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Not only is it simple to develop chronic diseases that damage physical health, but fast food consumption can also lead to mental health problems.

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Main idea 4:
MENTAL ILLNESS

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Fast food produces major diabetes for human health, in addition to obesity, due to the characteristics of various sweeteners, refined sugars, spices, and empty calories.

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Main idea 3:
DIABETES

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Main idea 2:
OBESITY

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Main idea 1:
MAJOR CONTENT IN FAST FOOD

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There are growing concern globally regarding the alarming trend of fast food consumption. It's related to overweight and obesity.

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Fast food is low in essential nutrients and high in calories and sodium.

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Negative impacts of fast food to your health:

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Thesis statement:

Although fast food is convenient, it can be very dangerous to use in the long run, which is why we should be aware of the risks and effects that it can give us so we can live a healthy lifestyle.

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I nternational Journal of Obesity

pages

887–890 (2007)

"Industrially produced trans fat
French fries and fried meat from fast-food outlets contain high amounts of industrially produced trans-fatty acids. Trans fats are fats in margarines, spreads, and frying oils, produced by industrial hardening of vegetable or marine oils, to make the product more stable and robust for handling and storage. "

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"Epidemiological studies
A number of observational studies have assessed the association between frequent fast-food intake and weight gain. The American population study Cardia suggests that frequent fast-food consumption is positively associated with weight gain and risk of insulin resistance over 15 years. Individuals who had meals at fast-food restaurants more than two times a week gained 4.5 kg more weight and had a 104% greater increase in insulin resistance, at both baseline and follow-up, than individuals who ate less than one fast-food meal per week."

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Fuhrman, 2018, para. 17:
"it is important to understand that oils are also processed foods. When consumed, oil enters the bloodstream rapidly similar to high glycemic carbohydrates. Anything cooked in oil should be considered a fast food.
The calories from oil are absorbed rapidly, and are largely empty calories (with insignificant micronutrients and no fiber)—a combination that leads to obesity, disease, and premature aging."

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Smith, 2016, p. 61, 62:
"Researchers at the University of North Carolina studied the eating habits of 3,643 young adults over a thirteen-year period, and concluded that ‘Those who ate the most fast food weighed more, had larger waists and triglyceride levels, and showed signs of metabolic syndrome – a precursor to diabetes."

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Fuhrman, 2018, para. 9:
"Research has shown that excess calories shorten lifespan, whereas moderate caloric restriction slows the aging process and protects the body and brain.
Fifty excess calories per day, over and above your basic metabolic needs, over a 10-year period, adds about 50 pounds of extra body weight. "

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Fuhrman, 2018, para. 8:
"Excessive amounts of animal products may lead to premature aging, increased risk of chronic disease and higher all-cause mortality.  Furthermore, refined carbohydrates may not just lead to being overweight and diabetic but also contribute to dementia, mental illness."

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Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 August 2011

Almudena Sánchez-Villegas,Estefania Toledo,Jokin de Irala,

Miguel Ruiz-Canela,Jorge Pla-Vidal andMiguel A Martínez-González

Para.1 (.9)
"Several cross-sectional studies have analysed the association between the consumption of these products and depressive symptoms or perceived stress. For example, Liu et al. found a significantly lower prevalence of depression symptoms for persons with a low consumption of ‘ready-to-eat’ foods and for low-frequency fast-food eaters(Reference Liu, Xie and Chou10). Similarly, depressive symptoms were associated positively with consumption of high-energy sweets in the study by Jeffery et al.(Reference Jeffery, Linde and Simon11). Mikolajczyk et al. found a positive association between fast-food, snacks and sweets consumption and depressive symptoms and perceived stress among female students(Reference Mikolajczyk, El Ansari and Maxwell12)."

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S Stender, J Dyerberg & A Astrup International Journal of Obesity, pages 887–890 (2007)

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S Stender, J Dyerberg & A Astrup International Journal of Obesity, pages 887–890 (2007)

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"Individuals who had meals at fast-food restaurants more than two times a week gained 4.5 kg more weight and had a 104% greater increase in insulin resistance, at both baseline and follow-up, than individuals who ate less than one fast-food meal per week."

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Robert H. Lustig,Elvira Isganaitis,2005, para.82,83, 87

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Robert H. Lustig,Elvira Isganaitis,2005, para.82,83, 87

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"Fast Food and Glycemic Index and Load

Fast foods may be contributing to this increased glycemic burden
The glycemic index of a diet is linked not only to obesity but also to risk of T2DM. In a large prospective cohort study, the glycemic load of the diet was positively associated with risk for T2DM.89 High-glycemic-index diets may impair β-cell function via glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity, and overstimulation."

