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Be Free Dayton. (2013). Abolish & prevent sex trafficking

Blau, J., & Abramovitz, M. (2014). The dynamics of social welfare policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Campbell, E. (2017). University of Michigan  human trafficking clinic. Manasseh Project. Retreived 10 March 2017, from http://www.manassehproject.org/sites/default/files/Elizabeth%20Campbell%20%23StopThisTraffic%20Presentation.pdf

Carr, B. (2017). What is human trafficking? Combating myths and misconceptions. Presentation, Lansing.

Definitions and methodology. (2013). U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 10 March 2017, from http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2013/210543.htm

Folks, T. (2013) Volunteer orientation. Dayton, Ohio.

Human trafficking laws. (2017). National Institute of Justice. Retrieved 10 March 2017, from https://www.nij.gov/topics/crime/human-trafficking/pages/welcome.aspx#overview

Identify a victim. (2017). Dhs.gov.Retrieved 13 March 2017, from https://www.dhs.gov/bluecampaign/identify-victim

Ohio Attorney General. (2015). Ohio human trafficking commission. Retrieved 27 June 2017, from http://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/HumanTrafficking

Ohio Human Trafficking Commission. (2012). Domestic sex trafficking in Ohio. Columbus: Protecting Ohio's Families

Recognizing the signs. (2017). National Human Trafficking Hotline. Retrieved 13 March 2017, from https://humantraffickinghotline.org/what-human-trafficking/recognizing-signs

Trump White House- Consolidated Reseases (2017, July 12). In FACTBASE. Retrieved August 13, 2017.

Walberg, T. (2017). Enhancing detection of human trafficking act (H.R. 2664). GovTrack.us. Retrieved 14 August 2017, from https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/115/hr2664

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Human trafficking consists of two main forms; labor trafficking and sex trafficking.

Labor Trafficking
The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 defines labor trafficking as: “The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage or slavery.”

Sex Trafficking
According to The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 human trafficking is the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act, in which the commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion; or if the person who is encouraged to perform such act has not attained eighteen years of age

(Definitions and Methodology, 2013)

Examples of Human Trafficking

Debt Bondage

Forced Labor

Child Labor

Survival sex (under 18 yrs old)

Forced prostitution

Prostitution with a quota

Lured into prostitution through false job promise

Teenage pornography

Red Flags

Answers appear to be scripted

submissive, fearful, tense, or nervous

Few personal possessions, possibly in a "go bag"

Burns, brands, or tattoos

Limited access to finances

Lack of eye contact

Minor with excessive money

Runaway or homeless youth

No identification, fake I.D.

Works excessively, long or unusual hours

Signs of physical abuse

Two cell phones

Recurring STDs or need for pregnancy  tests/abortions

Someone not familiar with surroundings

(Identify a Victim, 2017; Recognizing the Signs, 2017)

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The history of social welfare policy includes the argument of equality v. inequality (Blau, p.242). Before knowledge of human trafficking, victims were assumed to be involved with prostitution which is a practice of inequality. From the social policies created around this issue, victims now have equal rights to receive medical/mental health treatment and appropriate legal help.

Because human trafficking is a hidden crime there is not a lot of documented history of human trafficking in United States History.

Sex trafficking can appear as prostitution

It happens in every community

Statistics on this topic are not accurate as many instances are never reported

According to a study conducted by the Ohio Human Trafficking Commission (2015), the average age for youth who enter the commercial sex industry is 11-13 for girls and 12-14 for boys.

All participants of this study on sex trafficking identified as either entering the commercial sex industry as a child or as a victim of child sexual abuse.

It can be a restaurant worker, a farm worker, or a salon worker.

It can be children, women, and men.

(Ohio Attorney General, 2015; Ohio Human Trafficking Commission, 2012)

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Social Movements fuel political tensions, which often accumulate until they bring about changes in social policy. For most social movements the trigger is some unmet need. (Blau, 2014, p. 15)

Involves people who are willing to get involved and the presence of formal organizations.

Largest human trafficking social movement in the Nation is the End It Movement. The Red X has been drawn on an individual's hand millions of times to show support for the cause.

