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WHEN did it happen

WHERE did it develop

WHO did it

WHAT was it (in more detail)

WHY/HOW did it happen

IMPORTANCE IN CINEMA HISTORY what was the effect on the overall development of the film medium/industry
MEDIA include at least one additional image, one video, two links for more information

WORD COUNT: 350 minimum (excluding citations)
Optional: Record your voice or video commenting on the event you researched
CITATIONS: cite your sources in MLA format

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When: December 9th, 1874

Where: Kompira-Yama Mountain, Japan

Who: Dir. Pierre Jules César Janssen & D.P Francisco Antônio de Almeida

What: Considered the very first film. Using the "photographic revolver" they recorded the transit of Venus across the sun.

Why/How: Using the "photographic revolver."

Importance in Cinema History: Passage de Vénus was a film in the making over 100 years if you mark it's inception at 1761 when Joseph Nicolas Delisle called for his colleagues to observe Venus' transit. It took time to create the many tools needed in order to observe this magnificent occurrence. Making this film possible in 1874 took careful planning, location changes, and over 500 people to transport equipment. It's astonishing to think that the first film was directed by an astronomer but in the case of Pierre Jules César Janssen this is true. Typically those that tend towards looking up at the stars are inclined to innovation. Even with high hopes Janssen still needed someone to help in the execution of his vision and that's where engineer  Francisco Antônio de Almeida comes in. Together they devised a plan to film the transit of the planet Venus across the sun. Janssen had invented the photographic revolver which was a large device that had the ability to capture 48 images in 72 seconds; having a shutter speed of one and a half seconds. The design of the device came from the Colt Revolver and led to chronophotography. Chronophotography would eventually lead to cinematography. So, in actuality the films that we know and enjoy today started with Janssen's photographic revolver. With having the device in hand it was just a matter of finding the location which changed several times before they settled on Kompira-Yama Mountain. The fog in Nagasaki was too thick while Kobe didn't have the angles they needed to photograph the transit. After finding the perfect spot on Kompira-Yama they just had to get 250 boxes of equipment up the mountain. Janssen was lucky enough to find over 500 people to help with this endeavor. After making sure everything was calibrated properly they went to work and now we have
Passage de Vénus. Although other astronomers didn't think that what Janssen and his team accomplished was anything impressive, especially compared to other findings at the time, Janssen was extremely proud. There are monuments and preserved equipment that are now relics and Passage de Vénus is the oldest film on IMDB. I'd call that an incredible success.

Débarbat, S., and F. Launay. “The 1874 Transit of Venus Observed in Japan by the French, and Associated Relics.” Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, vol. 9, no. 2, 2006, pp. 167–71, adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2006JAHH....9..167D.

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Louis Le Prince was born on the 28th of August, 1841 in Metz, France, and though known better for his mysterious disappearance, he holds the honour of being the true father of cinema. He was exposed early on to the photographic arts by his father's friend, an inventor named Jacques Louis Mandé Daguerre who would allow Louis to visit his studio as a child. He would go on to study both art and chemistry as he grew older, and this no doubt set him on the path for greatness. (National Media Museum.)

Le Prince is credited with the creation of the oldest surviving film to date: a 1.66 second piece known as the Roundhay Garden Scene, which was shot at the home of his wife’s family in Leeds, England sometime between May and October of 1888 (Youngs.) This clip was captured with his own invention, the Single Lens Camera mk2. Unfortunately, the film was of little use due to its inability to be properly projected. In this time before the wide use of celluloid film, Le Prince was left to work with sensitized paper which would burn in the heat of a projector’s light. To combat this, the budding filmmaker took upon himself the arduous task of peeling each image from the paper and attaching them to individual plates of glass that could endure the heat (Shah.) Despite this, Le Prince managed to shoot more moving images with this camera, including the famous Leeds Bridge Scene and Accordion Scene (Youngs.)

David Wilkinson, pictured with a replica of Le Prince's camera, said he was 'obsessed' with the story

The stars, it seemed, were not in Le Prince's favour though. Just as it seemed that he had discovered a breakthrough, tragedy struck. He planned to return to New York City, where his wife waited for him, to unveil his first ever screening, but only after visiting his brother in Paris first. On the 16th of September, 1890, Louis Le Prince boarded a train in Dijon, France and was subsequently never heard from again. There has been much speculation surrounding the odd timing of his disappearance and the events that followed, but no clear answer has ever been brought forth. There is photographed post mortem evidence that he may have made it to Paris, only to drown in the Seine, though some have theorized everything from fratricide to suicide to kidnapping by Thomas Edison (National History Museum, Youngs.) One thing is certain: had he made it to his destination, he would not so easily have been scrubbed from the history books of early cinema and we would likely be singing his praises in place of Edison or Lumières.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S4Z2AlXIQic

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BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Le Prince, Louis. The 4 Films of Louis Le Prince - The First Moving Images 1887-1888. YouTube, 1887, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S4Z2AlXIQic. Accessed 3 Feb. 2022.

“Pioneers of Early Cinema: Louis Aimé Augustin Le Prince (1841-1890?).” National Media Museum, June 2011. Accessed 3 Feb. 2022.

Shah , Irfan. “Man with a Movie Camera.” History Today, 1 Jan. 2019, https://www.historytoday.com/history-matters/man-movie-camera.

Youngs, Ian. “Louis Le Prince, Who Shot the World's First Film in Leeds.” BBC News, BBC, 22 June 2015, https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-33198686.

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The cinematic wonder which was created by Thomas Alva Edison is the Kinetoscope which is first used in making motion pictures .  According to the article “Thomas Edison and the Kinetoscope” Edison built this with inspiration of Eadweard Muybridge’s lecture which he presented “zoopraxiscope” which was also a motion picture camera that edison has proposed an idea of their inventions which resulted in the creation of Kinetoscope . Edison took help of Etienne Jules Marey who is a physiologist that helped in the movement of images with continuous rolls for the Kinetoscope but the technique has been used as a idea by Edison and William Kenndy Laurie Dickson to develop the Kinetoscope which was used in May 20 ,1891 as motion picture camera that was shown to everyone in New Jersey . The first movie used for the Kinetoscope was “Monkey Shines”. The final model of the Kinetoscope was launched in 1893. The Kinetoscope parlors were established in New York and other places which enabled access to people to watch games and movies in a theater. Furthermore, the Kinetoscope which is used through Kinetograph which was developed into a camera which would record sound and images . The Kinetoscope was also helpful for actors in musicals and cinema to get more audience to watch the entertainment.

. The invention of the Kinetoscope was not actually first made for movies, it was an invention that was intended to be used to record the time and motion for further innovative inventions. The  Kinetoscope was also helpful in selling other inventions of Edison as he also used a “Mutoscope” which is used to watch movies. Edison’s Kinetoscope was also the inspiration in making the technology which we use as a projector which resulted in a major drawback in the sales of Kinetoscopes . The projector has become a major competition for Kinetoscopes because projector used the technology which used the technology that would show bigger picture that records images and sound when it comes to Kinetoscope that is by Kinetograph it records images and sound but in bigger picture which can be only seen through a peephole by the audience to watch a movie or a game.

Work Cited

Perez Haneiro, “Thomas Edison and the Kinetoscope”, April 8, 2014, filmnewyork , https://filmnewyorkcity.wordpress.com/tag/thomas-edison-and-the-kinetoscope/.

