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coding = the format in how the info is stored

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coding = the format in how the info is stored

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capacity = the amount of info that is stored

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capacity = the amount of info that is stored

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Coding - modality specific e.g. ionic, echoic
Capacity - high
Duration - very brief

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duration= how long the info is stored for

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duration= how long the info is stored for

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helps keep time and event sequencing
it puts all of the info into LTM

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supervisory role, limited capacity, doesn't store info and monitors data

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Coding - acoustic
Capacity - 7 +/- 2
Duration - 18 secs

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Coding - semantic
Capacity - unlimited
Duration - up to a lifetime

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A method of interviewing eyewitnesses to help them retrieve more accurate memories​

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anxiety= state of emotional & physical arousal

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These techniques were collectively called the cognitive interview

there are 4 steps:
1. report everything
2. reinstate the context
3. reverse the order
4. change perspective

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inner scribe - arragement of what you see
visual cache - visual data

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When we encode information, we also encode the cues around it so retrieval failure is forgetting that occurs when the cues that were present at encoding are absent at retrieval.

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Ronald Fisher and Edward Geiselman (1992)

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Memories of life events
Personal
Time-stamped
Conscious
Explicit

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phonological loop- deals with auditory info, codes acoustically 

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phonological loop- deals with auditory info, codes acoustically 

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phonological store- stores words you hear
articulacy process- allows maintenance rehearsal - stores up to 2 seconds of what you hear

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when an old memory interferes with a new one leading either one or both to be forgotten or distorted

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anxiety has a negative effect on recall--> Johnson + Scott- showed the effect of weapon focus- when participants saw weapon their memory recall was reduced signficantly compared to the participants who didn't see a weapon

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Knowledge of the world e.g. facts
Not personal
Not time-stamped
Conscious
Explicit

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when a new memory interferes with an old one leading either one or both to be forgotten or distorted

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Everyday skills e.g. walking
Not personal
Not time-stamped
Non-conscious
Implicit

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if more similar more likely for forgetting to occur

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if more similar more likely for forgetting to occur

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This is when the question is phrased in a way that prompts you to give a certain answer. There was research done by psychologists about a car crash in which participants needed to answer how fast cars were going. Were given 5 different verbs and with the more violent word, the participants said they were going faster than when the word was 'contacted'

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limitation--> it takes more time and training than a typical police interview
limitation--> research has found it's more effective when 2 of the techniques are used alone. using a combination of report everything and reinstate the context produces better results
strength--> evidence that it works data compared 55 studies of the CI and a police interview and there was a 41% increase in accurate info

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Info passed from sensory register to STM by paying attention

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Info passed from sensory register to STM by paying attention

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- Baddeley
- 4 groups of words: acoustically similar and disimilar, semantically similar and disimilar
- shown and then asked to recall
- STM= worst with acoustically similar, best with acoustically disimilar
- LTM= worse with sematically similar, best with semantically disimilar
- coded acousticaly in STM and semantically in LTM

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Info passed from STM to LTM by prolonged rehearsal

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Info passed from STM to LTM by prolonged rehearsal

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anxiety has positive effect on recall- Yuille + Cutshall study of actual shooting in Vancouver- 21 witnesses + 13 took part in study. recall was very accurate + little effect in change of memory after 5 months- shows anxiety doesn't have negative effect

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participants learnt list of 10 words until remembered and there were 6 groups who had to learn different types of lists. when they were asked to recall the old list, the participants who had to remember the list of synonyms produced the worst recall showing interference is strongest when memories are similar

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tunnel theory of memory=enhanced memory for central events

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limitation - forgetting can be overcome by cues which isn't mentioned in the theory

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limitation - forgetting can be overcome by cues which isn't mentioned in the theory

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Godden & Badeley researched context-dependent forgetting using deep sea divers. They had 4 groups: those who learnt a list of words under water and had to recall under water, those who learn a list of words under water but had to recall on land, those that learnt it online but had to recall under water and those who learnt it on land and had to recall on land. They found that accurate recall was 40% lower in the non-matching conditions, concluding that external cues absent at recall led to retrieval failure.

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fight or flight can be helpful + detrimental

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Info passed from LTM to STM through recall

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Info passed from LTM to STM through recall

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- Jacobs
- measuring digit span
- say 4 digits and if correct add another until they cant add anymore
- mean span for digits = 9
-letters = 7

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fisher(1887) added elements to the CI to focus on the interaction
interviewer needs to know when to establish eye contact
ECI also includes ideas such as reducing eyewitness anxiety, minimising distractions, getting the witness to speak slow and ask open end questions

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yerkes-dodson model= relationship between emotional arousal and performance is inverted U- performance will increase with stress up to a certain point

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When witnesses to a crime or event, discuss what they saw. This can influence peoples personal opinion. Research was done in pairs where each participant saw the same event filmed from different perspectives. Results showed that majority of people were reporting things that their video didn't show, therefore conforming to other peoples opinions

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- Peterson
- syllable and a number
- count backwards until told to stop
18 seconds

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Carter & Cassaday gave participants antihistamines. Participants had to learnt list of words in different conditions:
1) learn on drug-recall on drug
2) learn on drug-recall not on drug
3) learn not on drug-recall not on drug
4) learn not on drug-recall on drug
Recall was significantly worse for participants in the mismatched conditions.

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There is real-world application as it can be used in the legal justice system especially with protecting innocent people from convictions based on unreliable EWT. HOWEVER, applications of the eye-witness testimony may be affected by issues with research