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Robert H. Lustig , Elvira Isganaitis , 2005, para.15&16

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Robert H. Lustig , Elvira Isganaitis , 2005, para.15&16

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"Connections Between Fast Food and Obesity

Nutritional analysis shows fast food to be high in fat, saturated fat, energy density, fructose, and glycemic index, yet poor in fiber , vitamins A and C, and calcium.1 A typical fast food meal contains 1400 kcal, 85% of recommended daily fat intake, 73% of recommended saturated fat, but only 40% of recommended fiber and 30% of recommended calcium. "

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Zahra Bahadoran1,*Parvin Mirmiran1, Fereidoun Azizi - 2015, p.231.

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Zahra Bahadoran1,*Parvin Mirmiran1, Fereidoun Azizi - 2015, p.231.

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"Fast food consumption is a main risk factor for lower diet quality, higher calorie and fat intake and lower micronutrients density of diet. Frequent consumption of fast foods was accompanied with overweight "

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Smith, 2016, p. 87:
"Daily consumption of fast food not only contributes to

obesity, but may hurt academic performance. Students who

consumed high levels of fast food in the fifth grade scored

lower three years later on maths, reading and science tests

compared with students who ate no fast food."

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Smith, 2016, p. 69:
" The assumption is that
when customers know the calorie and nutritional content,
they will make more rational decisions about the food they
eat and have a better chance of avoiding chronic diseases
associated with weight gain."

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Smith, 2016, p. 66:
"Scientific evidence also suggests that fatty, salty and sugary
foods can trigger addictive behaviours. Salt should therefore not be given to children as this could lead to a “salt addiction”’, which could ‘raise their blood pressure which tracks into adulthood, leading to increased risk of developing strokes and heart attacks."

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Smith, 2016, p. 65:
"Foods that contain large

amounts of sugar, fat and sodium, such as most offerings

at fast-food chains, have been specifically identified as

potentially addictive. Sugar, fat and sodium stimulate

neurons, cells that trigger the brain’s reward system, which

releases dopamine, a ‘neurotransmitter that plays a key role

in the brain’s reward centers, and can lead to pleasure

producing behavior, such as drug abuse and overeating.
Chemists micro-engineered foods with these inborn taste combinations and added colour additives and flavour compounds to create fast foods that were even more irresistible."

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Smith, 2016, p. 58:
"Eating more than two fast-food meals a week has been
linked to significantly more weight gain than occasional
consumption. A who study concluded that fast-food
consumption was a predictor of weight gain. The percentage of total daily calories from fast food increased as weight increased. Obese young adults acquired 18 per cent of their daily calories from fast food."

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Reviewed by Natalie Butler, R.D., L.D. - Written by Timothy Huzar on April 1, 2019 - para.25

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Reviewed by Natalie Butler, R.D., L.D. - Written by Timothy Huzar on April 1, 2019 - para.25

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"Long-term impact:
The Obesity Action Coalition point out that typical fast food contains a very high number of calories. If a person eats more calories than they are burning during each day, they will put on weight, which may lead to obesity."

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Smith, 2016, p. 51:
"And of course, fried chicken is cooked in plenty of fat. Salad dressings and ‘special sauces’ have a strong note of sweetness. With fat, sodium and sugar as common

denominators, most fast-food menu items were (and are) high in calories and low in dietary fibre, vitamins and minerals (other than plenty of sodium)."

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Reviewed by Natalie Butler, R.D., L.D. - Written by Timothy Huzar on April 1, 2019 - para.22.

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Reviewed by Natalie Butler, R.D., L.D. - Written by Timothy Huzar on April 1, 2019 - para.22.

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"Long-term impact:
Study in the journal Appetite also suggests that there is a causal link between a diet high in saturated fat and simple carbohydrates, typical of much fast food, and a lower capacity for memory and learning."

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Reviewed by Natalie Butler, R.D., L.D. - Written by Timothy Huzar on April 1, 2019 - para.12

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Reviewed by Natalie Butler, R.D., L.D. - Written by Timothy Huzar on April 1, 2019 - para.12

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"Short-term impact:
Fast food is also often very low in fresh fruit and vegetables, which makes it hard for people to reach their recommended daily intake of at least 5 servings. It may also be hard for them to reach their ideal fiber intake, which is at least 25 gams per day."

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Reviewed by Natalie Butler, R.D., L.D. - Written by Timothy Huzar on April 1, 2019 - para. 10.

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Reviewed by Natalie Butler, R.D., L.D. - Written by Timothy Huzar on April 1, 2019 - para. 10.