Formal Organizations

Muskegon

Every Woman's Place

Hope Project

Grand Rapids

Manasseh Project

Women At Risk

County/Regional

Human Trafficking Task Forces

Statewide

Michigan Abolitionist Project

Michigan Human Trafficking Task Force

Nationwide

Polaris Project

Homeland Security's Blue Campaign

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A coherent set of ideas held by individuals, communities, or nations that represent a worldview. (Blau, 2014, p. 135)

Personal ideology is shaped by our exposure to socializing institutions that convey society's main or dominant message and cannot help influencing our thinking and behavior. Provides us with a road map that organizes and guides individual thoughts and actions. These shape our values, choices, and behavior unless challenged by another way of thinking (Blau, 2014, p.136-137).

Prostitution many times are victims of human trafficking or former victims of human trafficking.

A study completed by the Ohio Human Trafficking Commission showed that all prostitutes we either trafficked as a child or a victim of child sexual abuse.

Common views on prostitution is that it is a chosen way of life

Because of common stereotyped views, human trafficking happens right in front of us.  Educating the community, especially those in a position that is likely to have contact with victims, to understand what human trafficking is and knowing the red flags enable more victims to be saved and less youth becoming victims

(Be Free Dayton, 2013; Folks, 2013)

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Governments enact laws and deploy police to enforce them; they raise armies and wage war...Any government that functions within a market economy must pay attention to the effects of its actions.  (Blau, 2014, p.14)

Political philosophers discuss equality as three concepts- civil, political, and economic (Blau, 2014, p.242). Political equality needs to be carefully scrutinized when it comes to human trafficking. Even to this day, the victims of human trafficking are more likely to have legal actions taken against them (ex: deportation for an illegal immigrant working a farm for little to no money, or a sex trafficking victim being charged with prostitution) than their traffickers due to current legislation and lack of classification to guide law enforcement.
(Carr, 2017)

Human trafficking is a largely hidden crime that has only recently gained the attention of law enforcement, human rights advocates, and policymakers.

2000: Federal government passed the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act (Still no classification for law enforcement to indicate when a case involves human trafficking)

2013: Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act is reauthorized (giving classification)

2006: Michigan human trafficking laws take effect

2011 & 2014: Michigan laws strengthened

2016: Muskegon County has its first human trafficking conviction

2017: Trump states, "My Administration is focused on ending the horrific practice of human trafficking...I have met with courageous survivors, nonprofit groups, and faith leaders who are devoting tremendous energy to raising awareness about human trafficking. I am hopeful that the Senate will take up and pass this bill (H.R. 2664).

(Human Trafficking Laws, 2017; Trump's White House, 2017).

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A market economy is a system for distribution and allocation of goods (Blau, 2014, p.13).

Human trafficking lays more in the setting of micro economics- the behavior of individual entities and the concept of supply and demand (Blau, 2014, p. 74)

Human trafficking is fueled by greed and economics. Labor traffickers gain cheap or free labor from individuals in order to have larger profit margins. When it comes to sex trafficking the trafficker has little money into their 'goods' and can resell the 'good' over and over.  This is a violation of human and civil rights, but policies need to be enacted and enforced to protect those who have become a victim of this heinous crime.

Many drug traffickers switch to human trafficking  because they are less likely to get into trouble with the law and can make more money selling the same 'product' over and over

Demand for sex trafficking is high which makes the work for traffickers that much easier

Sex traffickers will buy/sell/trade their goods with each other to obtain the 'product' that is in most demand for their area

(Folks, 2013)

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H.R. 2664: Enhancing Detection of Human Trafficking Act

Earlier version introduced  February 1, 2016

Introduced May 25, 2017, by Representative Tim Walberg (R) Michigan's 7th congressional district

Passed the House on July 12, 2017-Next stop is the Senate

Prognosis: 46% of being enacted according to Skopos Labs

To direct the Secretary of Labor to train certain Department of Labor personnel how to effectively detect and assist law enforcement in preventing human trafficking during the course of their primary roles and responsibilities, and for other purposes.

Ensures such personnel regularly receive current information on matters related to detection of human trafficking.

Can be conducted in-class or through virtual learning

Must include: methods for  identifying victims and perpetrators; appropriate for location or environment of the position; current trends and best practices; a clear course of action for referring potential cases to the department of justice and other appropriate authorities; and post-training  evaluation

Reports to Congress no later than 1 year after date of enactment and each year after on the evaluation of training and its overall effectiveness, number of cases referred to Department of Labor, and number of trained employees

(Walberg, 2017)