# data[].attributes.headline
Evaluation of Biofield | Antimicrobials of A. Baumannii

# data[].attributes.subject
Evaluation of Biofield | Antimicrobials of A. Baumannii

# data[].attributes.body
| The biofield energy treatment changed the susceptibility of antimicrobials against microbe, in a continuation of already published reports. As a result, the microbe that was intermediate responsiveness changed to either resistant or susceptible to a particular drug after biofield treatment.

# data[].attributes.body
| Go through the link, to know how the human energy treatment has its impact in altering the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern, biochemical reactions & biotype number of A. baumannii.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Effect of Biofield Treatment on Antimicrobials Susceptibility Pattern of Acinetobacter baumannii - An Experimental Study

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Global emergence of Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) displays a mechanism of resistance to all existing antimicrobials. Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on antimicrobial sensitivity pattern, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical reactions and biotype number of A. baumannii. A.

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A. Baumannii - Phenotypic Characteristics

# data[].attributes.subject
A. Baumannii - Phenotypic Characteristics

# data[].attributes.body
| Due to the impact of biofield treatment, the microbes of treated sample were reacts & led to alteration in phenotypic characteristics of the microorganism.

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Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Shrikant Patil, Harish Shettigar, Mayank Gangwar and Snehasis Jana

DOI: 10.4172/2376-0311.1000117 ISSN: 2376-0311
Citation
Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Gangwar M, Jana S (2015) Effect of Biofield Treatment on Antimicrobials Susceptibility Pattern of Acinetobacter baumannii - An Experimental Study. J Clin Diagn Res 3:117. doi:10.4172/2376-0311.1000117
Abstract
Global emergence of Acinetobacter baumannii ( A. baumannii) displays a mechanism of resistance to all existing antimicrobials. Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on antimicrobial sensitivity pattern, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical reactions and biotype number of A. baumannii. A. baumannii cells were procured from MicroBioLogics in sealed packs bearing the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC 19606) number and stored according to the recommended storage protocols until needed for experiments. Two sets of ATCC samples were taken in this experiment and denoted as A and B. ATCC-A sample was revived and divided into two parts i.e. Gr.I (control) and Gr.II (revived) analyzed on day 5 and 10, respectively; likewise, ATCC-B was labeled as Gr.III (lyophilized) and was assessed on day 10. Gr.II and III were treated with Mr. Trivedi's biofield and were analyzed for its antimicrobial sensitivity, MIC value, biochemical reactions and biotype number with respect to control. Experimental results showed the impact of biofield treatment directly onto the revived and lyophilized form of A. baumannii and found alteration both in qualitative and quantitative aspect as compared with untreated groups. These results showed altered sensitivity pattern of antimicrobials in biofield treated group as compared to control. Apart from altered MIC values, changes were also observed in biotype number of revived treated group as compared to control. These findings suggest that biofield treatment can prevent the emergence of absolute resistance of existing antimicrobials to A. baumannii.

Keywords: Acinetobacter baumannii; Antimicrobials susceptibility; Biofield treatment; Biochemical reactions; Biotyping
Introduction
Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative, obligate aerobic coccus mostly causing infections in healthcare settings and found mostly in soil, water, and sewage [1]. Bacteremia caused by A. baumannii is a common nosocomial infection in critically ill patients. Acinetobacter spp. consists of non-fermenting, coccobacilli and they are opportunistic pathogens [2]. Initially, A. baumannii infections were at low potential but now a days it is responsible for several types of hospital acquired infections and regarded as one of the most troublesome pathogens [3,4]. Unique feature of this organism is the ability to utilize different carbon sources and its ability to survive in a range of temperatures and pH conditions. La Scola and Raoult [5] studied and found that this microbe may utilize the arthropod source for mean of transmission, which they isolated from human body lice. Mortality rates of patients suffering A. baumannii infections can be as high as 75% [6]. Currently, no alternative treatment approaches are available for multidrug resistance microorganism, but biofield treatment may be a new approach to cope up with this global problem.

Biofield is the name given to the electromagnetic field that permeates and surrounds living organisms. It is the scientifically preferred term for the biologically produced electromagnetic and subtle energy field that provides regulatory and communication functions within the organism. However, the energy can exists in several forms such as kinetic, potential, electrical, magnetic, and nuclear. Similarly, the human nervous system consists of the energy and chemical information in the form of electrical signals. Thus, human has the ability to harness the energy from environment or universe and can transmit into any leaving or nonliving object(s) around the globe. The objects always receive the energy and responding into useful way that is called biofield energy and the process is known as biofield treatment. In spite of countless study reports of the effectiveness of biofield therapies [7], there are very few well controlled and peer-reviewed experimental studies [8]. According to law of mass-energy inter-conversion [9], the conversion of mass into energy is well stabilized, but its inversion i.e. energy into mass has not yet proved scientifically. Whenever these electrical signals fluctuate with time, the magnetic field generates as per the Ampere-Maxwell law, and cumulatively known as electromagnetic field. As responses by humans can be accounted for by the placebo effect, these experiments on lower organisms were designed in order to directly test the impact of biofield energy through scientific studies to rule out the placebo effect. It is widely accepted that lyophilization is the method most commonly used to store and transport microbial cultures, as change in the biochemical and enzymatic characteristics of an organism cannot be carried out in this state. Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment (The Trivedi effect ®) is well-known to change the various physicochemical characteristics of various materials after his biofield treatment. In addition, Mr. Trivedi biofield has considerably altered the antimicrobials susceptibility and biochemical reactions of microbes against tested antimicrobials [10-12]. It has also significantly altered the crystalline and powder characteristics of metals [13-20]. In agriculture, biofield treated crops has been reported for a significant change on growth, characteristics and yield of plants [21-25]. There are scanty reports on investigating biofield treatment against microbes. Present study reports the impact of biofield on A. baumannii, for its antimicrobials susceptibility pattern along with biochemical properties of revived and lyophilized cells of A. baumannii as compared to its control groups.
Experimental Section
A. baumannii strains were procured from MicroBioLogics, Inc., USA, in two sets A and B. Two different sealed packs were stored with proper storage conditions until further use. Following parameters like antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reactions and biotype number were estimated with help of automation on the Microscan Walkaway system (Dade Behring Siemens) using NBPC30 panel with respect to control groups. Finally, all the groups (i.e. control and treated) were investigated for its antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reactions pattern and biotyping. All antimicrobials and biochemicals were procured from Sigma Aldrich, USA.
Study Design and Biofield Treatment Modality
Two ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) samples (ATCC A and B) of A. baumannii were grouped and subject to biofield treatment. ATCC A sample was revived and divided into two parts Gr.I (control) and Gr.II (revived); likewise, ATCC B was labeled as Gr.III (lyophilized). Then group II and III were treated with Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy. The treatment groups were in sealed pack and handed over to Mr. Trivedi for biofield treatment under laboratory condition. Mr. Trivedi provided the treatment through his energy transmission process to the treated groups without touching the samples. Gr.II was assessed on the 5 th and 10 th days after treatment while Gr. III was assessed on 10 th day. Finally, all the groups (control and treated) were investigated for antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reactions pattern and biotyping compared with control.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Assay
Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of A. baumannii was studied using MicroScan Walk-Away ® NBPC30 as per manufacturer's instructions. The qualitative antimicrobial susceptibility pattern (S: Susceptible, I: Intermediate, NR: Not Reported, and R: Resistant) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were determined by observing the change in antimicrobial concentration as per the latest CLSI guidelines [26].
Biochemical Reaction and Biotype Number Studies
The biochemical reactions and biotype number of A. baumannii were also determined by MicroScan Walk-Away ® system. Effect of biofield treatment on A. baumannii to the vital processes occurring in living organisms were studied [27].

R: Resistant; I: Intermediate; S: Susceptible; NR: Not Reported; Gr: Group

Table 1: Antimicrobial susceptibility assay of control and biofield treated A. baumannii.
Results Antimicrobials susceptibility assay
The data pertaining to the antimicrobials susceptibility tests and details of MIC values of biofield effect were observed, analyzed and reported in Tables 1 and 2. The effect of biofield treatment showed that the cefepime, converted from I → S in lyophilized treated group, gentamicin converted from I → R in all the treated group and piperacillin converted from S → I only in lyophilized biofield treatment group as compared to control. Quantitative assessment, MIC results showed that amoxicillin/K-clavulante, β-lactamase-inhibiting antimicrobial have showed a decrease in values i.e. from 16/8 to less than 8/4 µg/mL in both the treated groups as compared with control. Gentamicin value increased in all the groups after biofield treatment as compared to control. Nitrofurantoin showed increased MIC value in Gr. II, while norfloxacin showed increased MIC in Gr. II as compared to control. Rest antimicrobials did not show any change in susceptibility pattern and MIC value after biofield treatment compared to control.

MIC data are presented in µg/mL; ESBL-a,b Scrn: Extended-spectrum-beta- lactamase screen; Gr: Group

Table 2: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of A. baumannii for tested antimicrobials
Identification by biochemical reaction
Biochemical reactions denoted with codes were tabulated and showed positive reaction in case of nitrofurantion on day 5 and 10 i.e. from negative (-) to positive (+) in revived treated group (Gr II) with respect to control (Table 3).

