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Attached is an article about the burden of the disease

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Hi!
About the immunological response of our body towards C. botulinum, our body reacts actively against the toxin the bacteria produces. In the presence of the botulinum toxin, the B-cell is presented with the toxin epitope by an APC, which then activates and proliferates forming antibody producing plasma cells and also the memory cells.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjtpaqr04jTAhWGwI8KHS6zBlYQFggsMAM&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcid.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F25%2FSupplement_2%2FS173.full.pdf&usg=AFQjCNGaFTOAa7mbbkTXoWARdF8_yRwPTw&sig2=Zl4UwYmhJ0rrc4x77oGNbA
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12569960

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Here is just a simple explaination how C.botulinum spread.
And more further explaination in this link. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2856357/

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Hi. Here an article about mode of action & detection of Clostridium Botulinum

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mode of action & detection of Clostridium Botulinum

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here is just simple article about mechanism of antimicrobial drugs (action) on Clostridium Botulinum

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The earliest evidence of successful chemotherapy is from ancient Peru, where the Indians used bark from the cinchona tree to treat malaria. Other substances were used in ancient China, and we now know that many of the poultices used by primitive peoples contained antibacterial and antifungal substances.

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here is just simple article about type of antimicrobial drugs (action) on Clostridium Botulinum

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here is just simple article about type of antimicrobial drugs (action) on Clostridium Botulinum

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Antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium difficile from different sources. - PubMed - NCBI

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Hi. hope this will come in handy
A paper from Institute of Food Research UK in biology and genomic analysis of C. botulinum

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Hi. Here an article about clostridium botulinum by World Health Organization (WHO

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Hi. Here an article about clostridium botulinum by World Health Organization (WHO

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Here another article briefly on diagnostic of Clostridium botulinum 

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Here another article briefly on diagnostic of Clostridium botulinum 

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This is article about the  diagnostic methodology of Clostridium botulinum 

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This is article about the  diagnostic methodology of Clostridium botulinum 

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Here are some info(s) on the botulism itself

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AAP. Chemical-biological terrorism and its impact on children: a subject review. Pediatrics 2000 Mar 1 ;105 (3):662-70 [ Full text]

Alexeter Technologies [ Home page]

Allergan, Inc. Botox Information [ Web site]

ASM (American Society for Microbiology). Sentinel level clinical microbiology laboratory guidelines for suspected agents of bioterrorism: botulinum toxin. 2013 Jul [ Full text]

ASM. Sentinel laboratory guidelines for suspected agents of bioterrorism and emerging infectious diseases: packing and shipping infectious substances. 2012 Dec 20 [ Full text]

ASM. Sentinel level clinical microbiology laboratory guidelines [ Web page]

Bilusic M, Pattathil J, Brescia M, et al. Recurrent bulbar paralysis caused by botulinum toxin type B. Clin Infect Dis 2008 Apr 15;46(8):e72-4 [ Abstract]

Cai Strategies to design inhibitors of clostridium botulinum neurotoxins. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2007 Mar;7(1):47-57 [ Abstract]

California Department of Health Services.Infant Botulism Treatment and Prevention Program [ Home page]

CDC. Botulism associated with canned chili sauce, July-August 2007 (updated Aug 24) [ Full text]

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CDC. Investigational heptavalent botulinum antitoxin (HBAT) to replace licensed botulinum antitoxin AB and investigational botulinum antitoxin E. MMWR 2010 Mar 19;59(10):299 [ Full text]

CDC. The Laboratory Response Network [ PowerPoint presentation]

CDC. Notice to readers: New telephone number to report botulism cases and request antitoxin. MMWR 2003 Aug 15;52(32):774 []

Chou JH, Hwant PH, Malison MD. An outbreak of type A foodborne botulism in Taiwan due to commercially preserved peanuts. Int J Epidemiol 1988 Dec;17(4):899-902 []

Craven KE, Ferreira JL, Harrison MA, et al. Specific detection of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, E, and F using the polymerase chain reaction. J AOAC Int 2002 Sep-Oct;85(5):1025-8 []

Cruzan S. FDA's National Center for Toxicological Research publishes study on distinguishing potential hoax materials from bioterror agents. FDA News 2006 Aug 3

Dahlenborg M, Borch E, Radstrom P. Development of a combined selection and enrichment PCR procedure for Clostridium botulinum Types B, E, and F and its use to determine prevalence in fecal samples from slaughtered pigs. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001 Oct; 67(10):4781-8 [ Full text]

Dorr J, Dieste FJ, Klaasen van Husen D, et al. A case of recurrent Miller Fisher syndrome mimicking botulism. Neurol Sci 2006 Dec;27(6):424-5 [ ]

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Clinical mimics of infant botulism. Pediatrics 2007 Apr;119(4):826-8 [ Abstract]

Clinical recognition and management of patients exposed to biological warfare agents. JAMA 1997 Aug 6;278(5):399-411 [ Franz DR, Jahrling PB, Friedlander AM, et al. Abstract]

Franz DR, Pitt LM, Clayton MA, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic and therapeutic administration of antitoxin for inhalation botulism. In: DasGupta BR, ed. Botulism and tetanus neurotoxins: neurotransmission and biomedical aspects.New York, NY: Plenum Press, 1993:473-6

