social organization
As was common in the first peoples of the continent, the Valdivian culture was organized along tribal lines. All aspects of life were based on relationships of kinship and reciprocity. Experts point out that it is possible that they had shamans, their role was to relate to the world of spirits.

The Valdivian civilization was one of the first to build settlements. They did so next to the available water surces to be able to have their crops and the remains have shown a certain degree of urban planning.

These villages had about 50 oval-shaped houses. Groups of around 30 people related by kinship resided in them.

https://www.lifeder.com/cultura-valdivia/

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The remains found show that they were a very skillful people with ceramics. In general, the pieces were made for everyday use, such as glasses and jars. Also, archaeologists have found statuettes that represent female forms, the so-called Valdivian Venus.
They represented fertility and the importance of women in the community.

https://www.lifeder.com/cultura-valdivia/

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Location
latitude -1.831239
longitude -78.183406
is the location of Ecuador the country of the Valdivia community.
https://www.geodatos.net/coordenadas/ecuador

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Introduction
The Valdivian culture was an archaeological culture that developed on the west coast of Ecuador during the Early Formative Period, between 4400 and 1450 BC. C. The territory in which the Valdivias inhabited were what today are the provinces of Guayas, Los Ríos, El Oro and Isla Puná.

https://www.lifeder.com/cultura-valdivia/

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http://peachstatearchaeologicalsociety.org/index.php/11-culture-historic/301-monte-verde-site

https://www.google.com/search?q=monte+verde+arrowtips+found&client=firefox-b-d&sxsrf=APq-WBuo7S6CdjkSfm-ncUh8loyeHKdo_g:1643335310381&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjR86-LrdP1AhWkZzABHTqcCt4Q_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1608&bih=949&dpr=1

https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1873/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Verde

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The following article is a synopsis of material written by Steven Beasley from his notes at the Paleo Symposium in 2013, Mark Rose and the Wikipedia free encyclopedia and edited by Lloyd Schroder.

The Monte Verde archaeological site is located in the region of the sub-Antarctic and evergreen softwood forests of the low mountains of southern Chile. The site shows the existence of a group of people that lived throughout the beaches and banks of sand and gravel in Chinchihuapi Creek about 14,800 years ago. After the site had been occupied, a turf coating was formed by a swamp that covered the entire site, allowing the conservation of the remains of the past.

The site was discovered in late 1975 when a veterinary student visited the area of Monte Verde, where severe erosion was occurring due to logging. The student was shown a strange "cow bone" collected by nearby local people who had found it exposed in the eroded Chinchihuapi Creek. The bone later proved to be from a mastodon. Two years later, in 1977, archaeological excavation was begun under the direction of Dr. Tom Dillehay, an American anthropologist and professor at the University of Austral de Chile.

The early dating at Monte Verde adds to the evidence showing that the human settlement of the Americas pre-dates the Clovis culture by roughly 1000 years. This contradicts the previously accepted "Clovis first" model which holds that settlement of the Americas began after 13,500 BP. The Monte Verde findings were initially dismissed by most of the scientific community, but in recent years the evidence has become more widely accepted in some archaeological circles, although vocal "Clovis First" advocates remain.
The History of the Clovis-First Orthodoxy
Monte Verde's great importance is that, granted the site is valid, it breaks the Clovis barrier, that it is earlier than the widespread Clovis culture which has been accepted for nearly 50 years to be the earliest in the Americas. This belief in the Clovis-first model for the colonization of the New World had become so entrenched that many scholars felt that it stifled debate about the subject and that its proponents were self-appointed defenders of the faith.

The rise of the Clovis Orthodoxy goes back to the first decades of this century. Throughout the 1890s William Henry Holmes of the Bureau of American Ethnology and Thomas Chamberlin of United States Geological Survey challenged many dubious claims for Pleistocene (Ice Age) archaeological finds in the New World, a role that was continued into the 1920s by physical anthropologist Ales Hrdlicka of the Smithsonian Institution.