Table 3: Eوٴect of biofield treatment on biochemical reactions of A. baumannii.
Identification by biotype number
Biochemical tests results revealed a change in biotype number in Gr.II at day 5 and 10 of A. baumannii after biofield treatment with respect to control ( Table 4).

Table 4: Eوٴect of biofield treatment on A. baumannii. to distinguishing feature of the genotype
Discussion
Biofield treatment is effective and has been experimentally demonstrated change in susceptibility pattern, biochemical reaction and biotype number in experimental setup designed above. Results were unexpected and unprecedented based on the literature so far. These results assumed the presence of energy in biofield with which microbe reacts, which led to alteration of phenotypic characteristics of the microorganism.

Due to the high frequency of antimicrobial multidrug resistance among clinical isolates of A. baumannii, it causes serious problems in the choice of appropriate antimicrobials in the past 15 years [3]. This experiment showed that, biofield treatment induces changes in susceptibility pattern of cefepime, gentamicin and piperacillin antimicrobials. However, most frequent mechanism of resistance expressed by Gram-negative organisms against cefepime is the production of β-lactamases that are able to hydrolyze the drugs [28]. Cefepime resistance mechanism is demonstrated in A. baumannii by a combination of hyperproduction of the chromosomal OXA-51/69-like carbapenemases, activation of efflux pumps (i.e. AdeABC) and probably porin changes [29]. The expression of OXA-type carbapenemases in the absence of the other mechanisms of resistance does not result in high-level cefepime resistance. Similarly, expression of chromosomal Acinetobacter-derived cephalosporinase by A. baumannii does not seem to confer resistance. By contrast, production of certain acquired class D OXA-type carbapenemases and/or metallo-β-lactamases are important mechanisms of resistance against cefepime [30,31]. Change in susceptibility pattern in cefepime might be due to the influence of biofield treatment, which may inhibits the production of beta-lactamases enzymes (carbapenemases like) or inactivation of efflux pumps. Quantitative aspect showed lowering in MIC values and change in biotype number which was an accurate approach for epidemiologic investigation of A. baumannii as compared with untreated group. Biotype number of particular organism was arrived at after interpreting the results of the biochemical reactions which led to the particular organism identification. Biotyping makes use of the pattern of metabolic activities expressed by an isolate, colonial morphology and environmental tolerances. In this experiment, biotyping was performed using automated system and found a significant change in the biofield treated Gr. II on day 5 and 10. Among the β-lactamase antimicrobials and inhibitors, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid have shown good efficacy in treating A. baumannii infections [32] and their decreases MIC values may represent an alternative treatment option for severe nosocomial infections caused due to A. baumannii. The biochemical tests like oxidases, nitrate, indole negative and catalase positive are the basic biochemical characteristics of A. baumannii confirmed in this experiment, as Acinetobacter spp. and members of the Moraxellaceae family [2]. In addition, it should be noted that different bacterial strains differ in their characteristics, and it is possible that some microbes are more susceptible/resistant towards biofield treatment than others. The present research data suggest that biofield treatment changed the susceptibility of antimicrobials against microbe, in a continuation of already published reports [10-25]. As a result, the microbe that was intermediate responsiveness changed to either resistant or susceptible to a particular drug after biofield treatment.
Conclusion
Present study concludes the impact of biofield treatment on changes in susceptibility pattern of A. baumannii which was confirmed by standard procedures with respect to MIC value, biochemical study and biotype number. Biofield treatment could be applied to alter the sensitivity of antimicrobials to fight against infections microbes due to the emergence of multi drug-resistant strains.
Acknowledgement
Authors gratefully acknowledged the support of Trivedi science, Trivedi testimonials and Trivedi master wellness.
References
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32. Higgins PG, Wisplinghoff H, Stefanik D, Seifert H (2004) In vitro activities of the ß-lactamase inhibitors clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam alone or in combination with ß-lactams against epidemiologically characterized multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48: 1586-1592.
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Effect of Biofield Treatment on Antimicrobials Susceptibility Pattern of Acinetobacter baumannii - An Experimental Study - Trivedi Science

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Global emergence of Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) displays a mechanism of resistance to all existing antimicrobials. Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on antimicrobial sensitivity pattern, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical reactions and biotype number of A. baumannii.

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Effect of Biofield Treatment on Antimicrobials Susceptibility Pattern of Acinetobacter baumannii - An Experimental Study | Mahendra Trivedi | Shrikant Patil | Harish Shettigar | Mayank Gangwar | Snehasis Jana | Academic Room

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Global emergence of Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) displays a mechanism of resistance to all existing antimicrobials. Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on antimicrobial sensitivity pattern, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical reactions and biotype number of A. baumannii. A.

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Biochemical Reactions of A. BaumanniiThe current research shows the effect of human energy treatment on the biochemical reactions of A. baumannii with respect to the control sample.

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Biochemical Reactions of A. BaumanniiThe current research shows the effect of human energy treatment on the biochemical reactions of A. baumannii with respect to the control sample.

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Effect of Biofield Treatment on Antimicrobials Susceptibility Pattern of

1Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA.

2Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal- 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India

*Corresponding author: Jana S, Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal- 462026,

Copyright: © 2015 Trivedi MK, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted

use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

antimicrobials. Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on antimicrobial sensitivity

pattern, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical reactions and biotype number of A. baumannii. A.

baumannii cells were procured from MicroBioLogics in sealed packs bearing the American Type Culture Collection

(ATCC 19606) number and stored according to the recommended storage protocols until needed for experiments.

Two sets of ATCC samples were taken in this experiment and denoted as A and B. ATCC-A sample was revived and

divided into two parts i.e. Gr.I (control) and Gr.II (revived) analyzed on day 5 and 10, respectively; likewise, ATCC-B

was labeled as Gr.III (lyophilized) and was assessed on day 10. Gr.II and III were treated with Mr. Trivedi's biofield

and were analyzed for its antimicrobial sensitivity, MIC value, biochemical reactions and biotype number with respect

to control. Experimental results showed the impact of biofield treatment directly onto the revived and lyophilized form

of A. baumannii and found alteration both in qualitative and quantitative aspect as compared with untreated groups.

These results showed altered sensitivity pattern of antimicrobials in biofield treated group as compared to control.

compared to control. These findings suggest that biofield treatment can prevent the emergence of absolute

resistance of existing antimicrobials to A. baumannii.

; Antimicrobials susceptibility;

Bioeld treatment; Biochemical reactions; Biotyping

coccus mostly causing infections in healthcare settings and found

A.

is a common nosocomial infection in critically ill patients.

Acinetobacter spp. consists of non-fermenting, coccobacilli and they

are opportunistic pathogens [2]. Initially,

at low potential but now a days it is responsible for several types of

hospital acquired infections and regarded as one of the most

troublesome pathogens [3,4]. Unique feature of this organism is the

ability to utilize dierent carbon sources and its ability to survive in a

range of temperatures and pH conditions. L a Scola and R aoult [5]

studied and found that this microbe may utilize the arthropod source

for mean of transmission, which they isolated from human body lice.

Mortality rates of patients suering

high as 75% [6]. Currently, no alternative treatment approaches are

available for multidrug resistance microorganism, but bioeld

treatment may be a new approach to cope up with this global problem.

Bioeld is the name given to the electromagnetic eld that

preferred term for the biologically produced electromagnetic and

functions within the organism. However, the energy can exists in

nuclear. Similarly, the human ner vous system consists of the energy

and chemical information in the form of electr ical signals. us,

human has the ability to harness the energy from environment or

universe and can transmit into any leaving or nonliving objec t(s)

around the globe. e objects always receive the energy and

process is known as bioeld treatment. In spite of countless study

reports of the eectiveness of bioeld therapies [7], there are very few

well controlled and peer-reviewed experimental studies [8]. According

to law of mass-energy inter-conversion [9], the conversion of mass into

energy is well stabilized, but its inversion i.e. energy into mass has not

with time, the magnetic eld generates as per the Ampere-Maxwell

law, and cumulatively known as electromagnetic eld. As responses by

humans can be accounted for by the placebo eect, these experiments

on lower organisms were designed in order to directly test the impact

of bioeld energy through scientic studies to rule out the placebo

eect. It is widely accepted that lyophilization is the method most

commonly used to store and transport microbial cultures, as change in

the biochemical and enzymatic characteristics of an organism cannot

eect® ) is well-known to change the various physicochemical

addition, Mr. Trivedi bioeld has considerably altered the

antimicrobials susceptibility and biochemical reactions of microbes

against tested antimicrobials [10-12]. It has also signicantly altered

change on growth, characteristics and yield of plants [21-25]. ere are

JBR Journal of Clinical Diagnosis and

Research Trivedi et al., J Clin Diagn Res 2015, 3:1

http://dx.doi.org/0.4172/2376-0311.1000117

Research Articleopen access

ISSN:2376-0311 JBR Journal of Clinical Diagnosis and Research open accessVolume 3 * Issue 1 * 1000117

scanty reports on investigating bioeld treatment against microbes.