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"Short-term impact:
Experts believe that the more hungry a person is before their next meal, the more likely they are to eat more calories than necessary.
A small study in the Journal of HypertensionTrusted Source found that consuming high levels of salt could have an immediate impact on the proper functioning of a person’s blood vessels. Excess sodium intake also has links to fluid retention."

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Zahra Bahadoran1,*Parvin Mirmiran1, Fereidoun Azizi - 2015, p.237.

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Zahra Bahadoran1,*Parvin Mirmiran1, Fereidoun Azizi - 2015, p.237.

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"Some of the mechanisms that could explain the metabolic outcomes of fast foods have been investigated in clinical and experimental studies. Postprandial adverse metabolic disorders including lipemia, oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory processes after eating a fast food meal observed in a human study are other possible explanations for cardiometabolic outcomes of fast foods. Compared to a healthy fast food meal (fiber rich sourdough rye bread, salad with vinegar, orange juice), a hamburger meal (hamburger, bacon, cola drink) was associated with higher postprandial serum levels of glucose and insulin."

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Zahra Bahadoran1,*Parvin Mirmiran1, Fereidoun Azizi - 2015, p.231.

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Zahra Bahadoran1,*Parvin Mirmiran1, Fereidoun Azizi - 2015, p.231.

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"In some of the most popular fast foods, trans fats were up to 24g/serving. Higher content of industrially produced trans fatty acids in fast foods is an important component leading to weight gain, abdominal fat accumulation, development of insulin resistance and cardiovascular events."

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Zahra Bahadoran1,*Parvin Mirmiran1, Fereidoun Azizi - 2015, p.236.

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Zahra Bahadoran1,*Parvin Mirmiran1, Fereidoun Azizi - 2015, p.236.

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"Most fast foods have an extremely high energy density, approximately 158 to 163 kcal per 100 gram of food; it also has been estimated that a fast food meal typically has an energy density twice the recommended a healthy diet and contains approximately 236 kcal/100 g."

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Zahra Bahadoran1,*Parvin Mirmiran1, Fereidoun Azizi - 2015, p.236.

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Zahra Bahadoran1,*Parvin Mirmiran1, Fereidoun Azizi - 2015, p.236.

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"This review provides further evidence warning us against the irreparable effects of fast food consumption on public health especially the increasing global burden of obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Frequent consumption of fast foods as well as out-of-home meals is a serious dietary risk factor for development of increasing trend of obesity and other related abnormalities. Higher consumption of fast foods has undesirable effects on dietary intake and overall diet quality, which leads to increased incidence of metabolic disorders including obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes as well as cardiovascular disorders. (DISCUSSION)"

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Zahra Bahadoran1,*Parvin Mirmiran1, Fereidoun Azizi - 2015, p.234.

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Zahra Bahadoran1,*Parvin Mirmiran1, Fereidoun Azizi - 2015, p.234.

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" Fast food consumption and dyslipidemia.

Another cardiometabolic risk factor regarding fast food pattern is impaired metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins. In Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA), participants who consumed ≥2.5 compared to <0.5 meal/week of fast food meals, had higher levels of serum triglycerides"

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 Zahra Bahadoran1,*Parvin Mirmiran1, Fereidoun Azizi - 2015, p.231 - 232.

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 Zahra Bahadoran1,*Parvin Mirmiran1, Fereidoun Azizi - 2015, p.231 - 232.

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"Fast food consumption and the risk of overweight and obesity

The alarming trend in the acceleration of overweight and obesity is mainly attributed to changes in lifestyle determinants and environmental factors. A rapid on-going nutrition transition with progressive shift to a westernized diet, in particular higher consumption of industrial and processed foods, and sweetened beverages are major factors contributing to the global epidemic of obesity.11 Among various dietary factors, out-of-home eating patterns and regular consumption of fast food have been proposed as determinant factors in the prevalence of obesity and severe weight gain over time."

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Zahra Bahadoran1,*Parvin Mirmiran1, Fereidoun Azizi - 2015, p.231.

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Zahra Bahadoran1,*Parvin Mirmiran1, Fereidoun Azizi - 2015, p.231.

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"There are growing concern globally regarding the alarming trend of fast food consumption and its related cardiometabolic outcomes including overweight and obesity. This study aimed to review the current evidences available in relation to adverse effects of fast food pattern on cardiometabolic risk factors."

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Hossain & Islam, 2020, p. 32:
"Balanced diet should be given preference instead of junk or fast foods not only by young people but also in all age group. The rapid growth of the FF industry has become a public health concerns considering its negative health consequences including obesity related risks.
Children, parents and general public should be advocated about the associated ill health effects of the junk foods in various forms. Ensuring availability of variety of healthy food menu at markets or restaurants will give better options for
general public, thereby promoting healthy lifestyle."