In 1926 Jesse Figgins of the Colorado Museum of Natural History sent a crew to collect a skeleton of an extinct bison from a fossil bed near Folsom, New Mexico. Figgin's crew found a stone point at the site but moved it before an archaeologist could verify its association with the bones. Hrdlicka refused to accept the find as evidence of Pleistocene occupation of the New World by humans. Figgins, infuriated, told his crew to contact him immediately if another such find was made and to leave the point undisturbed until he arrived. In August 1927 another point was found. It was left in the ground, examined by outside experts and photographed. The find proved that humans had entered the New World sometime before the end of the Ice Age some 10,000 years ago.

In 1932 Figgins found larger, heavier fluted points with mammoth skeletons at a site in Colorado. Five years later, near Clovis, New Mexico, robust fluted points were again found with mammoth bones in a deposit beneath a layer containing Folsom points and bison skeletons. The robust points, now named Clovis, were recognized as even older than the Folsom points.

Characteristic of both points is a flute, a flake struck off the base along the length of the point, presumably to facilitate hafting. The site names are also used for the peoples represented by these specific artifacts, while the broader term "Paleoindian" applies to Clovis (left), Folsom (right), and other early cultures.

In 1964 University of Arizona geochronologist C. Vance Haynes linked the dates of Clovis sites obtained through radiocarbon dating, then a fairly new technique, and evidence about glacial conditions in the north. The distinctive points had been found throughout the continental United States, all in contexts dated to about 11,500-11,000 years ago, and none before 12,000, the date geologists believed an ice-free corridor opened up between the Cordilleran Glacier atop the Canadian Rockies and the massive Laurentide Ice Sheet to the east, permitting southward migration. Haynes proposed a very rapid occupation of the Americas, with Paleoindians virtually sweeping across the continents. This accorded well with the archaeological evidence.

The Clovis toolkit, that included fluted points, bifaces, knives, scrapers, drills, and gravers, was apparently sufficient to enable them to exploit a range of environments. Evidence of the mobility of Clovis groups came from the identification of chert, jasper, chalcedony, and other types of stone valued for making tools that was carried long distances, often over distances of 200 miles. A view that Clovis Paleoindians, mobile big-game hunters that were pursuing the Pleistocene megafauna (mammoth, mastodon, and extinct bison), were the first Americans was widely accepted. Claims were made from time to time that various sites, such as Meadowcroft Rockshelter in western Pennsylvania and Pedra Furada in Brazil, had pre-Clovis occupation phases. But none were convincing. Clovis-first was the rule. With Monte Verde generally accepted by 1997, the Clovis-first orthodoxy was overthrown and discussion on how and when the Americas were colonized became wide open.

The most prevalent theory today is the coastal migration hypothesis, which argues that people migrated from Asia down along the western coasts of North and South America. Monte Verde is located 8,000 miles south of the Bering Strait. Such a considerable distance was probably unreasonable to trek by foot, especially on ice. Furthermore, remains of 22 varieties of seaweed are referenced in regards to this theory. Modern native inhabitants of the regions use these particular local seaweed varieties for medicinal purposes. Using an ethnographic analogy, this suggests that the Monte Verde residents used these varieties for similar purposes, which further suggests an extensive knowledge of marine resources. This, in conjunction with a relative lack of stone tools, suggests that these first settlers were maritime-adapted hunter-gatherer-fishermen, and not necessarily big-game hunters like the Clovis people. Therefore, it is feasible that they traveled along the coast by boat or along the shoreline, and could survive on marine resources throughout the voyage south. The existence of other possible sites is supported by the presence of non-local items at Monte Verde such as plants, beach-rolled pebbles, quartz, and tar, indicating possible trade networks.

The Monte Verde dating has held up against arguments that perhaps floods moved the artifacts into older sediments or the sediments were contaminated by eroded ash from volcanic eruptions. The oldest previously known sights where identified with the Clovis people, a group of early Americans named after a site in New Mexico. Numerous 12,000-year-old Clovis sites have been found on both the eastern and western sides of North America. Beautifully- crafted leaf-shape projectile points, blades and burins, dating from 13,000 to 9,000 B.C. , have been found in Venezuela, Peru, Mexico, Idaho and Nevada.