Present study reports the impact of bioeld on

antimicrobials susceptibility pattern along with biochemical properties

of revived and lyophilized cells of

strains were procured f rom MicroBioLogics, Inc.,

USA, in two sets A and B. Two dierent s ealed packs were stored with

proper storage conditions until further use. Following parameters like

antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reactions and biotype number

were estimated with help of automation on the Microscan Walkaway

system (Dade Behring Siemens) using NBPC30 panel with respect to

control groups. Finally, all the groups (i.e. control and treated) were

investigated for its antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reactions

procured from Sigma Aldrich, USA.

Study Design and Bioeld Treatment Modality

Two ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) samples (ATCC A

treatment. ATCC A sample was revived and divided into two parts Gr.I

(control) and Gr.II (revived); likewise, ATCC B was labeled as Gr.III

(lyophilized). en group II and III were treated with Mr. Trivedi's

bioeld energy. e treatment groups were in seale d pack and handed

over to Mr. Trivedi for bioeld treatment under laboratory condition.

Mr. Trivedi provided the treatment through his energy transmission

process to the treated groups without touching the samples. Gr.II was

assessed on 10th day. Finally, all the groups (control and treated) were

investigated for antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reactions

pattern and biotyping compared with control.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Assay

Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of

instructions. e qualitative antimicrobial susceptibility pattern (S:

Susceptible, I: Intermediate, NR: Not Reported, and R: Resistant) and

observing the change in antimicrobial concentration as per the latest

Biochemical Reaction and Biotype Number Studies

e biochemical reactions and biotype number of

to the vital processes occur ring in

living organisms were studied [27].

S.

No.

AntimicrobialType of Response

9 ChloramphenicolRR R R

R: Resistant; I: Intermediate; S: Susceptible; NR: Not Reported; Gr: Group

Antimicrobials susceptibility assay

e data pertaining to the antimicrobials susceptibility tests and

the cefepime, converted from I → S in lyophilized treated group,

piperacillin converted from S → I only in lyophilized bioeld treatment

group as compared to control. Quantitative assessment, MIC results

antimicrobial have showed a decrease in values i.e. f rom 16/8 to less

than 8/4 µg/mL in both the treated groups as compared with control.

compared to control. Nitrofurantoin showed increased MIC value in

Gr. II, while noroxacin showed increased MIC in Gr. II as compared

to control. Rest antimicrobials did not show any change in

S.

No.

AntimicrobialType of Response

Citation: Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Gangwar M, Jana S (2015) Effect of Biofield Treatment on Antimicrobials Susceptibility Pattern of

ISSN:2376-0311 JBR Journal of Clinical Diagnosis and Research open accessVolume 3 * Issue 1 * 1000117

4 Ampicillin>16>16 >16 >16

6 Cefazolin>16>16 >16 >16

9 Cefotetan>32>32 >32 >32

MIC data are presented in µg/mL; ESBL-a,b Scrn: Extended-spectrum-beta-

lactamase screen; Gr: Group

Table 2: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of

for tested antimicrobials.

Identication by biochemical reaction

showed positive reaction in case of nitrofurantion on day 5 and 10 i.e.

from negative (-) to positive (+) in revived treated group (Gr II) with

respect to control (Table 3).

S.

No.

CodeBiochemicalType of Response

Citation: Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Gangwar M, Jana S (2015) Effect of Biofield Treatment on Antimicrobials Susceptibility Pattern of

ISSN:2376-0311 JBR Journal of Clinical Diagnosis and Research open accessVolume 3 * Issue 1 * 1000117

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Effect of Biofield Treatment on Antimicrobials Susceptibility Pattern of Acinetobacter baumannii - An Experimental Study

Global emergence of Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) displays a mechanism of resistance to all existing antimicrobials. Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on antimicrobial sensitivity pattern, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical reactions and biotype number of A. baumannii. A. baumannii cells were procured from MicroBioLogics in sealed packs bearing the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC 19606) number and stored according to the recommended storage protocols until needed for experiments. Two sets of ATCC samples were taken in this experiment and denoted as A and B. ATCC-A sample was revived and divided into two parts i.e. Gr.I (control) and Gr.II (revived) analyzed on day 5 and 10, respectively; likewise, ATCC-B was labeled as Gr.III (lyophilized) and was assessed on day 10. Gr.II and III were treated with Mr. Trivedi's biofield and were analyzed for its antimicrobial sensitivity, MIC value, biochemical reactions and biotype number with respect to control. Experimental results showed the impact of biofield treatment directly onto the revived and lyophilized form of A. baumannii and found alteration both in qualitative and quantitative aspect as compared with untreated groups. These results showed altered sensitivity pattern of antimicrobials in biofield treated group as compared to control. Apart from altered MIC values, changes were also observed in biotype number of revived treated group as compared to control. These findings suggest that biofield treatment can prevent the emergence of absolute resistance of existing antimicrobials to A. baumannii.

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Effect of Biofield Treatment on Antimicrobials Susceptibility Pattern of Acinetobacter baumannii - An Experimental Study - PdfSR.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Global emergence of Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) displays a mechanism of resistance to all existing antimicrobials. Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on antimicrobial sensitivity pattern, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical reactions and biotype number of A. baumannii. A.

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Spiritual Energy Healing Treatment | A. Baumannii

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Spiritual Energy Healing Treatment | A. Baumannii

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| Read here to know about how a unique energy healing treatment has its impact on the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of A. baumannii.

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"Effect of Biofield Treatment on Antimicrobials Susceptibility Pattern of Acinetobacter baumannii - An Experimental Study" by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Global emergence of Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) displays a mechanism of resistance to all existing antimicrobials. Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on antimicrobial sensitivity pattern, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical reactions and biotype number of A. baumannii. A.

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Impact of Biofield | Biotype Number of A. Baumannii

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Impact of Biofield | Biotype Number of A. Baumannii

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| Based on the research, it was observed that changes were occurred in the biotype number of the treated sample. Get to know more from the given link.

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Analysis of A. Baumannii Through Biotyping

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Analysis of A. Baumannii Through Biotyping

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| In this research study, biotyping was performed using automated system and the result showed a significant change in biofield treated group of Acinetobacter baumannii as compared to the untreated group.

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| In the current research, the MIC values showed alterations in the treated sample of A. baumannii as compared to the untreated sample. Follow the link for more details.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Effect of Biofield Treatment on Antimicrobials Susceptibility Pattern of Acinetobacter baumannii - An Experimental Study

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Global emergence of Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) displays a mechanism of resistance to all existing antimicrobials. Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on antimicrobial sensitivity pattern, minimum

# data[].attributes.headline
A. Baumannii | Antimicrobial Susceptibility Assay

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A. Baumannii | Antimicrobial Susceptibility Assay

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| The analysis of antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of both control & treated samples of A. baumannii was studied using MicroScan Walk-Away® NBPC30, to examine the effect of a unique energy healing treatment on antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of A. baumannii.

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Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern: A. Baumannii

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Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern: A. Baumannii

# data[].attributes.body
| In the present research, it was observed that the sensitivity pattern of antimicrobials was altered in the treated sample of A. baumannii as compared to the untreated sample.

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| The aim of the current research was to investigate on the impact of energy healing treatment on antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of A. baumannii. For more details, follow the link.

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¹ Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA.

² Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal- 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India

Corresponding Author:

Jana S
Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd.
Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City
Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal- 462026
Madhya Pradesh, India
Tel: 917556660006
E-mail: [email protected]

Received Date: July 03, 2015; Accepted Date: July 21, 2015; Published Date: July 23, 2015

Citation: Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Gangwar M, Jana S (2015) Effect of Biofield Treatment on Antimicrobials Susceptibility Pattern of Acinetobacter baumannii - An Experimental Study. J Clin Diagn Res 3:117. doi:10.4172/2376-0311.1000117

Copyright: © 2015 Trivedi MK, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Abstract

Global emergence of Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) displays a mechanism of resistance to all existing antimicrobials. Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on antimicrobial sensitivity pattern, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical reactions and biotype number of A. baumannii. A. baumannii cells were procured from MicroBioLogics in sealed packs bearing the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC 19606) number and stored according to the recommended storage protocols until needed for experiments. Two sets of ATCC samples were taken in this experiment and denoted as A and B. ATCC-A sample was revived and divided into two parts i.e. Gr.I (control) and Gr.II (revived) analyzed on day 5 and 10, respectively; likewise, ATCC-B was labeled as Gr.III ( lyophilized) and was assessed on day 10. Gr.II and III were treated with Mr. Trivedi's biofield and were analyzed for its antimicrobial sensitivity, MIC value, biochemical reactions and biotype number with respect to control. Experimental results showed the impact of biofield treatment directly onto the revived and lyophilized form of A. baumannii and found alteration both in qualitative and quantitative aspect as compared with untreated groups. These results showed altered sensitivity pattern of antimicrobials in biofield treated group as compared to control. Apart from altered MIC values, changes were also observed in biotype number of revived treated group as compared to control. These findings suggest that biofield treatment can prevent the emergence of absolute resistance of existing antimicrobials to A. baumannii.

