# data[].attributes.body
https://doi.org/10.1177/107110070202300611

Landorf, K. B., & Keenan, A.-M. (2002). An Evaluation of Two Foot-Specific,
Health-Related Quality-of-Life Measuring Instruments. Foot & Ankle International, 23(6), 538–546. https://doi.org/10.1177/107110070202300611

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
An Evaluation of Two Foot-Specific, Health-Related Quality-of-Life Measuring Instruments - Karl B. Landorf, Anne-Maree Keenan, 2002

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In the past decade, health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) assessment has become an important tool to measure change as a result of treatment in clinical trials...

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341552873_Health_Section_SELF_Magazine_May_15_2020_Methodology_for_Baby_Foot_Peel_Exfoliant

Borges, Anna & Shavelson, Dennis. (2020). Method to Apply and
Use Baby Foot Exfoliating Foot Peel for Callus and Dead Skin Relief at Home, Health
Section; SELF Magazine May 15, 2020 Methodology for Baby Foot Peel: Exfoliant.

# data[].attributes.body
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15866960/

Keblish DJ, Zurakowski D, Wilson MG, Chiodo CP. Preoperative skin preparation of the foot and ankle: bristles and alcohol are better. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 May;87(5):986-92. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.D.02695. PMID: 15866960.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Abstract

Background: The most efficient way to prepare the skin for foot and ankle surgery is unknown. In recent studies, >70% of aerobic bacterial cultures of specimens taken from the nail folds following skin preparation with povidone-iodine were positive. The goal of the current study was to determine the effect of isopropyl alcohol on the eradication of bacteria from the nails and skin of the normal foot and ankle. In addition, the effect of using a bristled brush rather than sponges to scrub the foot was investigated.

Methods: Four skin-preparation techniques were studied in two sets of twenty-five volunteers. In phase I of the study, the right foot and ankle of each member of the first set of volunteers was prepared with method 1, which consisted of a two-stage povidone-iodine scrub and paint with use of soft sponges. The left foot and ankle was prepared with method 2, which consisted of method 1 as well as an additional pre-wash with 70% isopropyl alcohol. In phase II, the right foot and ankle of each member of the second set of volunteers was prepared with method 3, which consisted of a povidone-iodine scrub and paint with use of a bristled brush to scrub the foot. The left side was prepared with method 4, which consisted of an alcohol scrub and paint with use of a bristled brush to scrub the foot. At the end of the preparation process, specimens for aerobic bacterial cultures were obtained from the hallucal nail fold, interdigital web spaces, and anterior aspect of the ankle. Cultures were interpreted as positive or negative, and the results were also assessed quantitatively.

Results: The rates of positive cultures of the nail-fold specimens were 76% and 80% after methods 1 and 2 (soft sponges) and 76% and 12% after methods 3 and 4 (bristled brush). The reduction in the percentage of positive cultures with method 4 was highly significant (p < 0.001). Cultures of the specimens from the web spaces showed a significant difference in the rates of positive results between methods 1 and 2 (36% and 8%, p < 0.05) but no significant difference between methods 3 and 4 (12% and 0%, p = 0.25). The rates of positive cultures of specimens from the anterior aspect of the ankle were consistently low (< or = 4% for all methods). Quantitative analysis of positive cultures demonstrated significant reductions (p < 0.01) in heavy growth when bristled brushes had been used, both with povidone-iodine and isopropyl alcohol.

Conclusions: The use of isopropyl alcohol and the use of a bristled brush both have beneficial effects on the skin-preparation process before foot and ankle surgery. In the current investigation, the most effective technique was the use of isopropyl alcohol in conjunction with scrubbing with a bristled brush. Merely washing the foot with alcohol-soaked sponges provided limited benefit to the web spaces only.

No Clear Benefit of Chlorhexidine Use at Home Before Surgical Preparation.

Makhni MC, Jegede K, Lombardi J, Whittier S, Gorroochurn P, Lehman RA, Riew KD. Makhni MC, et al. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2018 Jan 15;26(2):e39-e47. doi: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-16-00866. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2018. PMID: 29227322 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.

Prevention of Periprosthetic Joint Infection.

Shahi A, Parvizi J. Shahi A, et al. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2015 Apr;3(2):72-81. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2015. PMID: 26110171 Free PMC article. Review.

Periprosthetic knee infection: ten strategies that work.

Parvizi J, Cavanaugh PK, Diaz-Ledezma C. Parvizi J, et al. Knee Surg Relat Res. 2013 Dec;25(4):155-64. doi: 10.5792/ksrr.2013.25.4.155. Epub 2013 Nov 29. Knee Surg Relat Res. 2013. PMID: 24368992 Free PMC article. Review.

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surgical wound infection / prevention & control*

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national center for biotechnology information

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Preoperative skin preparation of the foot and ankle: bristles and alcohol are better - PubMed

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The use of isopropyl alcohol and the use of a bristled brush both have beneficial effects on the skin-preparation process before foot and ankle surgery. In the current investigation, the most effective technique was the use of isopropyl alcohol in conjunction with scrubbing with a bristled brush. Me ...