Sklar Robert, “History of Cinema”, Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/art/history-of-the-motion-picture.

“Thomas Edison and the Kinetoscope”, lomograph, https://www.lomography.com/magazine/112686-thomas-edison-and-the-kinetoscope.

MacMahon Mary ,”What is a Kinetoscope”, wisegeek, https://www.wise-geek.com/what-is-a-kinetoscope.htm.

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Poster for early film screened by the Lumière Brothers (Credit: Universal History Archives/Getty Images) www.History.com Accessed Feb. 4 2022

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In the year 1896, cinematography astonished the minds of the people who first witnessed it. It was shown for the first time in a café in Lyon, France to a paying audience. Two brothers, Auguste and Louis Lumiere were the minds behind the first short film in cinematography. They presented their film with a combination motion picture camera and projector. The short film was about a train arrival in La Ciotat Station. In France it was, L’arrive d’un train en gare de la Ciotat. The brothers positioned their camera near the tracks capturing passengers getting ready to take the train. The video had no edit, just a continuous shot and approximately 50 seconds long.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1dgLEDdFddk Auguste began experiments with film in the winter in 1894, the following year the brothers created their own device, which they called cinematographe. The device was much smaller and lighter than the Kinetograph, and it was operated with the use of a hand-powered crank. It photographed and projected film of a speed at 16 frames per second, which was much slower than Edison’s device. The important innovation of the cinematographe device was the mechanism. The film was transported through the camera and two pins were inserted into sprocket holes punched into the celluloid film strip. The pins moved the film along and then retracted, it would leave the film still during exposure. Louis Lumiere took this process of intermittent movement based on a sewing machine. The cinematographe device would be recognized as the first viable film camera device to go down in history. Cinematography was the first invention of broadcast technology in the first of the 20th century. It paved the way for the rise of television programming, movies, shows, and many different forums and mediums for broadcasting. We can watch films about history, the future, and the present. Even the internet is part of the evolution of what was built and came before. On YouTube we can see the Lumiere’s invention of technology and first cinematography film, we have come a long way. Each forum of innovation gives filmmakers a chance to tell their stories and show us the experience just as the Lumiere’s did with their cinematography. In the future there will be other types of new film innovations and new technology, and the pioneers behind these new inventions would go down in history while inspiring those who come.

Pruitt, S. (2014, October 3). The Lumière brothers, pioneers of cinema. History.com. Retrieved February 4, 2022, from https://www.history.com/news/the-lumiere-brothers-pioneers-of-cinema

raphaeldpm. (2006, May 27). Arrival of a train at La Ciotat (The Lumière Brothers, 1895). YouTube. Retrieved February 4, 2022, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1dgLEDdFddk

Sharman, R. (2020, May 18). An introduction to cinema. Moving Pictures. Retrieved February 4, 2022, from https://uark.pressbooks.pub/movingpictures/part/introduction

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Georges Méliès, a magician turned filmaker  1902 ( Matthew Pagani)

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Georges Méliès, a magician turned filmaker  1902 ( Matthew Pagani)

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In todays world we see in theathers your big name movies by Marvel and DC wouldn’t be possible without the inspiration of Melies.In the year 1902, special effects were a new creation by someone who you would not expect.  Georges Melies a magician and theater manager was a fan of the films being shown in his day. However he thought he could make the films better then what they were. Melies took a camera, built a glass-enclosed studio near Paris, wrote scripts, designed ingenious sets, and used actors to film stories.  Melies then using his gift of magic used this to his benefit. Melies would use basic camera tricks to make extreme body changes of the actors he filmed. The new style of effects created would be felt into todays films. Some of the effects created by Melies included stop motion, slow motion, dissolves, fade-outs, superimposition, and double exposure. One of his greatest effect shown was that of a rocket landing on the moon in the short film a trip to the moon created in 1902. To create this effect he took a photo of the moon and put it in the film. Melies then used stop motion to create the rocket landing onto the moon. He then merged the two images to go right after eachother. The reason why Melies is so important in cinema is for his special effect and the creation of the science fiction genre. With the creation of  the short film A Trip to The Moon it launched the sciene fiction Genre Once the film was released. The film would be praised around the world and he would go on to make about 500 more short films. Some of the short films would include news reels seen before the films. The Reason this films is so important in cinema as a whole is for two reasons. It launched a whole new genre of films in science fiction but also create new techniques in films as a whole. Melies films are considered  as the first films to be about fictional naratives and for the use of special effect. In todays cinema these effects can still be used as we have seen films like the Matrix use slow motion in some of their fights. Without the effects meliena made on movies in his time we would have a whole different experience with movies in todays world.

“Georges Méliès.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., https://www.britannica.com/biography/Georges-Melies.

“Georges Melies.” Who's Who of Victorian Cinema, https://www.victorian-cinema.net/melies.

Ganguly, Subarna. “Early Cinema: The Magical World of Georges Méliès.” Culture Trip, The Culture Trip, 4 Dec. 2015, https://theculturetrip.com/europe/france/paris/articles/early-cinema-the-magical-world-of-georges-melies/.

“The Cinema of Georges Melies.” YouTube, YouTube, 14 Jan. 2021, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dTzHQhA6kYM. Accessed 4 Feb. 2022.

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The Rise of an actor: Charlie Chaplin 1915 (Meredith Tellez)

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The Rise of an actor: Charlie Chaplin 1915 (Meredith Tellez)

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Charlie Chaplin was born on April 16, 1889 in London, England. His mother, Hannah Chaplin,  who introduced him to show business at the early age of 5, was taken to an asylum due to her mental health. This caused Chaplin and his half-brother to work in warehouses but eventually, Charlie Chaplin, used his mother’s connections in the performance industry to his advantage where it opened the doors to his future acting career.

In 1914, Chaplin moved to the United states where he was later scouted by Keystone Studios.

He became most popular for playing his role as “the tramp”, which got him a lot of popularity and fame. Some of his most famous movies that launched his acting career were “The Tamp”, “The Champion” and “A Night Out”, which were all filmed in 1915. That very year was the turning point of his success in Hollywood.

This became important because actors were slowly starting to be mentioned in movie credits, due to fans being curious of actors' lives and names. Charlie Chaplin was a figure who helped actors get recognition and popularity which were later known as “celebrities”.

He even made history by being very involved in his future films to the point where he had written, directed, produced, starred in, edited and even came to compose the music for most of his films. This made him become the very first highest paying actor in this “Silent Film Era”, with a salary of $670,000 a year. Being a well paid actor, director and producer gave him the advantage of fully investing in his films with his creative vision.

The impact he made in cinema history was being one of the very first well-known actors and most creative directors in the world at the start of film making. His hard work and dedication was awarded with the honorary academy award for “the incalculable effect he has had in making motion pictures the art form of this century".

Citations:

A Short Biography of Charlie Chaplin, https://www.myenglishpages.com/english/reading-charlie-chaplin.php.

Biography.com Editors. “Charlie Chaplin.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 5 May 2021, https://www.biography.com/actor/charlie-chaplin.

French, Philip. “The 10 Best Silent Movie Stars - in Pictures.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 6 Nov. 2011, https://www.theguardian.com/culture/gallery/2011/nov/06/ten-best-silent-movie-stars-in-pictures.