Abstract

Global emergence of Acinetobacter baumannii(A. baumannii) displays a mechanism of resistance to all existing antimicrobials. Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on antimicrobial sensitivity pattern, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical reactions and biotype number of A. baumannii. A. baumannii cells were procured from MicroBioLogics in sealed packs bearing the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC 19606) number and stored according to the recommended storage protocols until needed for experiments. Two sets of ATCC samples were taken in this experiment and denoted as A and B. ATCC-A sample was revived and divided into two parts i.e. Gr.I (control) and Gr.II (revived) analyzed on day 5 and 10, respectively; likewise, ATCC-B was labeled as Gr.III (lyophilized) and was assessed on day 10. Gr.II and III were treated with Mr. Trivedi's biofield and were analyzed for its antimicrobial sensitivity, MIC value, biochemical reactions and biotype number with respect to control. Experimental results showed the impact of biofield treatment directly onto the revived and lyophilized form of A. baumannii and found alteration both in qualitative and quantitative aspect as compared with untreated groups. These results showed altered sensitivity pattern of antimicrobials in biofield treated group as compared to control. Apart from altered MIC values, changes were also observed in biotype number of revived treated group as compared to control. These findings suggest that biofield treatment can prevent the emergence of absolute resistance of existing antimicrobials to A. baumannii.

Keywords

Acinetobacter baumannii; Antimicrobials susceptibility; Biofield treatment; Biochemical reactions; Biotyping

Introduction

Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative, obligate aerobic coccus mostly causing infections in healthcare settings and found mostly in soil, water, and sewage [ 1]. Bacteremia caused by A. baumannii is a common nosocomial infection in critically ill patients. Acinetobacter spp. consists of non-fermenting, coccobacilli and they are opportunistic pathogens [ 2]. Initially, A. baumannii infections were at low potential but now a days it is responsible for several types of hospital acquired infections and regarded as one of the most troublesome pathogens [ 3, 4]. Unique feature of this organism is the ability to utilize different carbon sources and its ability to survive in a range of temperatures and pH conditions. La Scola and Raoult [ 5] studied and found that this microbe may utilize the arthropod source for mean of transmission, which they isolated from human body lice. Mortality rates of patients suffering A. baumannii infections can be as high as 75% [ 6]. Currently, no alternative treatment approaches are available for multidrug resistance microorganism, but biofield treatment may be a new approach to cope up with this global problem.

Biofield is the name given to the electromagnetic field that permeates and surrounds living organisms. It is the scientifically preferred term for the biologically produced electromagnetic and subtle energy field that provides regulatory and communication functions within the organism. However, the energy can exists in several forms such as kinetic, potential, electrical, magnetic, and nuclear. Similarly, the human nervous system consists of the energy and chemical information in the form of electrical signals. Thus, human has the ability to harness the energy from environment or universe and can transmit into any leaving or nonliving object(s) around the globe. The objects always receive the energy and responding into useful way that is called biofield energy and the process is known as biofield treatment. In spite of countless study reports of the effectiveness of biofield therapies [ 7], there are very few well controlled and peer-reviewed experimental studies [ 8]. According to law of mass-energy inter-conversion [ 9], the conversion of mass into energy is well stabilized, but its inversion i.e. energy into mass has not yet proved scientifically. Whenever these electrical signals fluctuate with time, the magnetic field generates as per the Ampere-Maxwell law, and cumulatively known as electromagnetic field. As responses by humans can be accounted for by the placebo effect, these experiments on lower organisms were designed in order to directly test the impact of biofield energy through scientific studies to rule out the placebo effect. It is widely accepted that lyophilization is the method most commonly used to store and transport microbial cultures, as change in the biochemical and enzymatic characteristics of an organism cannot be carried out in this state. Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment (The Trivedi effect ®) is well-known to change the various physicochemical characteristics of various materials after his biofield treatment. In addition, Mr. Trivedi biofield has considerably altered the antimicrobials susceptibility and biochemical reactions of microbes against tested antimicrobials [ 10- 12]. It has also significantly altered the crystalline and powder characteristics of metals [ 13- 20]. In agriculture, biofield treated crops has been reported for a significant change on growth, characteristics and yield of plants [ 21- 25]. There are scanty reports on investigating biofield treatment against microbes. Present study reports the impact of biofield on A. baumannii, for its antimicrobials susceptibility pattern along with biochemical properties of revived and lyophilized cells of A. baumannii as compared to its control groups.

Experimental Section

A. baumannii strains were procured from MicroBioLogics, Inc., USA, in two sets A and B. Two different sealed packs were stored with proper storage conditions until further use. Following parameters like antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reactions and biotype number were estimated with help of automation on the Microscan Walkaway system (Dade Behring Siemens) using NBPC30 panel with respect to control groups. Finally, all the groups (i.e. control and treated) were investigated for its antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reactions pattern and biotyping. All antimicrobials and biochemicals were procured from Sigma Aldrich, USA.

Study Design and Biofield Treatment Modality

Two ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) samples (ATCC A and B) of A. baumannii were grouped and subject to biofield treatment. ATCC A sample was revived and divided into two parts Gr.I (control) and Gr.II (revived); likewise, ATCC B was labeled as Gr.III (lyophilized). Then group II and III were treated with Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy. The treatment groups were in sealed pack and handed over to Mr. Trivedi for biofield treatment under laboratory condition. Mr. Trivedi provided the treatment through his energy transmission process to the treated groups without touching the samples. Gr.II was assessed on the 5 th and 10 th days after treatment while Gr. III was assessed on 10 th day. Finally, all the groups (control and treated) were investigated for antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reactions pattern and biotyping compared with control.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Assay

Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of A. baumannii was studied using MicroScan Walk-Away ® NBPC30 as per manufacturer's instructions. The qualitative antimicrobial susceptibility pattern (S: Susceptible, I: Intermediate, NR: Not Reported, and R: Resistant) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were determined by observing the change in antimicrobial concentration as per the latest CLSI guidelines [ 26].

Biochemical Reaction and Biotype Number Studies

The biochemical reactions and biotype number of A. baumannii were also determined by MicroScan Walk-Away ® system. Effect of biofield treatment on A. baumannii to the vital processes occurring in living organisms were studied [ 27].

Results
Antimicrobials susceptibility assay
The data pertaining to the antimicrobials susceptibility tests and details of MIC values of biofield effect were observed, analyzed and reported in Tables 1 and 2. The effect of biofield treatment showed that the cefepime, converted from I → S in lyophilized treated group, gentamicin converted from I → R in all the treated group and piperacillin converted from S → I only in lyophilized biofield treatment group as compared to control. Quantitative assessment, MIC results showed that amoxicillin/K-clavulante, β-lactamase-inhibiting antimicrobial have showed a decrease in values i.e. from 16/8 to less than 8/4 µg/mL in both the treated groups as compared with control. Gentamicin value increased in all the groups after biofield treatment as compared to control. Nitrofurantoin showed increased MIC value in Gr. II, while norfloxacin showed increased MIC in Gr. II as compared to control. Rest antimicrobials did not show any change in susceptibility pattern and MIC value after biofield treatment compared to control.

Table 1: Antimicrobial susceptibility assay of control and biofield treated A. baumannii .

Table 2: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of A. baumannii for tested antimicrobials.
Identification by biochemical reaction
Biochemical reactions denoted with codes were tabulated and showed positive reaction in case of nitrofurantion on day 5 and 10 i.e. from negative (-) to positive (+) in revived treated group (Gr II) with respect to control ( Table 3).

Table 3: Effect of biofield treatment on biochemical reactions of A. baumannii.
Identification by biotype number
Biochemical tests results revealed a change in biotype number in Gr.II at day 5 and 10 of A. baumannii after biofield treatment with respect to control ( Table 4).

Table 4: Effect of biofield treatment on A. baumannii to distinguishing feature of the genotype.

Discussion

Biofield treatment is effective and has been experimentally demonstrated change in susceptibility pattern, biochemical reaction and biotype number in experimental setup designed above. Results were unexpected and unprecedented based on the literature so far. These results assumed the presence of energy in biofield with which microbe reacts, which led to alteration of phenotypic characteristics of the microorganism.