# data[].attributes.body
https://studylib.net/doc/10057008/utilization-of-calamansi--citrofortunella-microcarpa-

Caliso, A. C. & Patagnan, K. A. (2011). A research paper

presented to the science & math department integrated developmental school MSU- Iligan institute of technology, 3, 12-18. doi: 10057008/utilization-of-calamansi--citrofortunella-microcarpa-

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
UTILIZATION OF CALAMANSI (CITROFORTUNELLA MICROCARPA)
INTO HOMEMADE FOOTPOWDER
__________________
A Research Paper
Presented to the
Science &amp; Math Department
Integrated Developmental School
MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology
__________________
In Partial Fulfillment for the Course
Science Research
__________________
ADECEL GRACE C. CALISO
KURT KEEVIN A. PATAGNAN
March 2011
APPROVAL SHEET
This
research
paper
entitled
"UTILIZATION
OF
CALAMANSI
(CITROFORTUNELLA MICROCARPA) INTO HOMEMADE FOOT POWDER"
prepared and submitted by ADECEL GRACE C. CALISO and KURT KEEVIN A.
PATAGNAN is hereby recommended for approval.
MS. CHARITY I. MULIG_
Adviser
________________
Date
PROF. ALMA GLORIA SILVA
PROF. VICTORIA TARRANZA
Panel Member
Panel Member
____________
____________
Date
Date
Accepted and approved in partial fulfilment of the Course in Science Research I.
PROF. VICTORIA TARRANZA
Chairperson, Science &amp; Math
__________________
Date
PROF. LEILA V. BERNALDEZ
Principal, IDS
____________
Date
Abstract
Caliso, Adecel Grace C. and Patagnan, Kurt Keevin A. (2011) "Utilization of
Calamansi (Citrofortunella Microcarpa into Homemade Foot Powder". College of
Education-Integrated Developmental School, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology.
Adviser: Prof. Charity I. Mulig
Adsorption is the act of absorbing a particle to a surface of another particle or medium. In
this research, adsorption of the calamansi peelings in powdered form will be studied. This will be
compared to a common type of foot powder. Foot powder is chosen because aside from
underarm sweat, foot sweat is also the main reason why body odours are released. Sweat,
actually is not the reason why odours are released but the bacteria living in it. So, the powdered
form of the peelings will serve as the product-the calamansi peel foot powder.
The methods of drying the peelings for pounding are Sun Dry Method, Air Dry Method,
and Air-Sun Dry Method. 300 calamansi peelings were used in this study. 100 of them will be
dried through SDM (Sun Dry Method), 100 will be through ADM (Air Dry Method), and the rest
were dried using the A-SDM (Air-Sun Dry Method). After days of drying, the peelings were
ground using food processor.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to thank the following for the help / making the research
study possible.
Before anyone else, they would like to thank the Almighty God for providing the
researchers their needs and for His guidance throughout the study.
To the research advisers, Ms. Alma Gloria L. Silva, Prof. Odyssa Natividad R. M.
Molo and Prof. Charity I. Mulig for guiding the researchers during the course of the study and
in writing their manuscripts.
To the researchers' supportive parents, Mrs. Jocelyn and Mr. Nolan Caliso and to Mrs.
and Mr. Patagnan for their never ending love and support.
To Maristelle Regencia, Rodolfo Marba Jr., Irish Espejo, and to the whole class of
III-Neon '12 for helping us in making our research paper possible.
To the teachers of MSU-IIT CED-Integrated Developmental School for their concern for
this field.
To the staff of I-School and Library for letting us use the facilities for us to finish our
research works even at school.
A.G.C.C. and K.K.A.P.
DEDICATION
This study is dedicated to everyone who made it possible-
The researchers, first and foremost, offer this research to
God as a way to show their gratitude for everything He has given
us.
To the researchers' loving and caring parents who provided a
place to work, encouragement and immeasurable support;
To their teachers who have given them guidance during the
progress of the study, especially their research advisers, Ma'am
Silva, Ma'am Molo and Ma'am Mulig, for their patience in
correcting the researchers' work and providing help in its
completion;
To their friends, especially to their classmates in Neon '11-
'12, who are always there to make us laugh and together, help
ourselves keep our sanity during the writing of the manuscript.
Adecel Grace C. Caliso
Kurt Keevin A. Patagnan
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE..................................................................................i
APPROVAL SHEET........................................................................ii
ABSTRACT..................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT....................................................................iv
DEDICATION................................................................................v
TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................................................vi
LIST OF TABLES..........................................................................vii
LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................vii
CHAPTER
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
B. Statement of the Problem
C. Objectives of the Study
D. Hypotheses of the Study
E. Significance of the Study
F. Scope and Limitations of the Study
G. Definition of Terms
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE &amp; STUDIES
III. METHODOLOGY
A. Research Design
B. Materials and Equipment
C. General Procedure
i. Germination of Seeds
ii. Nutrient Solution Preparation
iii. Preparation of Set-ups
iv. Growing of Pechay
D. Instruments in Gathering Data
E. Statistical Tool
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY
VII. APPENDICES
Appendix A:
Appendix B:
Appendix C:
Appendix D: Curriculum Vitae
1
1
2
3
3
5
5
7
12
12
13
14
14
15
17
17
18
25
27
29
31
33
36
List of Tables
List of Figures
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Body odour (esp., foot odour) is the body's unpleasant smell that is caused by bacteria.
The main cause of this is foot sweat. Actually, sweat itself is odourless, but it creates a beneficial
environment for certain bacteria to grow and produce bad-smelling substances. These bacteria
are naturally present on our skin as part of the human flora. More smell is created with factors
that cause more sweating such as wearing shoes and socks with inadequate air ventilation for
many hours. Hair on feet, especially on toes may contribute to the odours' intensity by increasing
its surface area where bacteria can thrive. Foot powder is a type of sweat-absorbing powder that