BiographyChannel. “Charlie Chaplin | The Eccentric Film Maker | Biography.” YouTube, YouTube, 16 Apr. 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BYqwYb-X_wA.

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Warner Brothers- 1920s (Michael Montero)

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Warner Brothers- 1920s (Michael Montero)

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Warner Brothers was founded in 1923. It was developed in Hollywood, Los Angeles, CA by 4 brothers. The 4 brothers that created WB (Warner Brothers) were Sam, Jack, Albert and Harry. The brothers first started opening their business in Pennsylvania and Ohio, they had a movie projector which led to an idea where people pay for entry to watch the films they had which were "Life of an American Fireman" and " The Great Train Robbery". Throughout the years they had finally owned a movie theatre and grew bigger than that, therefore to them creating Warner Brothers. Warner Bro's is an entertainment studio where movies are watched and or created. The entertainment now has done so much from when it started to present, making movies from DC to Harry Potter to other films they have created.

One Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gz2-1HNJem0

Two links:
https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-records/worldwide/all-movies/theatrical-distributors/warner-bros

https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Warner_Brothers#:~:text=They%20established%20a%20movie%20production,Theater%20in%20Youngstown%20in%201931.

MLA Citation:

Wikimedia Foundation. (2022, January 28). Warner Bros.. Wikipedia, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros.

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The year I am focusing on is the 1920s and around this time I have read in the article “History of Cinema” that it was around the 20th century that cinema became a “global phenomenon.” It was said that filmmakers such as Fritz Lange and Robert Wiene “helped form one of the earliest examples of a unique and unified cinematic style,” and there were “futuristic narrative conventions that came to be known as German Expressionism.” The topic of this is focused on Robert Wiene, he was a actor, writer, director and he was known for “The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari,” he was also known for other “expressionist films.” Wiene went on and directed other films that varied from styles and genres. “The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari” was released in the 1920s and the film was developed in Germany. “The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari” was known to be a silent horror film, and it was released just as a foreign film, and at that time they were easing the restrictions on the import of German Films. It ended up being screened internationally. The film was inspired by the experiences of Janowitz and Mayer had when they were both left “distrustful” of authority in the military during World War I. Janowitz was an officer in World War I and Mayer was an Austrian screenwriter who ended co-writing the screenplays to “The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari.” “The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari was known to be “The first true horror film.” It was known to be a classic and it drew the attention of others around the world and it had a major influence on American Films.

MLA CITE:
“The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 23 Jan. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari.

Sharman, Russell. “A Brief History of Cinema – Moving Pictures.” Pressbooks, 18 May 2020, uark.pressbooks.pub/movingpictures/chapter/a-brief-history-of-cinema.

TWO LINKS:
https://uark.pressbooks.pub/movingpictures/chapter/a-brief-history-of-cinema/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari

Video link:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8yX0VITK6Aw

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Adolf Zukor - 1920's              (Joanna Riddle) 

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Adolf Zukor - 1920's              (Joanna Riddle) 

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Adolf Zukor was an influential film producer that took total control of production, distribution, and exhibitions of films. He used a factory for production. He then was one of the first to appeal to Wall Street for financial backing. He purchased theatres and exhibitions all across the nation. He looked overseas for profits. He was the first to influence the public to idolize the stars. He created the "Hollywood Star System"
He was one of the early figures.
Adolf was born Jan. 7,1873 and died June 10, 1976. He was an American entrepreneur who built the powerful Famous Players–Paramount motion-picture studio. He immigrated to the United States when he was 15 years old. Zukor entered the penny-arcade business in 1903. Between 1904 and 1912 he and his partner Marcus Loew controlled a chain of theatres; in 1912 he left Loew, bought the American rights to the British-French motion picture La Reine Elisabeth (Queen Elizabeth, or Queen Beth) starring Sarah Bernhardt, and made a fortune as the film’s exclusive distributor. Zukor then devised the idea of making films featuring Broadway stage actors in their current successes. He formed Famous Players with the slogan “Famous Players in Famous Plays” and made The Count of Monte Cristo and The Prisoner of Zenda. He later hired Mary Pickford to act in motion pictures in Hollywood. Adolf Zukor became president and, in 1917, head of Paramount, which was Famous Players–Lasky’s distribution company. In 1935 he became chairman of the board of Paramount Pictures, a figurehead position but one he retained until his death at the age of 103.

Links:

A Timeline of World Cinema · A Series by Ministry of Cinema.com (timelineofcinema.com)

https://youtu.be/vS6Vuy5dV1Q

Adolph Zukor | American motion-picture producer | Britannica

history of film | Summary, Industry, History, & Facts | Britannica

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1930 - The Invention of the Jet Engine - Nicholas Cappelluti

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1930 - The Invention of the Jet Engine - Nicholas Cappelluti

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For this project, I was assigned the decade of the 1930s. While many different life changing inventions were made in this era, I think the Jet Engine is amongst the greatest. This is because it changed many aspects of life often not correlated with the Jet. The infamous jet engine was invented in 1930 by Frank Whittle. On the 16th of January in 1930, Mr. Whittle submitted his first patent in England. This patent was successfully granted to Frank Whittle in the year of 1932. The patent was issued for the two stage axial compressor making the engine unlike any other. With many failures came success when Whittle came 3 feet off the ground with the engine. Whittle had quite the reason to invent an engine better than the previous ones. The engines that were around prior to the Jet, were known as piston engines. Piston engines used too much fuel, meaning a lot only went a short distance! Imagine going on a vacation but needing to stop a few times on the way for fuel? Thank god Mr. Whittle had us covered! It's almost like having to pause a movie because people keep talking! Due to this dilemma, Whittle tried a gas turbine, landing him the success he ultimately was craving for. The Jet Engine engineered by Frank Whittle was not only faster than the typical engine, it also was more efficient. While this was not a direct reason for production, it also is a lot better for the planet. After the Jet became main stream, not only was it used for carrying cargo, and people, but also used for movies! Some of these movies include, Top Gun, The Final Countdown, and Iron Eagle. All cinema classics that involve the infamous Jet! There also is another way modern day Jet planes use cinema, and that is for entertainment, Those who have been on an airplane know, that movies are available for those who fly! Overall, I think the Jet Engine revolutionized the way we do several tasks in our life. It even changed the way we can watch cinema, regardless of being high in the air. How revolutionary!

Works Cited:
“Midland Air Museum: The Jet Engine.” Midland Air Museum | The Jet Engine, http://www.midlandairmuseum.co.uk/jet.php.
Pigeon, Alison. “Quick Answer: Why Was the Jet Engine Invented?” Engine, 2 Apr. 2021, https://www.vistabbqclassic.com/faq/quick-answer-why-was-the-jet-engine-invented.html#Why_did_Frank_Whittle_invent_the_jet_engine.

Imagine Link:
https://th.bing.com/th/id/R.32a0583c227df7eaac96925a48f791da?rik=KdBLiGdlv%2bYT%2fg&riu=http%3a%2f%2fvignette1.wikia.nocookie.net%2ftheflophouse%2fimages%2f4%2f42%2fIn-flight_entertainment.jpg%2frevision%2flatest%3fcb%3d20140403023515&ehk=mqYCpDMEF%2bSyboF%2fPCgPNg2g04PhskZK3ovKp3SC3aw%3d&risl=&pid=ImgRaw&r=0

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1930s- The Wizard of Oz - Daisy Guadarrama

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1930s- The Wizard of Oz - Daisy Guadarrama

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WHEN did it happen: The Paramount Decision occurred in 1948.