Due to the high frequency of antimicrobial multidrug resistance among clinical isolates of A. baumannii, it causes serious problems in the choice of appropriate antimicrobials in the past 15 years [ 3]. This experiment showed that, biofield treatment induces changes in susceptibility pattern of cefepime, gentamicin and piperacillin antimicrobials. However, most frequent mechanism of resistance expressed by Gram-negative organisms against cefepime is the production of β-lactamases that are able to hydrolyze the drugs [ 28]. Cefepime resistance mechanism is demonstrated in A. baumannii by a combination of hyperproduction of the chromosomal OXA-51/69-like carbapenemases, activation of efflux pumps (i.e. AdeABC) and probably porin changes [ 29]. The expression of OXA-type carbapenemases in the absence of the other mechanisms of resistance does not result in high-level cefepime resistance. Similarly, expression of chromosomal Acinetobacter-derived cephalosporinase by A. baumannii does not seem to confer resistance. By contrast, production of certain acquired class D OXA-type carbapenemases and/or metallo- β-lactamases are important mechanisms of resistance against cefepime [ 30, 31]. Change in susceptibility pattern in cefepime might be due to the influence of biofield treatment, which may inhibits the production of beta-lactamases enzymes (carbapenemases like) or inactivation of efflux pumps. Quantitative aspect showed lowering in MIC values and change in biotype number which was an accurate approach for epidemiologic investigation of A. baumannii as compared with untreated group. Biotype number of particular organism was arrived at after interpreting the results of the biochemical reactions which led to the particular organism identification. Biotyping makes use of the pattern of metabolic activities expressed by an isolate, colonial morphology and environmental tolerances. In this experiment, biotyping was performed using automated system and found a significant change in the biofield treated Gr. II on day 5 and 10. Among the β-lactamase antimicrobials and inhibitors, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid have shown good efficacy in treating A. baumannii infections [ 32] and their decreases MIC values may represent an alternative treatment option for severe nosocomial infections caused due to A. baumannii. The biochemical tests like oxidases, nitrate, indole negative and catalase positive are the basic biochemical characteristics of A. baumannii confirmed in this experiment, as Acinetobacter spp. and members of the Moraxellaceae family [ 2]. In addition, it should be noted that different bacterial strains differ in their characteristics, and it is possible that some microbes are more susceptible/resistant towards biofield treatment than others. The present research data suggest that biofield treatment changed the susceptibility of antimicrobials against microbe, in a continuation of already published reports [ 10- 25]. As a result, the microbe that was intermediate responsiveness changed to either resistant or susceptible to a particular drug after biofield treatment.

Conclusion

Present study concludes the impact of biofield treatment on changes in susceptibility pattern of A. baumannii which was confirmed by standard procedures with respect to MIC value, biochemical study and biotype number. Biofield treatment could be applied to alter the sensitivity of antimicrobials to fight against infections microbes due to the emergence of multi drug-resistant strains.

Acknowledgement

Authors gratefully acknowledged the support of Trivedi science, Trivedi testimonials and Trivedi master wellness.

References

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16. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2012) Thought Intervention through biofield changing metal powder characteristics experiments on powder characterisation at a PM Plant, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Editor: Wei Deng, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, Future Control and Automation 173: 247-252.

17. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2013) Effect of Biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of vanadium pentoxide powders. J Material SciEng S11: 001.

18. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2013) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of Silicon, Tin and Lead powders. J Material SciEng 2: 125.

19. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2014) Atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of treated zirconia and silica powders. J Material SciEng 3: 144.

20. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RMR (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on the Physical and Thermal Characteristics of Aluminium Powders. Ind Eng Manage 4:151.

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32. Higgins PG, Wisplinghoff H, Stefanik D, Seifert H (2004) In vitro activities of the ß-lactamase inhibitors clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam alone or in combination with ß-lactams against epidemiologically characterized multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48: 1586-1592.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Effect of Biofield Treatment on Antimicrobials Susceptibility Pattern of Acinetobacter baumannii - An Experimental Study

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1 Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA. 2 Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal- 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India Corresponding Author: Jana S Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd.

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| After biofield treatment, the molecular analysis using by the 16S rDNA analysis showed that the sample was detected with 99% identity as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Follow the link, to know more.

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Peer Evaluation : Antibiogram, Biochemical Reactions, and Genotypic Pattern of Biofield Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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Abstract : Introduction: Complementary and alternative medicine such as biofield energy therapies are highly popular in biomedical health care. The study evaluates the impact of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) to evaluate its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Methods: P.

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Mr. Trivedi’s Treatment |Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

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Mr. Trivedi’s Treatment |Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

# data[].attributes.body
| Based on the overall research study, the result concluded that Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment has an impact in altering the sensitivity of antimicrobials in P. aeruginosa.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Antibiogram, Biochemical Reactions, and Genotypic Pattern of Biofield Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Introduction: Complementary and alternative medicine such as biofield energy therapies are highly popular in biomedical health care. The study evaluates the impact of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) to evaluate its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Methods: P.

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Unique Human Energy Treatment on P. aeruginosa

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Unique Human Energy Treatment on P. aeruginosa

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| Read here about how the unique human energy treatment has its impact on the antibiogram, biochemical reaction & genotypic pattern of pseudomonas aeruginosa.

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Journal of Tropical Diseases
Published October 07, 2015

Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Gangwar M, et al. (2015) Antibiogram, Biochemical Reactions, and Genotypic Pattern of Biofield Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Trop Dis 4: 181. doi:10.4172/2329-891X.1000181

Antibiogram, Biochemical Reactions, and Genotypic Pattern of Biofield Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Manuscript Link:
http://www.esciencecentral.org/journals/antibiogram-biochemical-reactions-and-genotypic-pattern-of-biofield-treated-pseudomonas-aeruginosa-2329-891X-1000181.php?aid=65292

Introduction: Complementary and alternative medicine such as biofield energy therapies are highly popular in biomedical health care. The study evaluates the impact of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) to evaluate its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics.

Methods: P. aeruginosa ATCC 10145 (American Type Culture Collection) was procured from Bangalore Genei, in sealed pack and divided into control and treated groups. Treated group was subjected to biofield treatment and analyzed for antibiogram, biochemical reactions, and biotype number using automated MicroScan Walk-Away® system on day 10. The treated sample was evaluated for DNA polymorphism by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and 16S rDNA sequencing to establish the phylogenetic relationship, the epidemiological relatedness and genetic characteristics.

Results: Data showed altered sensitivity pattern in antibiotic cefotaxime from intermediate to decreased β-lactamases activity, with four-fold decreased minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), i.e. 32 to ≤8 µg/mL as compared to control. Similarly, cefotetan and extended-spectrum-β-lactamases (ESBL-b Scrn) showed decrease in MIC values as compared to the control group. Nitrate reported for negative biochemical reaction i.e. positive (+) to negative (-) after biofield treatment on P. aeruginosa. The biotyping showed a change in biotype number (02063722) as compared to the control (02063726), without altering the microorganism. RAPD analysis showed an average range of 30 to 50% of polymorphism, while 16S rDNA sequencing analyzed treated sample as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (GenBank Accession Number: EU090892) with 99% identity of gene sequencing data.

Conclusion: These results suggest that Mr. Trivedi's unique biofield energy treatment on P. aeruginosa has an impact to alter the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern and MIC values, thus it can be used as an alternate integrative approach of energy medicine in near future.

Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Biofield energy treatment;Antibiogram; Polymorphism; RAPD; 16S rDNA analysis