helps prevent or remove foot odour. But some common foot powders aren't as absorbent as the
ideal foot powder. Some irritates the skin and some are expensive enough for consumers to
reject. So therefore, the researchers thought of making such Calamansi Peel Foot Powder to
provide a cheaper and a skin-friendly prevention for foot odour.
Calamansi is a tropical fruit usually found at the Philippines. This is commonly made into
juice drinks, additive to common juice, native sauces such as toyo, and even as a body odour
repellent. This small circular fruit prevents body odour especially the underarm odour. So, if it
can prevent underarm odour, maybe it can help in foot odour too.
B. Statement of Problem
This study aims to answer the following questions:
Main Problem: Can foot powder from calamansi peelings be produced?
Sub Problems:
1. Is the product cheaper than the commercial powder?
2. Will the foot powder from calamansi peelings prevent foot odour due to
sweat?
3. Is there a significant difference between the commercial talc powder and
the Calamansi Peelings Foot Powder in terms of adsorbency?
C. Objectives of the Study
This research aims to:
1. provide consumers a cheaper and a more effective foot powder and help
them save their money by converting their calamansi wastes into foot powder
2. compare the difference between the commercial foot powder and the
calamansi foot powder;
3. use an equipment that will help in comparing two certain types of foot
powders; and to
4. determine which of the two foot powders that are compared is more
effective in terms of adsorbency.
D. Hypotheses of the Study
1. The Calamansi Foot Powder will absorb less liquid than the
commercial foot powder. Therefore, this product will not prevent
foot odour.
2. The equipment to be used is is inefficient enough in comparing the
two types of foot powders. So, the result will not be reliable.
E. Significance of The Study
This study may help in waste segregation and to save money. This is cheaper because
most of the time, people just throw away calamansi peelings. Calamansi consumers may
keep their wastes and put it into reusable garbage. This is cheaper because most of the time,
people just throw away calamansi peelings. Instead of letting the peelings rot, the consumers
may convert these peelings into powder. And this study may help calamansi consumers save
the calamansi peelings for future use.
F. Scope and Limitations
The product's color will not be significant in this research study. If it rained during the
drying process, the calamansi peelings will be placed in a plastic bag and the number of
hours of drying will be paused depending on the number of hours it rained. The study is
limited only for school year 2011-2012.
G. Definition Of Terms
Foot Sweat-
moisture that is released out of the foot
through the pores found at the skin when
temperature on foot is too high or when
there is not enough air ventilation in our
socks and shoes
Foot Powder-
a product that prevents bad odour from foot
by absorbing sweat and killing bacteria.
Calamansi Peel-
an outside layering of a circular fruit named
calamansi.
Foot Odour-
an unpleasant odour produced by
bacteria on foot.
Absorption Tester-
an improvised device used to compare two
different powders. This comes with an
amount of liquid and a 8.5x11in piece of
cloth.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Bromhidrosis, also known as foot odour is a painless and a non-contagious disorder. It is
a burden to someone with it because unlikeable smell is released. This is common on people with
sweaty feet. Normally, the feet produce half a pint of sweat through 2-5 million sweat glands. An
ordinary foot's sweat evaporates easily. But for a person with bromhidrosis, the sweat that is
released evaporates slower and probably this is because more sweat is produced. And this
situation will result to odorous feet. The bacteria's job on one's foot is to break down this
liquid's particles to simpler ones which commonly releases an awful smell. If one washes his feet
regularly and dries them up after washing, then, there would be reason for one to have this
ailment.
Aside from foot odour, drying and washing of foot also help in preventing mild cases of
athlete's foot. Foot powder is a type of antiperspirant powder used to relieve itching and absorbs
sweat on feet. Applying foot powder will lessen the presence of bacteria by absorbing the sweat.
(Renner, 1993).
Foot odour is the term used for describing foot's foul smell. This is generally caused by
bacteria. Moisture on feet serves as the breeding area for bacteria and fungi. This is commonly a
long term ailment which means, if one does not prevent it during the first signs, then this ailment
will hardly dwindle from one's system. (Alengasa, 2009)
Citrofortunella Microcarpa belongs to the Rutaceae family and is locally known as
Calamansi or Calamondin. This Rutaceae family include ither types of oranges, limes, and
citruses. Calamansi, or the Philippine Lemon is an important source of citrus for the Filipinos.
This is widely grown throughout Southern Asia specifically Malaysia. This fruit is thought to be
hybrid in nature because this was neither a lemon nor a lime. This is best used when its color is
greenish to yellow (mature yet unripe) or yellow to orange (ripe). This fruit's juice is a common
ingredient in some common drinks, cakes, sauces, and marmalades. This fruit is juicy and acidic.
This can also help in enhancing iron absorption in the body. Nutritional Guidelines for Filipinos
2000 developed by the Technical Working Group headed by the Food and Nutrition Research
Institute of the DOST(2000) once stated, "Aside from the food and medicinal uses of Calamansi,
the fruit juice is used to bleach ink stains from fabrics and serve as a body deodourant. (Sarasota,
1999).
Apocrine glands and Eccrine glands are the two main types of sweat glands in the human
body. The Apocrine glands releases sweat at the genital areas and armpits which produces strong
odour. The Eccrine glands are the glands which are responsible for thermoregulation. When
temperature rises, these sweat glands release water and oil. For some reasons, more eccrine
sweat glands are found at the feet. About 500,000 out of millions of sweat glands are on the feet.
This is the reason why the feet has the place of highest concentration of sweat.(Huyom, 2009)
The calamansi tree is usually cylindrical, erect, and commonly ranges from 6.5ft to 25ft high. The
upper surface of its leaves is glossy and is about 1.15in to 3in long. The fruits are round or elliptic and has