WHERE did it develop: It was developed in the U.S.  According to the Hollywood Renegades Archive, a Supreme Court decision was made to be “dealt a crushing blow to the Hollywood studios,” according to Hollywood Renegades Archive.

WHO did it: The Supreme Court issued the decision against the Paramount because they had violated antitrust laws.

WHAT was it (in more detail): Some cases started back in the 1920s.

WHY/HOW did it happen?  According to the University of Arkansas, it all began that a young actress Olivia de Havilland had filed a lawsuit against Warner Bros “for adding six months to her contract.  the amount of time the studio had suspended her for refusing to take roles she didn’t want.” This led her to be the first person to win the case since the courts favored her decision, and for this very reason, other actors began to demand fees that matched their box and profit from their films.

The effect of this was that the Supreme Court got involved in 1948 and filed suit against the major studios since they monopolized actors.  Although actors’ wages increased, the result from it was less, and movies were being filmed since it was becoming expensive.

After World War II when the Supreme Court finalized The Paramount Decision there were common genre that audiences.  Which was both good and bad.  The good thing about it was more money was going to be made but the bad thing was that less people wanted to leave the house and that made studio panics.

During the Golden Age of Hollywood after the War two common genre were “the combat film and the home melodrama.”  During that time things were beginning to change that includes demographic.  Audiences were beginning to move away from the cities and moved to the suburbs.  Which led to Hollywood filmed the movies in the suburbs.  Although, studios were accommodating their audiences they were beginning to have a different taste.  A competition began cinema and Television.

As the years went on the demographic began to change and evolved. When Hollywood stepped in they made sure to become very political and in a way it was profitable but also is a mind controlling just like today television.

Work Cited

The Hollywood Antitrust Case - Aka the Paramount Case, https://www.cobbles.com/simpp_archive/1film_antitrust.htm.

Sharman, Russell. “A Brief History of Cinema.” Moving Pictures, 18 May 2020, https://uark.pressbooks.pub/movingpictures/chapter/a-brief-history-of-cinema/.

A Timeline of World Cinema · a Series by Ministry of Cinema.com, https://timelineofcinema.com/transcripts/A_Timeline_of_World_Cinema-Golden_Age_of_Hollywood-Transcript_en.txt.

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     Irving Thalberg      (Rafael Green)   

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     Irving Thalberg      (Rafael Green)   

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The year was 1940, better known as “The Golden Age” and during this time there were 4 main crucial business decisions that had a big impact on the cinema world. Irving Thalberg and Louis B. Mayer were in the MGM lot production. Irving would soon control most of the business and would begin taking control over everyone. During those years there were four crucial business decisions that had happened, Thalberg was involved in the second one which was centralizing the film production. Which meant that the filmmakers, directors, and actors were allowed to be creative and make any decisions of their own, or be creative in any way. Back then everything had to be run by the “CENTRAL PRODUCER” which were Irving and Louis. Irving began to do things his own way, he would fire/hire new actors, producers, etc.. to make things his own way. Thalberg would even edit the films before they were released out into the theaters, he would make sure that the films weren’t released until he had edited himself and for many films, he ran the MGM lot production. Thalberg was a very hard worker, he did things the way he wanted, but it wasn’t the one for fame, and in many of the movies he produced he didn’t even put his name on it. During Thalberg's 12 years he went on to produce four hundred films, and make MGM one of the biggest companies. He inspired the film industry by introducing “horror” and also for his work ethic which eventually killed him by the age of 37. Irving would make actors retake scenes several times to make sure he had the right one, he merged stage drama, classics with Hollywood films. After his death, many said that he had become the best producer for “motion pictures” in the world. One of Irving's most famous movies, “The Good Earth” was international like most of his other films. The MGM production and Irving’s talent to create and direct films put him as one of the best of his era he was one of the main people to change the world of cinema during The Golden Age.

Two links:
Sharman, Russell. “A Brief History of Cinema.” Moving Pictures, 18 May 2020, uark.pressbooks.pub/movingpictures/chapter/a-brief-history-of-cinema/.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Thalberg

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Source: Getty Images. Seven Samurai. 1954 film, dir. Akira Kurosawa

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1950s: Japanese Cinema-Director Akira Kurosawa (Kimberly Garcia)

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1950s: Japanese Cinema-Director Akira Kurosawa (Kimberly Garcia)

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For this assignment I was assigned the 1950s and while researching this decade I learned about Akira Kurosawa. Akira was a Japanese film director whose long career as a director had a significant impact on cinema. He made two movies during the 1950s, Rashomon (1950) and Seven Samurai (1954), which are largely considered his two most influential films. In 1951, Rashomon won the Grand Prix at the Venice Film Festival and an Academy Award for Best Foreign-Language Film that same year. Japanese Cinema had been developing its own distinct style for decades before the film won these awards, but this was the first time Japan had drawn significant international attention towards their growing film catalog.
In Rashomon, Kurosawa used four characters to tell the audience about the film’s main conflict from different points of view. This was new for film at the time and Kurosawa’s addition of an equally new concept of unreliable narrators, the film’s storytelling captivated audiences, critics, and filmmakers world wide. Kurosawa also had what was said to be a unique approach to directing and a distinct visual style that was most present in his camera shots and film editing. It was unusual for a director to be deeply involved in all aspects of filmmaking-the screenplay, musical scoring, camera shooting, and editing, but Kurosawa was famously known for being a part of all of these processes. He was well known for using multiple cameras to get various shots and angles and developed a close working relationship with his cinematographer(who worked almost exclusively with Kurosawa), and wrote his screenplays with a round-table-like writing crew. What was most unique about his process was that he would do his film editing as they shot the film. There was a lot of film from the many cameras that he used for scenes and it was necessary to start editing the film after the day’s shooting was done in order to keep track of everything. As a result there was usually a short time period, in one instance a day’s difference, from the end of shooting to the premiere of his films.
Where Rashomon brought attention to Japanese cinema and filmmakers, Kurosawa’s film Seven Samurai, cemented Japanese cinema into the framework of cinema history for its distinct style and innovations in conveying emotion through storytelling. In Seven Samurai, there is a group of samurai who each represent characters that are distinct from each other. Many of the popular adventure movie character tropes that we recognize today have come from the many adaptations of this film and from filmmakers who were inspired by Kurosawa’s films. The classic western film The Magnificent Seven and George Lucas’s Star Wars have both been heavily influenced by this film in particular. Kurosawa didn’t invent the unreliable narrator storytelling technique or the adventure movie genre, but his films were important to cinema history because he put these popular literary ideas in them and sort of woke up filmmakers to push film storytelling into what was still very new and experimental.

This link leads to an interview between The New York Times and Akira in the 1980s where he talks a bit about his long career and early successes that is interesting:

https://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/04/movies/kurosawa-on-his-innovative-cinema.html

And at these links some scenes from Rashomon and Seven Samurai are shown:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=spB3o-UCRPE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GXygJmtnvm0

http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2016/the-15-best-scenes-in-akira-kurosawa-films/2/

Works Cited

“History of Film: The War Years and Post World War II Trends.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., https://www.britannica.com/art/history-of-the-motion-picture/Germany#ref52168.