Abbreviations: NCCAM: National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine; NIH: National Institute of Health; CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; ATCC: American Type Culture Collection; DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid; MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentration; MEGA: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis; NBPC 30: Negative Breakpoint Combo Panel 30; NCBI: National Center for Biotechnology Information; RAPD: Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA; OTUs: Operational Taxonomic Units; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; RDP: Ribosomal Database Project
Introduction
The genus Pseudomonas is a Gram-negative, ubiquitous, rodshaped, versatile opportunistic pathogen associated with nosocomial infections and other health related complications [1]. Some species are reported as pathogenic to plants [2] as well as opportunistic to animals or humans [3]. However, some species were reported to be used as bio-control agent, due to its plant growth promoter and pathogen suppressing function [4]. The increased prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in health care settings and its associated infections [5], restrain the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy, which causes life threatening conditions [6]. It is one of the major pathogen associated with the hospital-acquired infections especially in intensive care unit [7]. The mechanism behind resistance pattern is due to acquisition of resistance genes (β-lactamases) or because of amino-glycoside modifying enzymes [8], or due to the chromosomal genes mutation involved against antimicrobials [9]. Unfortunately, the antimicrobial therapy approach creates the underlying selection pressure, and lead to develop resistance. A paradigm is now shifted with respect to the treatment of infectious diseases with antibiotics, where appropriate alternatives to antibiotics ought to be considered [10]. Several non-antibiotic approaches and prevention of infection including complementary and alternate medicines (CAM) are now preferred against P. aeruginosa [11]. CAM includes several energy medicines, among which biofield therapy (or healing modalities) is one of the approach, which was reported to have several benefits to enhance both physical and emotional human wellness [12]. Researchers are trying to investigate the relationship between biophysical, biochemical, and psycho-physiological mechanisms of disease and healing modalities. However, National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) has funded to study the clinical application of biofield therapies in The Center for Frontier Medicine in Biofield Science (CFMBS), as a part of the National Institute of Health (NIH) [13]. Biofield is described as the endogenous energy field of the body, and defined as the electromagnetic field that permeates and surrounds living organisms [14]. Various internal physiological processes such as blood flow, brain, heart function, etc. that generate biofield. Biomagnetic fields around the human body can be measured using different techniques such as Kirlian photography, polycontrast interference photography (PIP) and resonance field imaging (RFI) [15]. Thus, it can be concluded that the human can harness the energy from the environment or universe and can transmit into any living or nonliving object(s) around the Universe. The objects always receive the energy and responding to the useful way that is called biofield energy treatment. Mr. Trivedi's unique biofield treatment is also known as The Trivedi Effect® . It has been studied in the field of materials and ceramic sciences research [16,17], agricultural science research [18,19], biotechnology research [20], and altering the activity of pharmaceutical compounds [21], antimicrobials sensitivity of pathogenic microbes [22,23]. After evaluating the increasing use of CAM and failure of antimicrobial drug therapy against P. aeruginosa, the present study was designed to evaluate the impact of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment on P. aeruginosa with respect to antibiogram analysis. The genotyping was performed to identify the strain differentiation and distinctive polymorphism using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique of random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis (RAPD) and 16S rDNA sequencing.
Materials and Methods
P. aeruginosa ATCC 10145 (American Type Culture Collection) was procured from Bangalore Genei, in sealed pack, and stored as per the recommended storage conditions for further use. The antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reactions, and biotype number were evaluated using MicroScan Walk-Away® (Dade Behring Inc., West Sacramento, CA) using Negative Breakpoint Combo 30 (NBPC 30) panel. DNA fingerprinting (RAPD) and the 16S rDNA sequencing studies were carried out using Ultrapure Genomic DNA Prep Kit; Cat KT 83 (Bangalore Genei, India). All the tested antimicrobials, biochemicals, and reagents were procured from Sigma-Aldrich, India.
Study design and biofield treatment
P. aeruginosa strain was divided into two groups; one was kept as a control sample while the other was subjected to Mr. Trivedi's unique biofield energy treatment and coded as treated group. The treated group was in sealed pack and handed over to Mr. Trivedi for biofield energy treatment under standard laboratory conditions. Mr. Trivedi provided the energy treatment through his energy transmission process that includes bioenergy emission of certain wavelength, which has the ability to do the changes in the microbes without touching the sample. Mr. Trivedi visited the laboratory individually over a period of treatment and for control experiments, nobody entered the experimental room during the treatment period. After treatment, control and treated groups were assessed on day 10 for antimicrobial susceptibility, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical reactions, biotype, and genotyping using RAPD and 16S rDNA sequencing analysis.
Investigation of antimicrobial susceptibility assay
Antimicrobial susceptibility assay of control and treated group of P. aeruginosa was carried out using MicroScan Walk-Away® using Negative Breakpoint Combo 30 (NBPC30) panel as per the manufacturer's instructions. The panel was allowed to equilibrate to room temperature prior to rehydration. The test was carried out on MicroScan, which was miniaturized of the broth dilution susceptibility test. Briefly, 100 μL of the standardized suspension of P. aeruginosa was pipetted into 25 mL of inoculum water using pluronic and inverted 8-10 times and inoculated, rehydrated, and then subjected to incubation for 16 hours at 35°C. Rehydration and inoculation were performed using the RENOK® system with inoculators-D (B1013-4). The detailed experimental procedures and conditions were followed as per the manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, after inoculation and rehydration with a standardized suspension of P. aeruginosa, it was incubated at 35°C for 16 hours. The MIC and a qualitative susceptibility like susceptible (S), intermediate (I), and inducible β-lactamases (IB) were determined by observing the lowest antimicrobial concentration showing growth inhibition [24].
Biochemical studies
The biochemical reactions of P. aeruginosa were determined by MicroScan Walk-Away® system, using photometric or fluorogenic reader. On the basis of nature of bacilli (Gram-negative or Grampositive), computerized reports were generated using conventional panels, which utilizes the photometric reader. Before commencing the experiment, the NBPC 30 panel was first incubated and read on the MicroScan Walkaway system. After evaluating the experimental reading on the Walkaway system, the NBPC 30 panel was removed from system and recorded on the Biomic system within 1 hour. Instrument consist of a database associated with collective information, which was required to identify the microbes with respect to group, genera, or species of the family. Detailed experimental procedure was followed as per manufacturer-recommended instructions [24].
Biotype number
The biotype number of P. aeruginosa was determined by MicroScan Walk-Away® processed panel data utilizing the data of biochemical reactions [24].
Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis
DNA fingerprinting was performed on three series of inoculum, using control and two treatment samples (A and B) prepared from P. aeruginosa. Two inoculums (A and B) were exposed with Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment. Further, the treated samples (A and B) were sub-cultured by taking 1% inoculum and inoculated to fresh 5 mL medium and labeled as treated A-1 and treated B-1. The samples were further incubated at 37°C with 160 rpm for 18 hour. Simultaneously, the cultures were spun down, and the genomic DNA was isolated for control and treated samples using Genomic DNA Prep Kit (Bangalore Genei, India). RAPD analysis was studied with all the samples of P. aeruginosa using standardised five RAPD primers, which were named as RBA8A, RBA13A, RBA20A, RBA23A, and RBA25A. The PCR mixture contained 2.5 μL of buffer, 4.0 mM of dNTP, 2.5 μM of primer, 5.0 μL of genomic DNA, 2U of Taq polymerase, 1.5 μL of MgCl2 and 9.5 μL of nuclease-free water in a total of 25 μL mixture. PCR amplification protocol followed with initial denaturation at 94ºC for 7 min, followed by 8 cycles of denaturation at 94ºC for 1 min, annealing at 35ºC for 1 min, and extension at 72ºC for 2 min; and 35 cycle of denaturation at 94ºC for 1 min, annealing at 38ºC for 1 min, and extension at 72ºC for 1.5 min; and the final extension at 72ºC for 7 min. The amplified PCR products (12 μL) from all samples (control and treated) were separated on 1% agarose gels at 75 volts, stained with ethidium bromide and visualized under UV illumination [25].

The percentage of polymorphism was calculated using following equation

Percent polymorphism = A/B×100;

Where, A = number of polymorphic bands in treated sample; and B = number of polymorphic bands in control.
Amplification and gene sequencing of 16S rDNA
Gene sequencing was performed by isolating the genomic DNA and purified from a treated group of P. aeruginosa cells using genomic purification Kit, according to the manufacturer's instructions. The PCR product was bi-directionally sequenced using the forward, reverse, and an internal primer. DNA 16S region amplification was performed using the primer set 16S forward and reverse primer [26]. 16S rDNA gene (~1.5 kb) was amplified by universal primers; forward primer (5ˊ-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3ˊ) and reverse primer (3ˊ-ACGGTCATACCTTGTTACGACTT-5ˊ). Amplification was carried out in a rapid cycler thermocontroller, with initial denaturation, annealing and extension temperature. Following amplification products were analyzed by gel electrophoresis at 100 V (in 1.0% agarose gel, 0.2 µg of ethidium bromide mL⁻¹) in tris-acetate buffer (TAE), and visualized under UV light in a gel documentation unit (BioRad Laboratories, USA). The amplified fragment of PCR was purified from the agarose gel by DNA Gel Extraction Kit. The sequencing of amplified product was carried out on a commercial basis from Bangalore Genei, India. The obtained 16S rDNA sequences data were aligned and compared with the sequences, available in GenBank database of National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) using the algorithm BLASTn program. The multiple sequence alignment/phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA 3.1 software using neighbor-joining method [27].
Results and Discussion Estimation of antimicrobial susceptibility
The effect of biofield treatment on P. aeruginosa with respect to the antimicrobials susceptibility pattern and MIC are summarized in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. The data were analyzed and compared with respect to the control. The results showed an alteration of antibiogram in cefotaxime, as it was converted from intermediate (I) to inducible β-lactamases (IB), while no change in sensitivity pattern was recorded in rest of the tested antimicrobials in biofield treated P. aeruginosa as compared to the control. Similarly, MIC results of control and treated groups are summarized in Table 2. Antimicrobials such as cefotaxime, cefotetan, and ESBL-b Scrn were reported for altered MIC values in biofield treated P. aeruginosa with respect to the control. Biofield treated P. aeruginosa showed the four fold decrease in MIC values of cefotaxime (i.e. 32 to ≤8 µg/mL) as compared to the control microbe. Decreased MIC values was also reported in cefotetan (i.e. >32 to 32 µg/mL) and ESBL-b Scrn (i.e. >1 to ≤1 µg/mL) as compared to the control value. Biofield treated on P. aeruginosa did not show any alteration in MIC values in rest of the tested antimicrobials with respect to the control. The results of antimicrobial sensitivity assay showed an alteration of sensitivity pattern in biofield treated P. aeruginosa. Although antimicrobial resistance against various antimicrobials in clinical isolates, have been reported world-wide [28] which leads to a serious therapeutic threat. P. aeruginosa was reported to cause tissue damage in diabetes patients with foot ulcer [29]. According to Sivanmaliappan et al. the antibiogram pattern of P. aeruginosa revealed that cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin retained high activity as anti-pseudomonal drugs as compared to other antimicrobials. Hence, ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime were the best drugs of choice for diabetes patients with foot ulcers [29]. Its unique multiplicity towards the resistance mechanisms renders this microbe to treat by antibiotic therapy [30]. Experimental results showed an improve sensitivity and decrease MIC value of cefotaxime by four folds after biofield energy treatment on P. aeruginosa. Increase resistant of antimicrobials for P. aeruginosa has become a challenge for clinicians to select appropriate anti-pseudomonal antimicrobials. Antimicrobial sensitivity of cefotetan was also reported for broad spectrum of activity against Gram-negative microbes [31], but cefotetan will be highly active and shows synergistic action if taken in combination with other β-lactam antibiotics [32]. Biofield treatment result showed a slight decrease in MIC value of cefotetan as compared to control. Resistance mechanisms involved in P. aeruginosa includes aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, efflux pumps, porin loss, and various target site modifications [33]. P. aeruginosa has been reported for acquired resistance by the production of plasmid mediated AmpC- β-lactamase, ESBL and metallo β-lactamase enzymes [34]. Biofield treatment has showed decreased MIC value of ESBL-b Scrn among the tested antimicrobials as compared to the control. The alterations might affect the β-lactamases production, which may lead to decrease the MIC, which is required to inhibit the growth of P. aeruginosa. Biofield energy treatment might act on the enzymatic or genetic level, which might affect the resistance mechanism, and lead to decrease the MIC value.