a diameter of 1.75 in. Its fruit peel is aromatic and glossy. It has 6 to 10 segments. Its pulp is juicy, and
usually have seeds in it. This fruit was said to be discovered in China and was soon brought to the
Philippines and Indonesia. It is a common ornamental tree in Hawaii. This was introduced in Florida by
Dr. David Fairchild in 1899. Calamansi is now used for greenhouse researches at the Agricultural
Experiment Station of the University of Florida in Gainesville. This can be planted through its seed or bu
cuttings. Its growth rate is 1ft per year. Drought and drhydration may lead to its mesophyll collapse.
(Morton, 1987)
Calamansi is also a great snack time pal. One can squeeze a halved Calamansi to a cup then
honey and sugar can be added. Calamansi, as a member of Rutaceae family, is a great Vitamin C
provider. For tea, it is also great when added to ginger. At the bars, calamansi fruits are used to make
shots tastier. Its smell is a good air freshener and deodorizer too. This fruit is great for dark knees, elbows,
and armpits. It is used as a basic additive to a famous Filipino dip called toyo. This fruit is also great in
dandruff
treatment
and
prevention.
It
was
also
proven
to
remove
stains
on
clothes.
(Tips and Tricks, 2008)
Foot odour is one of the reasons why a person loses self confidence. One gets conscious if he or
she removes his foot wear, thinking that everybody would react negatively about the smell. There are a lot
of ways in preventing and reducing foot odour. The most common reason for foot odour is foot sweat.
That is why one must dry his feet before wearing any foot wear. Air drying is great after washing the feet
too. Moisture-smart socks are great for students and office men for a whole day comfort. Salt absorbs
sweat too. So, after a bath, one can place the feet to a basin of warm salt water. Try not to rinse it off
instead, wipe it off using a piece of cloth. Make sure that the feet are completely dry before wearing socks
and shoes. Vinegar can also help in this type of problem. Soak the feet in vinegar at least once a week.
But to prevent it from stinking, one can soak the feet at the end of the day, before sleeping. Because of the
annoying smell of vinegar, one can instead use black tea. Green tea can do the job too. Foot scrub can
also lessen the problem. Natural foot scrub acts best than artificial ones in reducing smell. If you dry your
feet and your foot wear is wet, that would give no effect on reducing foot odour. Instead, it helps in
making the feet smellier. Shoes should be aired outside the house to let it dry before using it again.
Breathing shoes are great to be used too. They aren't actually breathing; they are shoes that have good air
ventilation to prevent sweat from staying on the feet. Shoes should be changed regularly so the shoes
could at least dry itself for a day or two. One can at least alternately use shoes to prevent same smelly
shoes to be used again. Shoes must only be worn when there are socks. If there is none, sweat would stick
to the shoes and would cause generation of an unlikeable smell. Some ladies who use nylon-made shoes
may wear socks to prevent sweat and odour. The only exceptions in wearing socks are shoes which are
open toed. Aside from socks, one can also use foot deodorizer too. Powder is the most common form of a
foot deodorizer. Underarm deodorants work well on foot odour too. This can fix the problem faster than
the said steps but it can only last for a few hours or a few minutes. But if you are in a hurry, you can use it
anytime. There are some other types of deodorizers such as shoe deodorizer. Corn starch and baking soda
can be a temporary shoe deodorizer when you can't still buy one. Products that contain Benzoyl Peroxide
can kill bacteria and can lessen foot odour problem too. Determining the reason why your sweat is
released can help too. If you sweat because of stress, you can have some relaxation techniques for you to
lessen the production of sweat in your body. Some components of a regular diet can lessen or strengthen
the odour of one's foot. A regular diet with zinc might help too. Almost everyone who suffers from foot
odour lacks zinc in their diets. Antibacterial soaps must also be used to wash the feet for at least once a
day. Make sure not to use inappropriate to prevent making the problem bigger. If the problem is still there
despite all the steps said, one must consult a podiatrist for some information. You must make sure that
you are not undergoing a serious foot disease. Some strong solutions such as antibiotics, aluminium
chloride and ethyl alcohol, and Botox can also help. But in some cases, surgical operations are needed.
(Vercillo, 2006)
The worst thing to have is smelly feet because of the embarrassment it brings to a person who has
it. There are some ways to lessen this problem.
In washing the feet, one must not just take it as a simple part of a daily shower. The main reason
why you should wash your feet is to remove the bacteria which caused bad odours to be released. Bacteria
could be in the dead skin cells found at your foot. A quick rub on foot with soapy water is not enough to
remove bacteria. So, it would be better if you use washcloth and antibacterial soap. In drying the feet, it
should be completely dry to avoid making a breeding area for bacteria. So, one must take his time drying
the feet.
In changing the socks, make sure to change it with laundered one. A white sock is less prone to
bacteria than a colored one. (McGimpsey, 2006)
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, the testing of the product will take place. Here, the improvised absorbent
tester made from wheel and axle, funnel, and clips will be used. This "equipment" will determine
the amount of liquid absorbed by a certain type of powder used.
A. Research Design
In this experiment, Foot Powder will be used though these are different in nature . One is
the calamansi product and the other one is the commercial product. Therefore, Completely
Randomized Design or CRD will be used.
B. Materials and Equipments
Materials:
Equipments:
8.5x11in Oxford Cloth
2 thin Metal bars
Food Processor
Dried calamansi peelings
Basin
Beaker
Water
Teaspoon
4 pieces 17x2x4in wood
Talc Powder
Wheel and Axle
C. General Procedure
Gathering of Materials
The researchers need 100 calamansi pieces per type of drying process. So, 300
pieces will be used for there are 3 types of drying process namely, Sun Drying, Air
Drying, and the Air-Sun Drying method.
Drying the Calamansi Peelings
The calamansi peelings need to be dried so it would be possible for us to grind it.
These will be placed in trays and will be stored to different conditions.