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Hossain & Islam, 2020, p. 31:
"Consumption of fast foods two times or more per week has been associated with 31% higher prevalence of moderate abdominal obesity in men and 25% higher prevalence in women.

Obesity is associated with an increase in respiratory

problems. Even without diagnosed medical conditions, obesity may cause episodes of shortness of breath or wheezing with little exertion. Obesity also can play a role in the development of sleep apnea, a condition in which sleep is continually disrupted by shallow breathing and asthma.

A recent study published in the journal Thorax suggests that children who eat fast food at least three times a week are at increased risk of asthma and rhinitis, which involves having a congested, drippy nose.

Regular consumption of fast food meals was related to increases in energy intake of 56 kcal/day and 187 kcal/day among adults and children, respectively. A higher frequency of fast-food consumption was associated with a weight gain of 0.72 kg over 3 years and of 4.5 kg over a 15-year period above the average weight gain."

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Hossain & Islam, 2020, p. 31:
"Fast food eating on regular basis can increase the risk of weight gain and obesity because of having a high energy density with the presence of high levels of fat and sugar in the meal and a correspondingly low level of fiber and protein."

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Hossain & Islam, 2020, p. 28:
"Most JFs are regarded as fast foods as they are prepared and served fast but not all. It can be termed as follows also: EDLNF or EDNPFC: Energy dense low nutrient density foods or energy dense and nutrient poor foods for children, FMNV: Foods of minimal nutritional value, HFSS foods: Foods that is high in fat, salt and sugar."

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Fuhrman, 2018, para. 30:
"Being overweight requires eating outside of the demands of true hunger, either recreationally or because of withdrawal symptoms from improper eating, stimulating the overconsumption of calories."

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Fuhrman, 2018, para. 19:
"Nutrients and fiber are needed to control the appestat, so you consume a healthy amount of calories. My experience has demonstrated with thousands of patients, the more nutrient and fiber dense your diet becomes the lower your drive to overeat. This is extremely important, because even a moderate amount of extra fat on the body induces more rapid aging and increases the risk of diabetes, heart disease and cancer. A mild degree of caloric restriction becomes comfortable and achievable when the diet is high in micronutrients and fiber. When you have enough micronutrients and fiber in your diet, you don’t feel driven to overeat. But when you don’t have enough micronutrients and fiber in your diet, you become a food-craving, overeating machine."

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Fuhrman, 2018, para. 18:
"The oil contains neither fiber, nor micronutrients and contains nothing to decrease the appestat. A matter of fact, if you put oil on food, it may actually increase one’s appetite. Not only will these individuals not eat fewer calories—they will eat even more than the 120 calories from the oil. When added or mixed into food, oil drives overeating behavior."

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Fuhrman, 2018, para. 16:
"When calories flood the bloodstream rapidly they have dramatic biological effects. The rapid insulin response will remain for hours. On the other hand, the carbohydrates from beans will take much more time to be digested and, as a result these calories enter the bloodstream slowly. Essentially, the calories will trickle in over hours. When eating beans, a small amount of glucose enters the blood each minute and therefore you won’t need much of an insulin response to deal with this amount of sugar."

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Fuhrman, 2018, para. 15:
"Fast foods include high-calorie, low-nutrient foods that people often eat multiple times per day. These are processed foods and for many, are the primary source of calories. These fast foods have certain characteristics: They can be accessed easily and quickly; they don’t need to be prepared; they come out of a bag or box ready to go right into your mouth. You can eat them rapidly and they’re absorbed very quickly into the bloodstream. These fast foods typically contain multiple chemicals and synthetic ingredients. They are calorically dense, highly flavored, and nutritionally barren. Fast foods typically contain extra corn syrup, sugar, artificial sweeteners, salt, coloring agents, and other potentially disease promoting chemicals."

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Fuhrman, 2018, para. 9:
"Research has shown that excess calories shorten lifespan, whereas moderate caloric restriction slows the aging process and protects the body and brain.
Fifty excess calories per day, over and above your basic metabolic needs, over a 10-year period, adds about 50 pounds of extra body weight. The excess weight increases the risk of multiple chronic illnesses, cancers, and also takes many years of life away from the individual simply as a result of consuming only 50 calories a day too many."

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Fuhrman, 2018, para. 7:
"A link may even exist between fast food, processed food, commercial baked goods, and sweets and destruction of brain cell and a lowering of intelligence. Candy and sweetened baked goods may even stimulate the brain in an addictive fashion, which can lead to more serious illnesses."

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Fuhrman, 2018, para. 3:
"Authorities determined the 71% figure by classifying people with a body mass index (BMI) over 25 kg/m2 as overweight or obese."