David Meltzer, an archaeologist at Southern Methodist University told National Geographic, "How could people possibly have raced down from Alaska in a few hundred years? They were pioneering a landscape that was becoming increasingly unfamiliar as they moved south. They had to find water and figure out which plants and animals were edible, useful, harmful or even fatal. They had to cross formidable barriers and cope with new diseases. And they had to do all this while raising families on a vast continent devoid of other people. All of that takes time." Geneticists confirm this belief by pointing out that the languages and genetic material of native Americans is too diverse to be only 12,000 years old.

Scientist theorize the early Americans arrived in Chile one of three ways: 1) overland through a break in the glaciers that covered most of Canada; 2) skirting the glaciers using boats to follow the coast; or 3) taking a boat across the sea from Asia. Most scientist dismiss the third theory on the grounds that boat technology was not advanced enough to cross the ocean 12,000 years ago Early Australians, however, used boats to arrive in northern Australia about 60,000 years ago but they only needed to cross areas of open sea that were about 50 miles in distance.

The Monte Verde Excavations
From 1977 to 1985, Tom Dillehay of the University of Kentucky excavated at Monte Verde, some 31 miles (50 km) inland from the Pacific of southern Chile. The water-saturated deposits of the site, on Chinchihuapi Creek, afforded excellent preservation of organic remains in what was interpreted as a habitation surface, designated MV-II, of a small camp used by 20 to 30 people. Radiocarbon dates from the level averaged ~12,500 years ago. Among the features recorded by the excavators were two large and many small hearths and 12 huts about ten by 11.5 feet (3 by 3.5 m). Most of the stone tools found at the site were made of local raw material and consist of cobbles with a few flakes removed to make simple but functional working edges. There were two bifacially flaked points. Worked wood, from logs to branches, was also found. Bones, ivory, and possible tissue from mastodons were found along with remains of Pleistocene llamas, small mammals, fish, and mollusks. Remains of plants that could be from coastal to Andean to arid grassland habitats were recovered. The imprint of a human foot in clay is among the most intriguing finds from the site. Upstream, limited excavation uncovered another deposit, designated MV-I, with some possible stone tools and three possible hearths dated to 33,000 years old.

In the initial excavation, two large hearths were found and many small ones as well. The remains of local animals were found, in addition to wooden posts from approximately twelve huts. This led archaeologists to assume the population was around 20-30 inhabitants. A human footprint was also found in the clay, probably from a child. Inside the camp, archaeologists found a chunk of meat that still had preserved DNA. After a DNA analysis, it matched that of a mastodon, indicating the type of food the inhabitants ate.

Later, in 2007, Monte Verde would be associated with a close and new archaeological site known as Pilauco Bajo. Postulating that both sites would be complementary, Monte Verde would be a habitation site and Pilauco Bajo would be interpreted as a hunting and scavenging site.

The Monte Verde site has two distinct levels. The upper level, MV-II, has been extensively characterized. Its occupation is reliably dated to 14,800 - 13,800 BP. The lower level, MV-I, is less well understood. It was more ephemeral and came from ancient river sediments. Dillehay found charcoal scatters which may be the remnants of fireplaces next to possible stone and wood artifacts, and these were dated to at least 33,000BP. He acknowledges MV-I has "problems such as dubious human artifacts, questionable radiocarbon dates, or unreliable geological contexts" and hesitates "to accept this older level without more evidence and without sites of comparable age elsewhere in the Americas."

Tent Stakes still in place

According to Dillehay and his team, Monte Verde II was occupied around 14,800 - 13,800 BP by about twenty to thirty people. A twenty-foot-long tent-like structure of wood and animal hides was erected on the banks of the creek and was framed with logs and planks staked in the ground, making walls of poles covered with animal hides. Using ropes made of local reeds, the hides were tied to the poles creating separate living quarters within the main structure. Outside the tent-like structure, two large hearths had been built for community usage, most probably for tool making and craftwork.