Sun Dry Method
100 calamansi peelings will be sun dried for 48 hours.

Air Dry Method
100 calamansi peelings will be air dried for 72 hours.

Air-Sun Dry Method
100 calamansi peelings will be air dried for 24 hours and will be sun dried for 48
hours.
Pulverization of Peelings
The dried peelings will be ground using food processor for us to have the
expected result.
Preparation of Equipment
The next thing to do is to make the tester while the drying process is going on.
The clips will be attached to the pieces of wood first. Afterwards, two sides of the funnel
will be nailed to the pieces of wood. To keep the equipment balanced, a piece of plywood
will be nailed at its base.
Equipment Expectation:
Wet Cloth Preparation
20ml water will be poured in the 8.5x11in piece of Oxford Cloth. After this,
1teaspoon of foot powder will be sprinkled. This step and the following step will be
repeated thrice per type of foot powder.
Water Collection
Tie the cloth to the metal bars. Turn the axle for 15 times. The basin will catch the
water extracted.
D. Experimental Set-up
The following table represents the data gathered in the experimentation.
Type of Foot Powder Used
No Powder Used
(Plain Cloth)
Commercial Talc Powder
Calamansi Foot Powder:
Air Dried
Sun Dried
Air-Sun Dried
Commercial Talc Powder with:
Air Dried Calamansi Foot Powder
Sun Dried Calamansi Foot Powder
Air-Sun Dried Calamansi Foot
Powder
E. Statistical Tool
Amount of Water
Extracted(in mL)
Amount of Water Absorbed
(in mL)
Since data taken during the course of the study are numerical in nature, the ANOVA
(Analysis of Variance) Test will be used to determine if there is a significant difference
between the set-ups.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. BOOKS
Mabberley, D.J. (1987) The Plant Book: A portable dictionary and the higher plant.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge P 706
Renner, John H. (1993) The Home Remedies Handbook. Lincolnwood, Illinois; Louis Weber,
C.E.O. Publications International, Ltd. P.169-170
B. INTERNET ARTICLES
Cindy (2008) "Oil Extracted from Calamansi Peelings as Preservatives for Hair Oil"
from
http://cindy07-08.blogspot.com/2008/03/chapter-i.html
Hoyum, Nils (2011) "How to Get Rid of Foot Odour" from
http://odours.getridofthings.com/get-rid-of-foot-odour.htm
Morton, Julia (1987). "Calamondin the Versatil Fruit" from
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/calamondin.html
Tips_tricks (2008) "13 Ways to Use Calamansi" from
http://www.tipsandtricks4me.com/2008/03/13-ways-to-use-calamansi.html
Vercillo, Kathryn (2009) "20 Tips for How to Get Rid of Foot Odour" from
http://kathrynvercillo.hubpages.com/hub/20-Tips-for-Reducing-Foot-Odour
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name:
Adecel Grace C. Caliso
Nickname: Adecel
Religion: Roman Catholic
Gender: Female
Place of Birth:
Iligan City, Lanao del Norte
Date of Birth: July 19, 1997
Home Address:
Zone Cancer Suarez, Iligan City
Father's Name:
Nolan C. Caliso
Mother's Name:
Jocelyn C. Caliso
Educational Background:
Elementary
Name of School:
Address:
South II Central School
Zone Orchids Suarez, Iligan City
Date of Graduation:
Secondary
Name of School: MSU - IIT - Integrated Developmental School_
Address:
Andres Bonifacio Avenue, Tibanga, Iligan City
Date of Graduation:
Honor and Awards Received:
Elementary
Fourth Honor (Grade 1 - 2),
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name:
Nickname:
Religion:
Gender:
Place of Birth:
Date of Birth:
Home Address:
Father's Name:
Mother's Name:
Educational Background:
Elementary
Name of School:
Address:
Date of Graduation:
Secondary
Name of School:
Address:
Date of Graduation:
Honor and Awards Received:
Secondary

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UTILIZATION OF CALAMANSI (CITROFORTUNELLA MICROCARPA) INTO HOMEMADE FOOTPOWDER __________________ A Research Paper Presented to the Science & Math Department Integrated Developmental School MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology __________________ In Partial Fulfillment for the Course Science Research __________________ ADECEL GRACE C. CALISO KURT KEEVIN A.

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https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3402/dfa.v7.29758?scroll=top&needAccess=true

Timethia Bonner, Margaret Foster & Erica Spears-Lanoix (2016) Type 2 diabetes–related foot care knowledge and foot self-care practice interventions in the United States: a systematic review of the literature, Diabetic Foot & Ankle, 7:1, DOI: 10.3402/dfa.v7.29758

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Type 2 diabetes–related foot care knowledge and foot self-care practice interventions in the United States: a systematic review of the literature

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(2016). Type 2 diabetes–related foot care knowledge and foot self-care practice interventions in the United States: a systematic review of the literature. Diabetic Foot & Ankle: Vol. 7, No. 1, 29758.

