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The Nervous System, Part 1: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #8

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Stufflebeam, R. (2008). Neurons, Synapses, Action Potentials, and Neurotransmission. Consortium and Cognitive Science Instruction.

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When the sodium ions are released and release a positive charge, the potassium ions are then repelled to move through to the outside (Stufflebeam, 2008). This causes the positive and negative energy emitted by the ions to rebalance itself, this is called repolarization, as the membrane starts to return back to its normal state (Stufflebeam, 2008).

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During neurotransmission, also known as the rising phase, the concentration of sodium ions increases inside the membrane (Stufflebeam, 2008). This causes the membrane to become more positive which causes depolarization (Stufflebeam, 2008). If the concentration of sodium ions continues to increase and conducts 10 millivolts more positive energy than negative, an action potential will arise and the membrane will completely depolarize (Stufflebeam, 2008).

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There are two main types of ions that contribute to a neuron's resting point, and to the depolarization of a neuron, sodium ions and potassium ions (Stufflebeam, 2008). Sodium ions pass through into the membrane and potassium ions pass out of the membrane (Stufflebeam, 2008).

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Ions are electrically charged particles that found in the neuron's membrane (Stufflebeam, 2008). When the ions concentration is low, the neuron is at its resting point, and only a few ions are allowed to pass out of the membrane (Stufflebeam, 2008). During an action called neurotransmission, the concentration of ions becomes too large for the membrane to handle and it de-polarizes allowing ions to pass through and cause an action (Stufflebeam, 2008).

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The functions of neurons are very similar to how electrical signals function in an electronic device (Stufflebeam, 2008). Both convey information to make something work, however, in electronic devices, electrons move across a wire, but neurons work because ions move across the neuron membrane (Stufflebeam, 2008). As the concentration of ions in a membrane changes, a large electronic signal is emitted and an action occurs (Stufflebeam, 2008).

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There are four main part of a neuron, the cell body, an incoming signal, an outgoing signal, and the axon terminal (Stufflebeam, 2008). The cell body is the neurons life support, it creates and recycles to give life (Crashcourse, 2015). The incoming signal allows information to flow into the neuron, and the outgoing signal allows information to flow out of the neuron (Stufflebeam, 2008). The axon terminal is the area that this information flows through, sending information and receiving information from other neurons (Stufflebeam, 2008).

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The Central Nervous System can be separated into two categories of cells, neurons and glial cells (Stufflebeam, 2008). The role of neurons is to receive information so that other neurons can process this information and then output information, this is how we eat, sleep, reason, and communicate (Stufflebeam, 2008). The role of the glial cells is to keep the neurons functioning, much like a coach makes a team function, the glial cells support the neurons (Stufflebeam, 2008). While there is an astounding 200 billion neurons in just the brain, there are 50 more times that of glial cells (Stufflebeam, 2008).