Each of the living quarters had a brazier pit lined with clay. Around those hearths, many stone tools and remnants of spilled seeds, nuts, and berries were found. A 13,000-yr-old specimen of the wild potato, Solanum maglia, was also found at the site; these remains, the oldest on record for any species of potato, wild or cultivated, suggest that southern Chile was one of the two main centers for the evolution of Solanum tuberosum tuberosum, the common potato. Remains of forty-five different edible plant species were found within the site, over a fifth of them originating from up to 150 miles (240 km) away. This suggested that the people of Monte Verde either had trade routes or traveled regularly in this extended network.

Other important finds from this site include human coprolites, a five-inch footprint, assumed to have been made by a child, stone tools, and cordage. The date for this site was obtained by Dr. Dillehay with the use of radiocarbon dating of charcoal and bone found within the site. In the May 9, 2008 issue of Science, a team reported that they identified nine species of seaweed and marine algae recovered from hearths and other areas in the ancient settlement. The seaweed samples were directly dated between 14,220 to 13,980 years ago, confirming that MV-II was occupied more than 1,000 years earlier than any other reliably dated human settlements in the Americas. MV-I has been reportedly radiocarbon dated to 33,000 years before present, but like other sites with reported extremely early dates such as the Topper site in South Carolina, this deeper layer find remains controversial. The only human settlement site in Southern Chile of comparable age to Monte Verde is Pilauco Bajo dated to 12,500-11,000 years before present. Further south lies the Pali Aike Crater lava tube dated to 14,000-10,000 years before present.

Among the lithic tools recovered were round rocks the size of an egg, some of which could be useful as stones of a sling or bolas and a spike- shaped extended cylindrical stone that could have been used for drilling. Other recovered items included an odd stone devices with sheet shapes, including a nucleus and a chopper and two long lanceolate tip projectiles, similar to those known as El Jobo projectile tips found in the early scopes of Venezuela.

Rick Gore, of National Geographic, reported mammoth carvings in ivory dating between 12,000 and 14,000 years ago were found in bogs near Monte Verde, Chile in the 1990s. Since these artifacts were found so far from the Bering Strait (the route believed to have been taken by the first Americans), scientists believe that first people to migrate out of Asia arrived in Alaska perhaps 20,000 years ago. If they arrived later than that, they made their way down the west coast of the Americas to Chile relatively quickly.

Guitarrero Cave is a rockshelter in the Ancash region of Peru, where human occupations date to approximately 12,100 years ago. Fortuitous preservation has allowed researchers to collect textiles from the cave, dated to the Pre-Clovis component.

Wooden artifacts included a lance tip, digging sticks, three handles with scrapers mounted on them and three mortars. Timber was used in the construction of two different types of structures that were located in two different areas of the site. Small tree trunks were used to form the base of rectangular houses and thick rudely cut planks were arranged on the floor. The wooden framing was held in place with stakes. Vertical stems were placed every meter to frame the housing structure. In some of the fallen wood, traces of animal fur were found, suggesting that leather had covered the structure walls. The structures measured between 3 to 4.5 meters on each side. Inside the big tent, the 12 excavated rooms were joined on the sides and arranged in 2 parallel rows or lines. Within the structures were tools, plant remains and superficial or shallow impressions that were covered with clay that were used as fire pits as they still had evidences of fire residue. Apparently, the kitchen was a communal activity and took place around two big fires.

Separate and isolated from the rest of the structures was a very different type of structure located to the west end of the site. This U-shaped structure had a foundation of compacted sand and gravel. Vertical timber pieces or fragments were placed every half meter throughout both arms of the structure providing a wooden frame on which to fasten a leather coating or cover. A small platform protruded from the rear of the structure giving in more of a Y shape. The platform was approximately 3 meters wide and 4 meters long. The open front of the structure faced a small cleared area containing small hearths covered with clay. The clearing contained bits of animal fur, cane shafts and burnt seeds as well as various species of medicinal plants that were also burned. In the surrounding area of the structure and the yard was a hearth, timber piles, tools, medicinal plants and bones, including most of the mastodon remains found in the site. A chunck of meat had managed to survive in a bag, remains of the hunters' last kill; DNA analysis indicated that the meat was from a mastodon. The site also yielded several human coprolites or ancient fecal material. It seemed obvious that the opening of the structure had been the focus or centre for special activities including hunting or a ritual celebrations, the preparation of medicinal herbs and maybe, the practice of the Shamanic cures. The structure was situated toward the front of another long structure that seemed to serve as the center for special social activities about which we know very little.
Summary
In summary, the overall appearance of the site and its structures was characterized by a network of timber foundations that outlined the external and internal walls of the tent, including in situ wedges and stakes and their supporting ropes and rush knots. The second structure was the foundation of the U or Y shaped structure formed by hardened gravel and sand where wooden planks that had supported the roof were fastened in an East West direction and with the door to the east.