“Kurosawa on His Innovative Cinema.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 4 Oct. 1981, https://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/04/movies/kurosawa-on-his-innovative-cinema.html.

Prince, Stephen. “The Rashomon Effect.” The Criterion Collection, https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/195-the-rashomon-effect.

“A Timeline of World Cinema - The Foreign Wave.” A Timeline of World Cinema · A Series by Ministry of Cinema.com, https://timelineofcinema.com/.

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1891 The Invention of the Kinetoscope. Francisco Mendez

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1891 The Invention of the Kinetoscope. Francisco Mendez

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In 1891 the Edison Company show his first protype of the invention of the kinetoscope which was used to let people  see moving pictures. The first demonstration of how the kinetoscope functions was in the years 1893. In 1895 the Lumiere Brothers where the first one's to present projected moving pictures in Paris, France.
They also used a camera they invented which had other two different functions a projector and a film printer.

A very short history of cinema | National Science and Media Museum

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Margarita Sanchez

In the 1890s, there was a popular short silent film directed by Georges Melies. The film was released in the United States known as the Haunted Castle. During this time period there were short films that were supernatural. The film was known as as a “pantomimed sketch in a comic fantasy style.” The short three minute film creates more wonder from the audience than fear. However, it known to be the first horror short film because of the devil phantoms. The short film was known to be a French short video.

https://viterbi-web.usc.edu/~jdsolomo/itp104/assignment_06/home.html

https://images.app.goo.gl/1MSoWj9jMyxorXZS6

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1968 2001 a space Odyssey ( Matthew Pagani) 

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1968 2001 a space Odyssey ( Matthew Pagani) 

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2001 a space odyssey and its importance on the film industry. The film was directed by Stanley Kubrick and released by MGM. In the film we can see the improvement of special effects in just a fifty-six-year span.  The film has been one of the most influential movies in the science-fiction genre. Let’s start with the special effects. Back when the film was made there was no CGI, and everything was done practical. We can see how the film was very influential on future films especially on films like Star Wars. The effort everyone went through in the film with everything was very impressive. The special effects were still good that they can still go up against films today. The other thing that is very shocking is how quiet the movie is. The first words in the film aren’t said until twenty-five minutes. So, Kubrick decided to lean on the music in the film.  Alex North is the man who composed the music. The music became one of the most iconic in film industry. Even if you haven’t seen the film, you have heard the music. The last part of the film that makes it a masterpiece is the shocking villain in the film. The shocking part is that the main reason everything is going wrong is Hal-9000. The computer AI has started to turn on the humans on the ship and want them dead. The reason why this film is so well made is because of all three of these working so well together. The film is the first major film in the science-fiction. 2001 A space odysseys has been so influential that it can be still felt today in films. A couple of examples can be seen with Star Wars, Tron, and interstellar. One big influence on Star Wars was the usage of droids. Without Hal-9000 we might have not gotten to see r2d2 or c-3po. Without the risk taken by making one of the main characters not human and or a monster was a big deal. This was the first time where they did this. The last big thing that was so important was putting the film in space. The risk taken by Kubrick was very important and without the efforts he gave science fiction might be totally different in today.

Reeves, Nate, and Nate Reeves (132 Articles Published) Nate Reeves is a writer and filmmaker based in North West England. With unrealized dreams of being the next Quentin Tarantino. “10 Movies That Are Clearly Inspired by 2001: A Space Odyssey.” CBR, 5 Sept. 2021, https://www.cbr.com/movies-films-inspired-by-2001-a-space-odyssey/.

Chiasson, Dan, and Jeremy Bernstein. “‘2001: A Space Odyssey’: What It Means, and How It Was Made.” The New Yorker, 16 Apr. 2018, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/04/23/2001-a-space-odyssey-what-it-means-and-how-it-was-made.

“Why 2001: A Space Odyssey Remains a Mystery.” BBC Culture, BBC, https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20180404-why-2001-a-space-odyssey-remains-a-mystery.

Baldock, James. “Why 2001: A Space Odyssey Is the Most Important, Influential Sci-Fi Film Ever.” Metro, Metro.co.uk, 12 Dec. 2019, https://metro.co.uk/2018/05/10/2001-space-odyssey-fifty-kubrick-clarkes-masterpiece-important-influential-sci-fi-film-ever-made-7347430/.

Sudhakaran, Post author By Sareesh, director. Why Is 2001 a Space Odyssey the Best Film Ever Made . Wolfcrow, https://wolfcrow.com/why-is-2001-a-space-odyssey-a-great-film/. Accessed 12 Feb. 2022.

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Pin by Peachy Cherry 🍒💫 on Mobil Wallpapers: Purple Wallpaper, purple wallpaper iphone, marble iphone wallpaper. Pinterest. (n.d.). Retrieved February 8, 2022, 

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Sexploitation Films 1960's (Maritza Rodriguez)

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Sexploitation Films 1960's (Maritza Rodriguez)

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Sexploitation films were becoming very popular in the Hollywood film industry. Since the beginning of time, these films were under the responsibility of men, predominantly white men. There were films like Sex and the Single Girl (1964) and How to Stuff a Wild Bikini (1965). These movies would objectify women’s’ bodies and ignore the social issues women still had to struggle within the film industry and in real life. Although, some women had their status quo, they were still living in hegemonic patriarchy. Thousands of women experienced economic and psychological freedom of work outside the home especially after the war. This was influenced at the time when many women were obligated to engage in public, manual “men’s” work, since the men were fighting at war. Eventually men came back from the war, going back to the factories the women had worked in for them, and this made women reluctant to fall back in the pre-war patterns. Betty Friedman, who founded the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966, were tired of the limitation’s women were placed on in the post-war period. In the 1960’s and 70’s it made a social and political movement for gender equality. Hollywood in response started exploiting women and making sexploitation films. The mass media and especially cinema manipulated the meaning of women wanting change. They embraced one small part of the movement, the sexual liberation of women. These films finessed to both tarnish the movement by using sexual freedom of women to further objectify them and handily ignore all other issue women were fighting for. By the late 1960’s and starting the 1970’s, this method shifted into ignoring women altogether. By the 21st century the work of the pioneers of women behind the screens and in the screens began to finally have a different outlook in women in film. What helped was more women arising to these political, and social issues. But unfortunately, we are a long way from true gender equality who controls the medium. But the more voices we have sharing cinematic stories, the more likely those stories and experiences will be heard and reflect the multiplicity of our collaborated experience.

Sharman, R. (2020, May 18). Steal this book. Moving Pictures. Retrieved February 10, 2022, from https://uark.pressbooks.pub/movingpictures/front-matter/steal-this-book/

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The Rise of Summer Block Buster Movies- JAWS 1975 (Meredith Tellez)

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The Rise of Summer Block Buster Movies- JAWS 1975 (Meredith Tellez)

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During the 1950’s and 1960’s, it was becoming a difficult time for the film industry due to the fear of making more films that might not sell or become a hit. It wasn’t until JAWS, a 1975 film directed by Steven Spielberg, made blockbuster history. It was a total success. It was the first of many things; the first movie to be filmed at the ocean, first summer blockbuster film, first movie that caused a great fear amongst people to be in open waters.