IB: Inducible β-lactamases; Resistant; I: Intermediate; S: Susceptible; ESBL: Suspected extended-spectrum β-lactamases; Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in control and treated groups were evaluated using automated MicroScan WalkAway® system using NBPC30 panel.
Table 1: Effect of biofield treatment on multidrug resistant lab isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to antimicrobial susceptibility

MIC values are presented in µg/mL; ESBL: Suspected extended-spectrum β-lactamases a, b screen; MIC values in control and treated groups were evaluated using automated MicroScan Walk-Away® system using NBPC30 panel.
Table 2: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tested antimicrobials against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Organism identification by biochemical reactions and biotype number
The biochemical reactions of P. aeruginosa are presented in Table 3. Biofield energy treatment on P. aeruginosa showed an alteration of nitrate i.e. from positive (+) to negative (-) reaction as compared to the control. The rest of the thirty-two biochemicals did not show any change in the reaction pattern after biofield energy treatment. P. aeruginosa is a glucose non-fermenter, motile organism, shows oxidase positive, glucose negative, and Voges-Proskauer negative reactions as a characteristic feature. Biochemical reactions of control sample of P. aeruginosa were well supported with literature data [35]. P. aeruginosa was identified based on a variety of conventional biochemical characters and biotyping. After analyzing the results of the biochemical reactions, biotype number of P. aeruginosa was evaluated using automated Microscan system, which helps to identify the microorganism. In this experiment, biotyping was performed, and the results found a change in biotype number (02063722) in treated group as compared to the control (02063726). Organism identified in both the groups was same as P. aeruginosa. Biotype number alteration was based on the biochemical characteristics. Our research group recently reported the alterations in biochemical reactions followed by the change in biotype number [22,23].

-: negative; +: positive; Biochemical reactions in control and treated groups were evaluated using automated MicroScan Walk-Away® system using NBPC30 panel
Table 3: Effect of biofield treatment on multidrug resistant lab isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the vital processes occurring in living organisms.
DNA fingerprinting by RAPD analysis
Biofield energy treatment on P. aeruginosa was given to treated samples to determine the epidemiological relatedness and genetic characteristics. RAPD analysis was performed to study the correlation based on genetic similarity or mutations between the biofield treated samples and the control sample. RAPD analysis uses a short nucleotide primers, which were unrelated to known DNA sequences of the target organism [36]. DNA polymorphism can be efficiently detected using PCR primers and identify interstrain variations among species in treated samples. The degree of relatedness and genetic mapping can be correlated between similar or different treated sample species [37]. Random amplified polymorphic-DNA fragment patterns of P. aeruginosa control, and treated samples were generated using five RAPD primers and shown in Figure 1, with 100 base pair DNA ladder. The polymorphic bands in control and treated samples were marked by arrows. The RAPD patterns of treated samples showed some unique and dissimilar bands among control and treated samples. DNA polymorphism analyzed by RAPD analysis, a total number of bands, common, and unique bands are summarized in Table 4. The level of polymorphism in terms of percentage values between control and treated samples (A, A1, B, and B1) are presented in Table 5. The level of polymorphism was found with an average range of 30 to 50% in treated samples as compared to control, while 16 to 28% among treated samples of P. aeruginosa after the biofield treatment. The highest change in DNA sequence was observed in treated groups with RBA 23A primer as compared to control; however no change was found in treated group (control and A1, B, and B1; B and B1, A1 and B1) with RBA 20A primer as compared to control. RAPD also explain the relevant degree of genetic diversity. However, this technique has the potential to detected polymorphism throughout the entire genome

Figure 1: Phylogenetic tree of the partial 16S rDNA gene sequencing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofield using MEGA 3.1 software by Neighbor joining method.

TSA: treated sample A; TSA-1: treated sample A-1; TSB: treated sample B; TSB-1: treated sample B-1
Table 4: DNA polymorphism of treated biofield Pseudomonas aeruginosa analyzed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis.

C: control; TSA: treated sample A; TSA-1: treated sample A-1; TSB: treated sample B; TSB-1: treated sample B-1
Table 5: Level of polymorphism between control and biofield energy treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa samples.
16S rDNA genotyping
The molecular PCR assay based on 16S rDNA amplification protocol using standard forward and reverse 16S universal primers have been commonly used as a taxonomic "gold standard" in identification and determining the phylogenies of bacterial species [38]. 16S rDNA sequencing was performed in biofield treated P. aeruginosa to identify the other closely related species of treated sample. The alignment and comparison of the gene sequences were performed with the sequences stored in Gen Bank database available from NCBI using the algorithm BLASTn program. Based on nucleotides homology and phylogenetic analysis the microbe coded as sample 7A was closely detected as Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain R285 (GenBank Accession Number: EU090892) with 99% identity. The closest sequences of P. aeruginosa obtained from sequence alignment using NCBI GenBank and ribosomal database project (RDP) were presented in Table 6. Distance matrix based on nucleotide sequence homology (Using Kimura-2 Parameter) indicated nucleotide similarity and distance identities between sample '7A' and other ten closest homologs microbe of P. aeruginosa was calculated and shown in Table 7. Phylogenetic tree of the partial 16S rDNA gene sequencing using MEGA 3.1 software by neighbor joining method are presented in Figure 2. The ten closely related bacterial species as Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) in order to investigate the phylogenetic relationship of P. aeruginosa among other ten other bacterial species were studied. There were 1500 base nucleotides of 16S rDNA gene sequences that were analyzed and multiple alignment were constructed using ClustalW in MEGA 3.1 software [27]. According to the data in Table 7, the lowest value of the genetic distance from P. aeruginosa was 0.006 base substitutions per site. All pairwise distance analysis was carried out using the p-distance method in MEGA 3.1. The proportion of remarked distance is also called p-distance and showed as the number of nucleotide distances site. Values in Table 7 were programmed into Figure 2 with optimal bootstrap consensus tree. In the phylogram, there were eleven OTUs. According to U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), approximately 34% of adults in US used some kind of complementary health approach, among which healing therapies, therapeutic touch, and biofield energy treatment are some of the main approaches in energy medicine. Biofield therapies include Reiki, Qigong or non-contact therapeutic touch, which claims to reduce the pain, anxiety and promote the human wellbeing. Mechanism behind these healing modalities is based on modulating the patient-environment energy field along with healer's biofield. Use of complementary and alternate medicine has several advantages instead of the current preferred treatment approach. National Institute of Health (NIH) defined this specialty as biofield in 1994, and it was accepted by US National Library of Medicine as a medical subject heading [39]. Bioelectromagnetic-based therapies and biofield therapies are energy therapies that use or manipulate the energy fields to promote health and healing. These energy therapies are well described under energy medicine by National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NIH/NCCAM) [40]. The study was designed to demonstrate the impact of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment on The results suggest that Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment has an impact on P. aeruginosa strain, which resulted in altered antimicrobial sensitivity. Further, molecular methods were performed which showed the genetic alterations and similarities using RAPD and 16S rDNA sequencing methods

Figure 2: Random amplified polymorphic-DNA fragment patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa generated using five RAPD primers, RBA 8A, RBA 13A, RBA 20A, RBA 23A, and RBA 25A. 1: Control; 2: Treated A; 3: Treated A-1; 4: Treated B; 5: Treated B-1; M: 100 bp DNA Ladder.

Alignment results and sequence description has been obtained from the blast results of GenBank database of National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) using the algorithm BLASTn program. AN: Accession number
Table 6: The closest sequences of P. aeruginosa from sequence alignment using NCBI GenBank and ribosomal database project (RDP)

AN: Accession number; Total 1500 base nucleotide of 16S rDNA gene sequences were analyzed by multiple alignments using ClustalW program. Pairwise distance (lower left) and number of nucleotide difference (upper-right) for 16S forward and reverse primer was presented using Kimura-2 Parameters
Table 7: Distance matrix based on nucleotide sequence homology (Using Kimura-2 Parameter) indicates nucleotide similarity (above diagonal) and distance (below diagonal) identities between the studied sample '7A' and ten other closest homologs microbe.
Conclusions
Based on the study results, it was found that the cefotaxime sensitivity was changed, while decrease in MIC value was reported in case of cefotaxime (i.e. 32 to ≤ 8 µg/mL), cefotetan (i.e. >32 to 32 µg/mL) and ESBL-b Scrn (i.e. >1 to ≤1 µg/mL) as compared with the control. The biochemical reaction of nitrate was altered followed by a change in biotype number (02063722) in treated group as compared to the control biotype number (02063726). Using five RAPD markers, the sample was characterized and showed 30 to 50% interspecific polymorphic relationship with P. aeruginosa after biofield treatment as compared to the control. After biofield treatment, molecular analysis using 16S rDNA analysis showed that the sample was detected as Pseudomonas aeruginosa with 99% identity. So, it can be concluded that Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment on P. aeruginosa has an impact in altering the sensitivity of antimicrobials, which might be used as an alternative therapy (healing treatment) in future.
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by Trivedi Science™, Trivedi Master Wellness™ and Trivedi Testimonials. Authors acknowledge the generosity and cooperation of all participating members from PD Hinduja National Hospital and MRC, Mumbai, Microbiology Lab for conduction antimicrobial studies. Authors grateful to Bangalore Genei Private Limited, for conducting RAPD and 16S rDNA sequencing analysis.
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Antibiogram, Biochemical Reactions, and Genotypic Pattern of Biofield Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Trivedi Science

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Journal of Tropical Diseases Published October 07, 2015 Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Gangwar M, et al. (2015) Antibiogram, Biochemical Reactions, and Genotypic Pattern of Biofield Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Trop Dis 4: 181.