The people of Monte Verde nomadically followed and hunted mastodons. They also hunted Camel and other minor animals. The collection of plants was equal to or more important that their hunting practices. In addition to wild potatoes, botanical remains included edible seeds, fruits, nuts, berries, mushrooms, algae, vegetables, tubercles and rhizomes. The flora was collected in the surrounding marshes, forests and in the Pacific shore allowing a diet enriched with iodine and salt. With the exploitation of a variety of ecological zones with a different growth regime, the inhabitants of Monte Verde obtained edible plants throughout the year enabling the site to be occupied year round. This model of a permanent, year-around residence is contrary to the more common idea of their being migrating and collecting hunters.

The research, in particular, shows people living as far south as Chile before it is clear that there existed an ice-free corridor through the vast North American glaciers by which people might have migrated south. In the depths of the most recent ice age, two vast ice sheets converged about 20,000 years ago over what is now Canada and the northern United States and apparently closed off human traffic there until sometime after 13,000 years ago. Either people migrated through a corridor between the ice sheets and spread remarkably fast to the southern end of America or they came by a different route, perhaps along the western coast, by foot and sometimes on small vessels. Otherwise they must have entered the Americas before 20,000 years ago.

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The following article is a synopsis of material written by Steven Beasley from his notes at the Paleo Symposium in 2013, Mark Rose and the Wikipedia free encyclopedia and edited by Lloyd Schroder. The Monte Verde archaeological site is located in the region of the sub-Antarctic and evergreen softwood forests of the low mountains of southern Chile.

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The people of Monte Verde were egalitarian.  They lived in small bands and there is evidence of their settlements.  They did not have a written language or social classes.  They had pottery known as clovis.  They also used stone tools.  They are famous for their clovis arrowheads.

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The people who lived in Monte Verde lived through hunting and gathering and living near rivers for water. They also lived in tents made of wood and animal skins. They cooked their food with fire. They lived in small groups. Their religion is unknown

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The discovered wood devices, vegetable food rests, such as wild potatoes, and animal bones, even mastodons!   They found tools like rocks, some of which could be useful as stones of sling, and bolas. Other findings were stones for hunting and for spears. They also had scrapers and wood for houses.

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At monte verde archaeological site they found structures of houses.   They found a 60-foot-long structure, probably tentlike, that may have housed up to 30 people. They found posts and living areas.  They also found meat and firewood and human footprints.  They also found wooden slabs for grinding meat and food.

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 Monte Verde is an archaeological site in Chile.  It is located in the the sub-Antarctic and in a forest.  Monte Verde is located near Puerto Mont, Southern Chile, which has been dated to as early as 18,500 cal BP.  Monte Verde.Latitude -41.5036° or 41° 30' 12.9" south	Longitude -73.2062° or 73° 12' 22.2" west.  Monte Verde.  The site is located on the banks of Chinchihuapi Creek, which is tributary of the Maullín River located 36 miles (58 km) from the Pacific Ocean.  

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 Monte Verde is an archaeological site in Chile.  It is located in the the sub-Antarctic and in a forest.  Monte Verde is located near Puerto Mont, Southern Chile, which has been dated to as early as 18,500 cal BP.  Monte Verde.Latitude -41.5036° or 41° 30' 12.9" south	Longitude -73.2062° or 73° 12' 22.2" west.  Monte Verde.  The site is located on the banks of Chinchihuapi Creek, which is tributary of the Maullín River located 36 miles (58 km) from the Pacific Ocean.  