One of the greatest things about the film was the likeness of characters and how one was able to relate to them. People started to even fear going to public beaches and sharks overall because of how the film was portraying the white shark. It had wide angles of people dangling their legs in the water, vulnerably.

The soundtrack of the movie where the shark is lurking on its “prey” became well-known music to give great suspense. It was eventually used in future films to give that same lurking feeling.

Jaws overall influenced how directors started to view making movies in a different perspective. The older film actors and films started to die down before Jaws came out. But since it was a new era for many things like music, religious beliefs, movies were changing as well. Spielberg’s creation of POV of the shark inspired this technique to be used in other films to give a strong sense of perspective.

Film History of the 1970s, https://www.filmsite.org/70sintro.html.

“Jaws - Defining the Summer Blockbuster.” YouTube, YouTube, 4 July 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z41CHrwR4vg&t=249s.

Reimann, Tom, and Tom Reimann (714 Articles Published) . “Jaws Revisited: Why Steven Speilberg's Blockbuster Still Holds Up.” Collider, 3 June 2020, https://collider.com/why-ive-seen-jaws-over-100-times/.

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Steven Spielberg (1980's)( Michael Montero)

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Steven Spielberg (1980's)( Michael Montero)

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The year I am focusing on is the 1980s and the person I am reviewing is Steven Spielberg. Steven Allen Spielberg was born on December 18, 1946 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Spielberg is a screen writer, director and producer. From 1969 - 1974 Spielberg was introduced to filming. In 1975-1983 he had a breakthrough in filming and in 1984 - 1990 Steven has been producing films to directing them. Some of his known films are Back to the Future and The Goonies. After living in Phoenix, Arizona Spielberg moved to California to study film in college. After his school years of studying film he directed television episodes and minor films for Universal Studios. Focusing on one of the popular movies Spielberg has executive produced was Back to the future. The film was about Marty going back in time with Doc and during their time in the past Marty has made a mistake of preventing his parents from meeting. Throughout the film he tries to rekindle their parents relationship and fix the things that happened because it would affect the future. This film has created an important roll in cinema history because they have predicted how the "future" can be in their eyes with advancement each day can have.

1 video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i8MJJIGOfas

2 links for more info -
https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000229/bio
https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000229/

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Helen Hayes' was known for excellence in film and for winning many awards. Helen is an American Actress who won "Best Supporting Actress for Airport (1970), she became the first actor or actress to receive Academy Awards in the two categories honoring performers." Helen had previously won Best Actress 38 years earlier for The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931/32). Helen followed up with roles in Disney films as she continued her legacy. She contributed to the greatest woman in the 1950's to show excellence in theater.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Hayes
https://www.google.com/search?q=helen+hayes&client=safari&rls=en&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgstHIs_v1AhXBLTQIHT2mAJwQ_AUoAXoECAIQAw&biw=1403&bih=716&dpr=2

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1985 - John Hughes: The Rise of "Teen Films" (Chava Humphrey)

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1985 - John Hughes: The Rise of "Teen Films" (Chava Humphrey)

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John Hughes Jr. is a name that’s known by many for the impact he had on adolescent cinema in the 80s, and if his name doesn’t ring a bell then it’s likely that at least one of his films do. His movies created a ripple that completely changed the tide for coming-of-age films as we know them today, and we owe to him the fact that we can now enjoy works such as “Mean Girls” and “American Pie.”

Born on February 18, 1950 in Lansing, Michigan, John Hughes was the only boy among three girls and surrounded by a neighbourhood filled with senior citizens. This changed when his family moved to Northbrook, Illinois. Here, he attended Glenbrook High School from where he would pull inspiration for many of his iconic films. With a mother that was hypercritical, he turned to films as a form of escapism and became something of a fanatic.

Throughout college and after, he had success with writing “National Lampoon’s Vacation” and “Mr. Mom,” but the film that truly launched his career and set his legacy into motion was his 1984 directing debut, “Sixteen Candles.” At the time, movies about adolescents were relatively untouched outside of “Porky’s,” but Hughes targeted a teenage audience with a film relating directly to their struggles and insecurities, and created something entirely new–the teenage coming-of-age comedy. Throughout the remainder of the 80s, Hughes would dominate this genre with films that are still referenced and mimicked today: “The Breakfast Club,” “Ferris Bueller’s Day Off,” “Weird Science,” and “Pretty in Pink.”

What made Hughes' films so memorable was the fact that he focused so much on the "outsider" and allowed teenagers to be awkward and reckless without focusing completely on making them targets for serial killers or marking the theme around sexual exploits. Instead, Hughes played up the idea of the "hierarchy" within high schools as a model for real life, and allowed his characters to stumble about it without any real need for teaching some "moral" or as a metaphor--for better or worse. While his films may not have entirely aged so well, there is no denying their impact on the way we look at fun, teen movies today.

John Hughes Jr. is a name that’s known by many for the impact he had on adolescent cinema in the 80s, and if his name doesn’t ring a bell then it’s likely that at least one of his films do. His movies created a ripple that completely changed the tide for coming-of-age films as we know them today, and we owe to him the fact that we can now enjoy works such as “Mean Girls” and “American Pie.”

Born on February 18, 1950 in Lansing, Michigan, John Hughes was the only boy among three girls and surrounded by a neighbourhood filled with senior citizens. This changed when his family moved to Northbrook, Illinois. Here, he attended Glenbrook High School from where he would pull inspiration for many of his iconic films. With a mother that was hypercritical, he turned to films as a form of escapism and became something of a fanatic.

Throughout college and after, he had success with writing “National Lampoon’s Vacation” and “Mr. Mom,” but the film that truly launched his career and set his legacy into motion was his 1984 directing debut, “Sixteen Candles.” At the time, movies about adolescents were relatively untouched outside of “Porky’s,” but Hughes targeted a teenage audience with a film relating directly to their struggles and insecurities, and created something entirely new–the teenage coming-of-age comedy. Throughout the remainder of the 80s, Hughes would dominate this genre with films that are still referenced and mimicked today: “The Breakfast Club,” “Ferris Bueller’s Day Off,” “Weird Science,” and “Pretty in Pink.”

What made Hughes' films so memorable was the fact that he focused so much on the "outsider" and allowed teenagers to be awkward and reckless without focusing completely on making them targets for serial killers or marking the theme around sexual exploits. Instead, Hughes played up the idea of the "hierarchy" within high schools as a model for real life, and allowed his characters to stumble about it without any real need for teaching some "moral" or as a metaphor--for better or worse. While his films may not have entirely aged so well, there is no denying their impact on the way we look at fun, teen movies today.

The Trademarks of John Hughes

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CITATIONS:

Gilchrist, Todd. “John Hughes and the Cultural Shorthand of 1980s American Adolescence.” Whattowatch.com, What to Watch, 23 Feb. 2021, www.whattowatch.com/features/john-hughes-and-the-cultural-shorthand-of-1980s-american-adolescence.

“John Hughes.” IMDb, IMDb.com, www.imdb.com/name/nm0000455/.