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https://doi.org/10.7856/kjcls.2011.22.3.365

Yeong - Ok, J. (2011), A Study on Actual Footwear-wearing
Conditions of College Students in Kwangju & Jeonnam, The Korean Journal of Community Living Science, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 365 - 377, https://doi.org/10.7856/kjcls.2011.22.3.365

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A Study on Actual Footwear-wearing Conditions of College Students in Kwangju & Jeonam

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The dual purposes of this study were to investigate footwear worn by college students who have become spoilt for choice in apparel & shoes, and point out the problems of their shoe-wearing habbits. The survey was administered in October, 2010 to 600 college residents in Kwangju-Jeonnam area and the results are as follows.

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https://www.scielo.br/j/spmj/a/FPzkTrGLkrBstkcV4dYnBrx/?lang=en

Sanz I, D.R., Fernandez II, D. B., Iglesias III, M. L. I., Canosa IV, J. L. S., Lopez V, D. L. L., Carrion VI, N. T., Vallejo VII, R. B. B. (2018) Foot health and quality
of life among university students: cross-sectional study, Footh Health, vol. 2, pp. 123 -128, https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2017.0264230917

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BACKGROUND:

Foot problems are believed to reduce quality of life and are increasingly present. Even among young adults of university age, untreated foot problems can lead to postural and mobility problems. Accordingly, our aim here was to determine the relationship between foot health and quality of life and general health among male and female university students.

DESIGN AND SETTING:

Observational cross-sectional quantitative study conducted at the Podiatric Medicine and Surgery Clinic of the University of Coruña, Ferrol, Spain.

METHODS:

A sample of 112 participants of median age 22 years came to a health center, where self-reported data were registered, including professional activity, and scores obtained through the Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ) were compared.

RESULTS:

In Section One of the FHSQ, the university students recorded lower scores of 66.66 in the footwear domain and 60 in the general foot health domain and higher scores of 84.37 in the foot pain domain and 93.75 in the foot function domain. In Section Two, they obtained lower scores of 60 in the overall health domain and 62.50 in the vigor domain and higher scores of 100 in the physical activity and 87.50 in the social capacity domain. Differences between males and females were evaluated using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, which showing statistical significance (P < 0.05) regarding the dimensions of footwear and general foot health.

CONCLUSIONS:

These university students' quality of life relating to foot health was poor. This appears to be associated with the university period, regardless of gender.

KEYWORDS:
Foot; Primary health care; Quality of life

One of the most critical periods in human development is between the ages of 18 and 33 years, which is the bridge between childhood and adulthood. During this period of physical, psychological, social and sexual development, young people gradually assume responsibility for their own health. In addition, this age group has specific foot health issues that differ from those of other age groups, such as ankle sprains, tinea pedis, onychomycosis, plantar warts and ingrown toenails.,,, They are also subjected to different kinds of general changes, such as greater autonomy, control over their lifestyle, control over physical activity and development of attitudes and beliefs about health and financial problems.,

Even at this age, untreated foot problems can lead to scoliosis, postural problems, slower walking speeds, uneven plantar pressure distribution, difficulty in carrying out daily activities, increased risk of falling and appearance of neurological diseases,, all of which can affect these individuals' academic achievement, quality of life, personal autonomy and wellbeing. Poor foot health is now recognized by the governments in general as an important public health issue because of its negative impact on individuals and on society. This includes difficulty in putting on shoes, pain, gait disorders, reduced walking speed, variation in plantar pressures and risk of falling.,,

Despite the extent of this problem, the relationship between foot health and quality of life during this developmental period has not been studied. In the general population, the prevalence of foot health problems is between 71% and 87%. The problems relate to claw toes, hallux valgus, hammer toes, overlapping toes, hallux extensus, pes planus, Morton's neuroma, tailor's bunions, plantar fasciitis and pes cavus., Although these problems are multifactorial, they may predict loss of independence, vulnerability, defenselessness and reduced quality of life and wellbeing.

Based on these issues, it is important to consider illnesses and deformities of the foot, postural alterations and other underlying diseases as factors to be taken into account when planning treatment and preventive care activities. Moreover, there is a need for care and follow-up regarding foot health for university students that so far remains unattended. Such issues need to be addressed in seeking to ensure better quality of life and wellbeing for university students.

Thus, we sought to determine the state of foot health among male and female university students and its relationship to their overall quality of life and general health. At present little is known about the factors that affect the development of foot health. Foot problems are predisposing factors for the appearance of injuries in later life that could be prevented through implementing programs to improve the general condition of university students' feet.

This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Coruña, in Coruña, Spain. All participants gave written informed consent. Ethical standards for research on human beings based on the Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association) and the Convention of the Council of Europe on human rights and biomedicine, as well as those based on UNESCO's Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights and those of other appropriate national or institutional organizations were adhered to.

Respondents

Students between the ages of 18 and 33 years of similar socioeconomic level participated in this cross-sectional study between September 2014 and May 2015. Participants were recruited from the Clinic of Podiatric Medicine and Surgery (CPMS), which provides treatment for foot diseases and disorders at the University of Coruña, in Ferrol, Spain. Advertisements were placed on the CPMS website and in University newsletters. Information leaflets were provided to students clinicians, students from another health science college of the University like nursing, medicine or physiotherapy. Additionally, notices were placed on local bulletin boards.

These students came to the Podiatric Medicine and Surgery Clinic. They were eligible for inclusion in the study through a non-probability consecutive sampling technique. The inclusion criteria were that they needed to be healthy volunteers without any relevant medical records or family history and that they gave consent for enrollment into the study. The exclusion criteria included immunodepression, histories of trauma and foot surgery, neurological alterations and lack of or only partial autonomy in performing daily activities.