Griffin PM, Hatheway CL, Rosenbaum RB, et al. Endogenous antibody production to botulinum toxin in an adult with intestinal colonization botulism and underlying Crohn's disease. J Infect Dis 1997 Mar;175(3):633-7 [ ]

Halpern JO, Neale EA. Neurospecific binding, internalization, and retrograde transport. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1995;195:221-42

Hatheway CL, Johnson EA. Clostridium: the spore-bearing anaerobes. In: Collier L, Ballows A, Sussman M, eds. Topley & Wilson's microbiology and microbial infections. Ed 9. New York, NY: Oxford University Press,1998:731-82

IATA (International Air Transport Association). Dangerous Goods Regulations; 53rd Edition.May be purchased at: [ Web Page]

Kirma N, Ferreira JL, Baumstark BR. Characterization of six type A strains of Clostridium botulinum that contain type B toxin gene sequences. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004 Feb 16;231(2):159-64 [ ]

Koepke R, Sobel J, Arnon SS. Global occurrence of infant botulism, 1976-2006. Pediatrics 2008 Jul;122(1):e73-82 [ ]

Botulism associated with Clostridium botulinum sinusitis after intranasal cocaine abuse. Ann Intern Med 1988 Dec 15;109(12):984-5 [ Kudrow DB, Henry KA, Haake DA, et al. Abstract]

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MacDonald KL, Spengler RF, Hatheway CL, et al. Type A botulism from sauteed onions: clinical and epidemiologic observations. JAMA 1985 Mar 1;253(9):1275-8 [ ]

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New Horizon Diagnostics.SMART II botulinum toxin [ Web page]
Osborn Scientific Group
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Royl G, Katchanov J, Stachulski F, et al. Diagnostic pitfall: wound botulism in an intoxicated intravenous drug abuser presenting with respiratory failure. Intensive Care Med 2007 Jul;33(7):1301 [ ]

Schiavo G, Rossetto O, Tonello F, et al. Intracellular targets and metalloprotease activity of tetanus and botulism neurotoxins. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1995;195:257-74

Scotcher MC, Cheng LW, Stanker LH. Detection of botulinum neurotoxin serotype B at sub mouse LD ₅₀ levels by a sandwich immunoassay and its application to toxin detection in milk.PLoS One 5 (6) :e11047 [ Full text]

Shapiro RL, Hatheway C, Becher J, et al. Botulism surveillance and emergency response: a public health strategy for a global challenge. JAMA 1997 Aug 6;278(5):433-5

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Smith LDS. The occurrence of Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani in the soil of the United States. Health Lab Sci 1978;15(12):74-80

Smith LDS, Sugiyama H. Botulism: The Organism, Its Toxins, the Disease. Ed 2. Springfield, Ill: CC Thomas, 1988

Sneath PH, Mair NS, Sharpe ME, and Holt JG, eds. Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, Vol 2. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1986

Solomon HM, Lilly T Jr. Clostridium botulinum. In: Jackson GH, Merker RI, Bandler R, project coordinators. Bacteriological analytical manual online . Washington DC: FDA CFSAN, Jan 2001 [ Full text]

Villar RG, Elliot SP, Davenport KM. Botulism: the many faces of botulinum toxin and its potential for bioterrorism. Infect Dis Clin N Am 2006 Jun;20(2):313-27

Outbreak of type A botulism and development of a botulism surveillance and antitoxin release system in Argentina. JAMA 1999 Apr 14;281(14):1334-8 [ Villar RG, Shapiro RL, Busto S, et al. Abstract]

Wigginton JM, Thill P. Infant botulism: a review of the literature. Clin Pediatr 1993 Nov;32(11):669-71

Xu Q, Pinchichero ME, Simpson LL, et al. An adenoviral vector-based mucosal vaccine is effective in protection against botulism. Gene Ther 2009 (published online Jan 9) [ Abstract]

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AAP. Chemical-biological terrorism and its impact on children: a subject review. Pediatrics 2000 Mar 1 ;105 (3):662-70 [ Full text] Alexeter Technologies [ Home page] Allergan, Inc. Botox Information [ Web site] ASM (American Society for Microbiology). Sentinel level clinical microbiology laboratory guidelines for suspected agents of bioterrorism: botulinum toxin.

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Correct me if i'm wrong, Clostridium botulinum is not an opportunistic pathogen. This microbe is known to cause botulism which is usually intoxication resulting from the ingestion of preformed botulinum toxin. Botulinum toxins are the most powerful biological toxins known. The spores of C. botulinum are relatively heat-resistant and pressure sterilization is necessary to ensures their destruction. The toxin acts on the neuromuscular junction where cholinergic blockade occurs, producing a life-threatening illness with cranial nerve impairment and symmetric weakness or paralysis.

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Hi guys! Please discuss about our microbe here on Padlet. You can share anything you like about it; perhaps based on the questions we did during our discussion. Journal links, videos and articles are most welcomed. Thank you for your cooperation :)

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Popplet is the best app for sharing visual ideas.