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The year I am focusing on is the 1980s and the topic that I am focused on is Spike Lee. Spike Lee is an American film director, producer, screenwriter, actor, and professor. Lee’s production company produced more than 35 films since 1983. Lee’s film works usually focused on race, colorism in the black community, contemporary life, urban crime and poverty, and other political issues. Lee also went on to win numerous awards. A film that I thought had a lot of significance that Spike Lee made was “Do the Right Thing.” The film was released in 1989 and it portrayed race relations, including some notorious events that took place in New York. Throughout the film friends of “Mookie” played by Spike Lee were trying to Boycott Sal’s pizzeria because one of Mookie’s friends felt that Sal did not have enough “brothers” on the wall. He felt that there were more African Americans that were coming into the pizzeria then there were Italians. When the cops arrive towards the end of the movie to break up the fight between Sal and Radio Raheem; they choke Raheem to death with a nightstick as everyone watches. In the 1980s people weren’t going to try to challenge the cops with the fear of being killed. Mookie ends up throwing a trashcan through Sal’s pizza place and a riot ensues. After everything that has happened the community is still standing, and everyone moves forward with their life.

MLA CITE:
“‘Do the Right Thing’ Released in Theaters.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 13 Nov. 2009, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/do-the-right-thing-released.

Wikipedia contributors. “Spike Lee.” Wikipedia, 29 Jan. 2022, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Lee.

Two Links:
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/do-the-right-thing-released

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Lee

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MAI70pY1Xiw

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1st Busan International Film Festival-1996 (Kimberly Garcia)

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1st Busan International Film Festival-1996 (Kimberly Garcia)

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The first Busan International Film Festival was held in Busan, South Korea on September 13, 1996. The film festival has seen a more noticeable impact on global cinema in the last 2 decades, but it was from the festival’s founding in the mid 90s that this was made possible. The forming of the festival came at a critical moment for the filmmaking industry in South Korea and it’s one of the important steps taken that led to the widespread attention South Korean filmmakers and films are receiving today. Korean cinema had existed much earlier and was prominent during the 1960s. However, changing government styles led to a censoring of content for films which stunted creative exploration in S. Korean films for about 20 years, until the easing of these censorship laws in the 1980s. Almost immediately, the domestic market for films post-censorship held the country’s attention. This period is referred to as the rebirth of S. Korean cinema

At the same time, foreign film companies like Warner Brothers and 20th Century established branches to distribute Hollywood films in S. Korea. This competition led to a gradual decline in the domestic success of S. Korean films. A number of notable films were made during the late 80s and early 90s, but against Hollywood competition they struggled to make significant revenue. Competition for screenings was also difficult in both Western and Eastern markets. Most importantly, S. Korean films struggled to attract more audience members than Hollywood films in the domestic market. This set the scene for a crisis of sorts for S. Korean cinema which became more and more obvious as the decade went on. By the mid 90s, S. Korean cinema had received a total of five international awards over the span of more than 30 years (the Berlin International Festival in 1961, 1962, & 1994, the Venice Film Festival in 1987, and the Tokyo International Film Festival in 1992).

In this climate, the Busan International Film Festival was established in 1996. It’s establishment served as both a strategic business move and artistic statement for S. Korean Cinema. The film festival was made in the hopes that it would strengthen S. Korean Cinema’s performance domestically and prevent further foreign domination of the market. It also stood as an artistic statement that firmly recognized S. Korean Cinema’s artistic importance to film, which would hopefully attract the S. Korean public’s attention and support for the industry. The festival accomplished these goals and then some. Media attention and creative explorations of film style drew audience members and from this the S.Korean equivalent of Hollywood was established. National pride was mixed with artistic expression and with the inclusion of international film screenings the festival became a cultural experience that had been an exciting attraction for younger audiences. As S. Korea’s popular culture became engrossed in their film industry, interest drove revenue up, and eventually the jeopardy of foreign film dominating the market was a thing of the past.

Today, S. Korean Cinema is getting international attention. Most recently, the film Parasite won Academy Awards in 2020, S. Korean actress Youn Yuh Jung took home the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 2021, and the S. Korean television show Squid Game received critical acclaim as well as international popularity and it’s cast member O Yeong-Su won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Television series. The relatively quick rise S. Korean Cinema over the last 25 years is, in part, thanks to the exposure the Busan International Film Festival brought to the industry.

Works Cited

Choi, Jinhee. “The South Korean Film Renaisance.” Academia.edu, 13 Mar. 2015, https://www.academia.edu/11412991/THE_SOUTH_KOREAN_FILM_RENAISANCE.

“Korean New Wave -Arts & Culture.” https://artsandculture.google.com/story/korean-new-wave-korean-film-archive/EQUxw3Yiph4A8A?hl=en.

Paquet, Darcy. A Short History of Korean Film, https://www.koreanfilm.org/history.html.

Parc, Jimmyn. A Retrospective on the Korean Film. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/84084/A-JParc-Brussels-vDec-EN-PE.pdf.

“Transition to the 21st Century.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., https://www.britannica.com/art/history-of-the-motion-picture/Transition-to-the-21st-century#ref346430.

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The year I'm focusing on is 2000 through 2010, but 2009 was a record-breaking year, as most of us know that’s when Avatar came out. James Cameron a director, writer, and editor had a big impact throughout the 2000s not only did he direct the film “Titanic” but also “Avatar”. James had begun to write and direct the film “Avatar” he had a budget of 310 million US dollars but he had a minor setback because the technology wasn’t fully ready yet. Once the film came out people were so amazed by the film that “Avatar went on to breaks some records that weren’t broken until 2019. Avatar is a movie based on humans interacting with an animal/ human, and not only was that cool to see but also the movie was based on the mid 22nd century which showed a lot of new technology which left people amazed. The movie went on to show how a man in real life can be in a wheelchair but transform into an “Avatar” who can walk and run and do all kinds of things, but Sam Worthington plays the main character (Marcus). In the film, Marcus had a job to do which was to learn the ways of the Avatar. He then falls in love with one of them and protects them against the humans and fights to protect the forest which had a special kind of flower. As the movie comes to an end, the humans destroyed most of what the Avatar people had, and Marcus (Sam Worthington) turns into a full Avatar, he is no longer human. The movie had everyone’s attention, one of the best-selling movies that came out in 2009, and it had made one billion dollars within the first week out in theaters. Avatar become one of the highest-grossing films of all time, breaking the records of “Titanic” Cameron’s other film, After a decade the record was finally broken by the Advangers but it is said that the Avatar will be the highest gross film again in March of this year. James Cameron won the best director, and Avatar made over two billion dollars, After all the success the film had, it said that there’s two more coming out one in 2022, and the second one in 2024.

work cited
“Avatar (2009 Film).” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 11 Feb. 2022, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film).

Film History of the 2000s, www.filmsite.org/2000sintro.html.