Data collection

All measurements were made by a single researcher. Height, weight and body mass index (BMI) were determined during the visit to the clinic. The students then completed the Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ). This self-administered questionnaire on health-related quality of life is intended specifically for the foot and has been recognized as a validated test., Foot-specific and general health-related quality of life was assessed using version 1.03 of the FHSQ, which contains three sections. The first section consists of 13 questions reflecting four domains relating to foot health ( Appendix 1): foot pain, foot function, footwear and general foot health. The first section has demonstrated high degrees of content, criterion and construct validity (Cronbach α = 0.89-0.95) and high retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.74-0.92). It has been shown to be the most appropriate measurement of foot health-related quality of life for pathological skin and nail conditions and for neurological, orthopedic and musculoskeletal disorders, among others.,

Each domain has a specific number of questions ( Appendix 2): four on pain, four on function, three on footwear and two on general foot health. The assessment of pain and function is based on physical phenomena; the evaluation of footwear uses practical aspects of availability and shoe comfort; and the perception of general foot health is based on the patients' self-assessment of the state of their feet. Each question allows several answers, and these are placed on a Likert-type ordinal scale (words or phrases corresponding to a numerical scale). The descriptors for these scales vary for each domain, and the person completing the questionnaire should choose only one response, i.e. whichever response is thought to be the most appropriate. The questionnaire does not provide an overall score but, rather, it generates an index for each domain. To obtain these indices, the responses are analyzed through computer software (FHSQ, version 1.03). After processing the data, the software produces a score ranging from 0 to 100. A score of zero represents the worst state of health for the foot, while 100 is the best possible condition.

The second section of the FHSQ includes questions that reflect four general health-related domains ( Appendix 2): general health, physical activity, social capacity and vigor. The domains and questions in this section are largely adapted from the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, which has been validated for use in the Australian population. Specific questions of the FHSQ that assess section 2 domains are shown in Appendix 2.

Lastly, the third section contains questions asking for sociodemographic data such as the participants' age and sex and about their medical records.

Sample size

The smallest clinically important difference in FHSQ scores is 21 points., Assuming a standard deviation of around 29 for a bilateral hypothesis and an alpha of 5%, at least 94 students would be needed to detect a 21-point difference with 80% power. Students were enrolled consecutively until the sample size was achieved.

Statistical methods

Continuous variables were expressed as the median and interquartile range. Differences between men and women were compared using independent t tests if the data were normally distributed or the Wilcoxon rank-sum test if not. The data were analyzed using the SPSS statistics package. Alpha was set at 0.05, and all tests were two-tailed. The Foot Health Status Questionnaire version 1.03 was used to obtain quality-of-life scores relating to foot health.

A total of 112 university students of less than 33 years of age were enrolled. The sample analyzed included 85 women (75.9%) and 27 men (24.1%) between 18 and 33 years of age. Most students were normal weight (BMI of 22.27 kg/m ²). These results are shown in Table 1.

Table 1 also shows the clinical domains of the FHSQ questionnaire and the sociodemographic characteristics of the informants. As can be seen, most of the informants were normal weight (BMI = 22.27 kg/m ²). All variables showed non-normal distribution (P < 0.05), and therefore the Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used.

Table 2 shows a comparison of the scores obtained through the FHSQ. Section One of the FHSQ evaluated four specific foot domains, namely pain, function, health and footwear. The median scores were higher in relation to assessment of pain and function, and lower in relation to foot health and footwear. Section Two gave an assessment of four domains of general wellbeing: overall health, physical function, social capacity and vigor. In this section, the median foot pain scores for men and women were 87.50 and 81.25 respectively and the function scores for men and women were both 93.75, The foot health scores were 85 and 60 for men and women respectively, and the footwear scores were 75 and 58.33 for men and women respectively ( Table 2). The median scores for physical function and social capacity were significantly lower than those for overall health and vigor, for both men and women. The differences between males and females were statistically significant (P < 0.05) for the dimensions of the FHSQ questionnaire that assessed footwear and general foot health. These results appear in Table 2.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between quality of life and foot health among male and female university students, given that the high prevalence of foot problems has been recognized by the governments as a threat to public health.

Foot health is essential to university students, in that it enables them to have greater autonomy, have control over their lifestyles and do physical activity. In a study on the population in Spain aged 40 years or older, the following prevalences of podiatric medical abnormalities were found: claw toe (69.7%), hallux valgus (38.0%) and hallux extensus (15.8%). The prevalences increased with age and were higher among females.

The results from the few studies on this topic indicate that the impact of foot health on quality of life is not as obvious as it appears to be., On the other hand, our results confirm that female university students have lower median footwear and general health scores than those of men, thus indicating that they have poorer quality of life in relation to these two domains. We did not find any differences in any other domain. This finding is consistent with studies from other authors.,,,

Furthermore, our students had lower median scores for general health and vigor. This situation is associated with greater limitations in carrying out a wide range of physical activities, a lack of energy for participating in activities and an increased risk of becoming socially isolated.,

Given these results, it seems necessary to point out the importance of medical and podiatric care and follow-up, with the aim of preventing the appearance of illnesses and deformities of the foot. This is fundamental for enabling improvement of university students' health, quality of life and autonomy.

We were unable to compare our results with those of other studies, given the differences in criteria and methodological variations, because we did not find any similar studies on quality of life relating to foot health.

This shows that there is a need for further research on this topic, in order to find out about the different therapeutic interventions used by professionals within podiatry and medicine that might improve foot health and quality of life, not only among university students but also in the general population.