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2004 The Polar Express(Alvar Kandikatla)

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2004 The Polar Express(Alvar Kandikatla)

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The wonderful movie which gives us all Christmas cheers , motivational and good-feel worthy movie “The Polar Express”. The Polar Express movie is the first movie to be entirely made by using  Performance Capture Technology. The actors who are starring in the movie are Tom Hanks, Eddie Deezen, Josh Hutcherson, Daryl Sabara. The movie is about a boy who gets into the Polar Express which is a chance to meet Santa Claus which the movie runs on what the boy has done and experienced in the journey of meeting Santa Claus. According to the article “The Polar Express: Robert Zemeckis Motion Capture, and the Digital Filmmaking Frontier” written by Vance Osteen this movie is adapted from the book “The Polar Express” written by Chris Van Allsburg in 1985 which the Director of the movie “The Polar Express” decided to make the movie using Performance Capture Technology due to the budget factors which by the making the movie using Motion Capture Technology it reduced the budget to make the movie. The movie completely used Motion Capture Technology which had advantages and disadvantages as according to the article written by Vance Osteen the director Robert Zemeckis was good with the budget of the movie and the range of actors that are starring in the movie as but the difficult part was the animation of the designers as the animators are the ones that are going to create the graphics which are shown in the movie through motion capture Technology . One of the wonderful things according to the article “The Polar Express and the era of Motion Capture” written by Lenny Farinholt Tom Hanks has played six different characters in the movie because of the motion capture Technology and the tough part in the movie was creating the hair in the animation shots as sensors cannot scan the hair which was the most difficult part for the animators in making the graphics. According the article “Performance Capture CGI Technique in The Polar Express : An Advance For Animation” written by Julian Phillips the movie is completely made for everyone especially kids as the animation which is made by the motion Capture Technology is completely helpful in showing the vision of the Director Robert Zemeckis without any boundaries.

Works Cited
Farinholt Lenny,  “The Polar Express and the era of Motion Capture”, December 20 2019,  byrdTheatre, https://byrdtheatre.org/news/2019/12/the-polar-express-and-the-era-of-motion-capture/

Osteen Vance, “The Polar Express: Robert Zemeckis Motion Capture, and the Digital Filmmaking Frontier”, December 23 2020, Film Cred, https://film-cred.com/polar-express-robert-zemeckis-roger-rabbit/

Phillips Julian, “Performance Capture CGI Technique in The Polar Express : An Advance For Animation”, 25th November 2004, skwigly, https://www.skwigly.co.uk/performance-capture-cgi-technique-makes-‘the-polar-express’-an-advance-for-animation/

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2020: Best Picture Winner, Parasite (Aaron B. Glen)

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2020: Best Picture Winner, Parasite (Aaron B. Glen)

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When: February 9th, 2020

Where: Los Angeles, California
(Filmed in Seoul, South Korea)

Who: Dir. Bong Joon Ho

What: Parasite was the first film with a non-English Script to win Best Picture at the Oscars.

Why/How: After winning 3 Oscars already that evening the film received the incredibly prestigious award for Best Picture.

Importance in Cinema History: After a whirlwind of an evening for director Bong Joon Ho, Parasite took home the Oscar for Best Picture in 2020. The film had received awards for international feature film, original screenplay, and direction. I remember being extremely surprised because 1917 and Marriage Story were my personal picks for Best Picture that year. This moment in history was so important because Parasite was the first film to win Best Picture and Best International Feature Film. Moreover, it was also the first film with a non- English script to win for Best Picture. It's revolutionary because the film shattered the norms and the expectation of how Americans could view and respond to foreign films. I enjoyed the movie for the most part but I didn't feel like it was anything special

Chow, Andrew. “Parasite’s Best Picture Oscar Is Historic. Is This the Beginning of a New Era in Film?” Time, 10 Feb. 2020, time.com/5779940/parasite-best-picture-oscars.

Wikipedia contributors. “Parasite (2019 Film).” Wikipedia, 10 Feb. 2022, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite_(2019_film)#cite_note-10.

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One popular movie that was made in the year of 1910 was Frankenstein. 

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Directed by:
J. Searle Dawley
Written by: J. Searle Dawley
Produced by: Thomas Edison
Release date: March 18, 1910
Running time: 16 minutes (one reel, 975 feet)

During the years 1910 many movies have been made during this time. Most of them were short films with the duration of 10-15 minutes.
The film industry was mostly taken over by Motion Picture Patents Company. Many film studios were based in the East coast however, after a short period of time everything started to relocated west because of the natural advantages that they had. Los Angeles became the main city of film which is still today.

This era is referred to as "one reel era" because of films being made from one reel with a standard size of 1,000 feet of film.

Source cited:
“American Cinema in the 1910s.” Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research, https://wcftr.commarts.wisc.edu/exhibits/harry-roy-aitken-papers/american-cinema-1910s.

“Frankenstein (1910 Film).” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 8 Jan. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_(1910_film).

“Motion Picture Patents Company.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., https://www.britannica.com/topic/Motion-Picture-Patents-Company.

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Contemporary Cinema              1995-Present                                        (Joanna Riddle) 

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Contemporary Cinema              1995-Present                                        (Joanna Riddle) 

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In today’s digital age, artist moved from canvases to computer screens as graph design artists or digital designers. These professionals work in publishing companies, advertising agencies, and corporations that require design services for websites, logos, ad campaigns, and marketing. In today’s contemporary cinema there are visual effects, motion, and stunts that are used more often to capture an audience.

As the technology required to make motion pictures became easier and cheaper to acquire, more and more cinema artists chose to work outside of the studio system. Figures like Shirley Clarke in the 1960s, John Cassavetes in the 1970s, and Jim Jarmusch in the 1980s put out provocative and engaging cinema with limited distribution to match their limited budgets but often with enormous cultural impact. That trend continued into the 1990s and 2000s, supported by new production and distribution companies like Miramax (founded by the now disgraced Harvey Weinstein) that insisted on working outside of the studio system and often outside of Los Angeles itself.

The expansion of media culture

The history of film in the last period of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st was made by new technologies and the expansion of media culture that was done with the help of technologies. In the 1980s, the widespread adoption of the videocassette recorder (VCR) opened up new possibilities for the distribution of films as videocassettes, giving wider circulation and easier access to works made throughout the world. In the same manner, new cable and satellite television systems that delivered media directly to homes created additional markets for film distribution and income sources for film producers.  higher-quality video cameras are more available, more filmmakers used video technology to lower production costs, later transferring the image to film stock for theatrical exhibition. In the following years, the spread and increasing capabilities of computer animation as well as digital video cameras and DVDs (digital video discs) accelerated these trends, with the computer emerging as a new production unit in filmmaking and the Internet as a site for film distribution and exhibition. One result of these changes was the appearance on the world stage of filmmakers—particularly Chinese-language ones—from places that had previously been little recognized within international film culture.

Chadwick Aaron Boseman

Chadwick Aaron Boseman was an American actor and playwriter who studied directing at Howard University. He began as a writer, director, and actor for the stage, winning a drama league directing fellowship and an acting AUDELCO nominated for Jeff award as a playwriter for Deep Azure. Transitioning to the screen, he landed his first major role as a series regular on Person's unknown in 2010. He continued to portray historical figures. Starring as singer James Brown in Get on it (2014). He achieved international fame for Black Panther in the Marvel cinematic universe from 2016-2019. Chadwick appeared in four MCU films, including an eponymous 2018 film that earned him an NAACP image award for outstanding actor in motion picture and a screen actors Guild award for outstanding performance by a cast in motion picture. As the first black actor to headline an MCU film, was also named in the 2018 Time 100. In 2016, Chadwick Boseman was diagnosed with colon cancer and later passed away in 2020.

Links:
How Black Panther's Visual Effects Were Made | WIRED - YouTube

Digital Media and Video Production - YouTube

Chadwick Boseman - Wikipedia

A Brief History of Cinema – Moving Pictures (pressbooks.pub)

history of film - European cinema | Britannica