Our study includes several important limitations that need to be acknowledged. Firstly, this study was performed in a clinic of podiatric medicine and surgery with a small number of participants. Secondly, expanding data collection to other countries may help to identify whether there is any culture in which this association does not exist and identify the mechanisms involved in foot health and health in general. Lastly, the recruitment methodology showed several drawbacks relating to the relatively small sample size. A more diverse sample, including individuals from several countries, would be beneficial for improving the strength of such studies.

This highlights the need for further research on the importance of medical and podiatric care and follow-up for the feet and for health in general, in order to prevent the appearance of illnesses and deformities of the feet and maintain the overall health of the body. This is fundamental for enabling improvement of university students' health, quality of life, wellbeing and autonomy.

Over this study period, these university students had poor quality of life relating to foot health. This appears to be associated with the university period, regardless of gender. Therefore, there is a need to develop foot health behavior that enables proper care and follow-up for the feet. This is extremely important for preventing the appearance or development of lesions, pain, infections or deformities, in order to enhance the quality of life of university students. Future studies seeking to identify significant factors influencing the quality of life relating to foot health among university students need to be pursued.

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Foot health and quality of life among university students: cross-sectional study

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Foot problems are believed to reduce quality of life and are increasingly present. Even among young adults of university age, untreated foot problems can lead to postural and mobility problems. Accordingly, our aim here was to determine the relationship between foot health and quality of life and general health among male and female university students.

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https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/340642/Local-News/Natural-remedies-for-cracked-heels

(Anonymous 2011), Natural remedies for cracked heels, Retreived from https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/340642/Local-News/Natural-remedies-for-cracked-heels

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Dear Dr. Fritz,

GOOD day to you and to all the other staff at Sun.Star Davao. I've been following your column for more than a year now. I find your contribution very educational and had helped me a lot in several ways in the past as it served to enlighten me with some of the hoaxes I've known before which you have corrected. Now, I'm writing you because of my cracked heels. The truth is, I find my heels embarrassing since my boyfriend told me how cracked my heels are. I also find them painful. I want some natural remedies. I want to try this first before resorting to the conventional medical treatment for cracked heels.

I hope to hear from you soon. Thanks a lot.

Ariba Aruba

Dear Ariba Aruba,

Thanks a lot for the support. Your words serve as my inspiration to keep up with my job and make it even better - even if the rough gets going.

I understand your embarrassment with your boyfriend's remarks on your cracked heels. But, don't worry dear, here's the help you've been looking for.

1. Lemon foot mask

You have to heal first your heels to kick off your journey. Here's how to do this mask:

Take a basin of warm water. Then, dip your feet. Add some raw salt, lemon juice, glycerine or sugar alcohol and rose water. Soak your feet in this mixture for about 15-20 minutes. After that, use pumice stone or scrubber and scrub your heels and sides of the foot. Now, mix 1 tsp of undiluted glycerine, 1 tsp of rose water and 1 tsp of lemon juice and apply this concoction over your cracked heels. Wear a pair of socks and leave this overnight. Wash this off in the morning. You can repeat this after 2 to 3 days until your heels are soft and healed.

2. Vegetable oil or olive oil

Wash your feet and dry them. Now, apply the vegetable oil or olive oil on your cracked heels. Wear socks and leave them overnight. Wash them off in the morning and repeat after 2 to 3 days to heal your feet.

3. Banana and avocado foot mask

Get a ripe banana and apply the pulp over your cracked heels and leave them on for about 10 minutes. Then, wash them off.

You can also add some twist by adding half of an avocado or the flesh of half of green coconut to the half of your ripe banana. Blend them in a blender. Then, apply this over your cracked heels. Leave them on for about 10 minutes and wash.

4. Vaseline and lemon or calamansi juice mix in

Wash and dry your feet. Then, soak your feet in warm water for about 15-20 minutes and let them dry. Now, get 1 tsp of Vaseline and 1 tsp of lemon or calamansi juice. Apply this mixture over your cracked heels and rub them until they're fully absorbed. Let it stay overnight and wear socks and wash it off in the morning.

As much as there are still a lot of concoctions that can help your cracked heels, but, we're running out of space for now, then, let me continue this on my next issue. Until then!

Dr. Fritz

(For your questions, you may send them to Dear Dr. Fritz, c/o Sun.Star-Davao Publishing Inc., Ebro-Pelayo Building, Jacinto St., Davao City, (former Department of Foreign Affairs office), across Ateneo de Davao University and beside Holy Child School of Davao, or you e-mail them to dokfritz@yahoo.com. Sorry that we cannot answer all your questions. Thank you for your understanding.)
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Dear Dr. Fritz, GOOD day to you and to all the other staff at Sun.Star Davao. I've been following your column for more than a year now. I find your contribution very educational and had helped me a lot in several ways in the past as it served to enlighten me with some of the hoaxes I've known before which you have corrected.

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https://journals.lww.com/clinorthop/fulltext/2005/09000/chlorhexidine_provides_superior_skin.34.aspx

Bibbo, Christopher DO*; Patel, Dipak V MD†; Gehrmann, Robin M MD‡; Lin, Sheldon S MD‡ Chlorhexidine Provides Superior Skin Decontamination in Foot and Ankle Surgery, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research: September 2005 - Volume 438 - Issue - p 204-208 doi: 10.1097/01.blo.0000167832.47464.22

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https://www.thehealthsite.com/beauty/diy-aloe-vera-and-lemon-foot-soak-for-cracked-heels-630769/

Das, K. (2018). DIY aloe vera and lemon foot soak for cracked heels. Healthsite. Published online 2018, December 9. doi: 630769/