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Genotypic Pattern of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

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Genotypic Pattern of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

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| Follow the link to know about how the unique biofield energy treatment has its impact on the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Antibiogram, Biochemical Reactions, and Genotypic Pattern of Biofield Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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Introduction: Complementary and alternative medicine such as biofield energy therapies are highly popular in biomedical health care. The study evaluates the impact of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) to evaluate its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Methods: P.

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| In the current research, the level of polymorphism was found in the range of 30 to 50% in treated samples as compared to control.

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Antibiogram, Biochemical Reactions, and Genotypic Pattern of Biofield Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Mahendra Trivedi | Alice Branton | Dahryn Trivedi | Gopal Nayak | Academic Room

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Results: Data showed altered sensitivity pattern in antibiotic cefotaxime from intermediate to decreased β-lactamases activity, with four-fold decreased minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), i.e. 32 to ≤8 µg/mL as compared to control. Similarly, cefotetan and extended-spectrum-β-lactamases (ESBL-b Scrn) showed decrease in MIC values as compared to the control group.

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| DNA polymorphism of P. aeruginosa was analyzed by RAPD analysis & the result shows highest change in DNA sequence in treated groups as compared to the control.

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Volume 4 * Issue 1 * 1000181

ISSN: 2329-891X JTD, an open access journal

Research ArticleOpen Access

Trivedi et al.,J Trop Dis 2015, 4:1

http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000181

Research ArticleOpen Access

Journal of Tropical Diseases

Antibiogram, Biochemical Reactions, and Genotypic Pattern of Biofield

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi1 , Alice Branton1 , Dahryn Trivedi1, Gopal Nayak1, Mayank Gangwar2 and Snehasis Jana2*

1Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA

2Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal- 462026 Madhya Pradesh, India

*Corresponding author: Snehasis Jana, Trivedi Science Research Laboratory

Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal-

ReceivedSeptember 10, 2015; Accepted September 30, 2015; PublishedS: October

Antibiogram, Biochemical Reactions, and Genotypic Pattern of Bioeld Treated

Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Trop Dis 4: 181. doi:10.4172/2329-891X.1000181

Copyright: © 2015 Trivedi MK, et al.This is an open-access article distributed under

the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted

use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and

Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; Bioeld energy treatment;

Antibiogram; Polymorphism; RAPD; 16S rDNA analysis

Abbreviations: NCCAM: National Center for Complementary and

Alternative Medicine; NIH: National Institute of Health; CDC: Centers

for Disease Control and Prevention; ATCC: American Type Culture

Collection; DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid; MIC: Minimum inhibitory

concentration; MEGA: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis;

NBPC 30: Negative Breakpoint Combo Panel 30; NCBI: National

Center for Biotechnology Information; RAPD: Random Amplied

Polymorphic DNA; OTUs: Operational Taxonomic Units; PCR:

Polymerase Chain Reaction; RDP: Ribosomal Database Project

e genus Pseudomonas is a Gram-negative, ubiquitous, rod-

shaped, versatile opportunistic pathogen associated with nosocomial

infections and other health related complications [1]. Some species are

reported as pathogenic to plants [2] as well as opportunistic to animals

or humans [3]. However, some species were reported to be used as

bio-control agent, due to its plant growth promoter and pathogen

suppressing function [4]. e increased prevalence of Pseudomonas

aeruginosa in health care settings and its associated infections [5],

restrain the eectiveness of antimicrobial therapy, which causes life

threatening conditions [6]. It is one of the major pathogen associated

with the hospital-acquired infections especially in intensive care unit

[7]. e mechanism behind resistance pattern is due to acquisition

of resistance genes (β-lactamases) or because of amino-glycoside

modifying enzymes [8], or due to the chromosomal genes mutation

involved against antimicrobials [9]. Unfortunately, the antimicrobial

therapy approach creates the underlying selection pressure, and lead

to develop resistance. A paradigm is now shied with respect to the

treatment of infectious diseases with antibiotics, where appropriate

alternatives to antibiotics ought to be considered [10]. Several

non-antibiotic approaches and prevention of infection including

complementary and alternate medicines (CAM) are now preferred

against P. aeruginosa [11]. CAM includes several energy medicines,

among which bioeld therapy (or healing modalities) is one of the

approach, which was reported to have several benets to enhance

both physical and emotional human wellness [12]. Researchers

are trying to investigate the relationship between biophysical,

biochemical, and psycho-physiological mechanisms of disease and

healing modalities. However, National Center for Complementary

and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) has funded to study the clinical

application of bioeld therapies in e Center for Frontier Medicine

in Bioeld Science (CFMBS), as a part of the National Institute of

Introduction: Complementary and alternative medicine such as bioeld energy therapies are highly popular in

biomedical health care. The study evaluates the impact of Mr. Trivedi's bioeld energy treatment on Pseudomonas

in sealed pack and divided into control and treated groups. Treated group was subjected to bioeld treatment and

analyzed for antibiogram, biochemical reactions, and biotype number using automated MicroScan Walk-Away® system

on day 10. The treated sample was evaluated for DNA polymorphism by Random Amplied Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)

and 16S rDNA sequencing to establish the phylogenetic relationship, the epidemiological relatedness and genetic

Results: Data showed altered sensitivity pattern in antibiotic cefotaxime from intermediate to decreased

β-lactamases activity, with four-fold decreased minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), i.e. 32 to ≤8 µg/mL as

compared to control. Similarly, cefotetan and extended-spectrum-β-lactamases (ESBL-b Scrn) showed decrease in

MIC values as compared to the control group. Nitrate reported for negative biochemical reaction i.e. positive (+) to

negative (-) after bioeld treatment on P. aeruginosa. The biotyping showed a change in biotype number (02063722)

as compared to the control (02063726), without altering the microorganism. RAPD analysis showed an average range

of 30 to 50% of polymorphism, while 16S rDNA sequencing analyzed treated sample as Pseudomonas aeruginosa

(GenBank Accession Number: EU090892) with 99% identity of gene sequencing data.

impact to alter the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern and MIC values, thus it can be used as an alternate integrative

approach of energy medicine in near future.

Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Trop Dis 4: 181. doi:10.4172/2329-891X.1000181

Volume 4 * Issue 1 * 1000181

ISSN: 2329-891X JTD, an open access journal

Health (NIH) [13]. Bioeld is described as the endogenous energy eld

of the body, and dened as the electromagnetic eld that permeates

and surrounds living organisms [14]. Various internal physiological

processes such as blood ow, brain, heart function, etc. that generate

bioeld. Biomagnetic elds around the human body can be measured

using dierent techniques such as Kirlian photography, polycontrast

interference photography (PIP) and resonance eld imaging (RFI)

[15]. us, it can be concluded that the human can harness the energy

from the environment or universe and can transmit into any living or

nonliving object(s) around the Universe. e objects always receive the

energy and responding to the useful way that is called bioeld energy

treatment. Mr. Trivedi's unique bioeld treatment is also known as

e Trivedi Eect® . It has been studied in the eld of materials and

ceramic sciences research [16,17], agricultural science research [18,19],

biotechnology research [20], and altering the activity of pharmaceutical

compounds [21], antimicrobials sensitivity of pathogenic microbes

[22,23]. Aer evaluating the increasing use of CAM and failure of

antimicrobial drug therapy against P. aeruginosa, the present study

was designed to evaluate the impact of Mr. Trivedi's bioeld energy

treatment on P. aeruginosa with respect to antibiogram analysis. e

genotyping was performed to identify the strain dierentiation and

distinctive polymorphism using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

technique of random amplied polymorphic DNA analysis (RAPD)

P. aeruginosa ATCC 10145 (American Type Culture Collection)

was procured from Bangalore Genei, in sealed pack, and stored as per

the recommended storage conditions for further use. e antimicrobial

susceptibility, biochemical reactions, and biotype number were

evaluated using MicroScan Walk-Away® (Dade Behring Inc., West

Sacramento, CA) using Negative Breakpoint Combo 30 (NBPC 30)

panel. DNA ngerprinting (RAPD) and the 16S rDNA sequencing

studies were carried out using Ultrapure Genomic DNA Prep Kit;

Cat KT 83 (Bangalore Genei, India). All the tested antimicrobials,

biochemicals, and reagents were procured from Sigma-Aldrich, India.

Study design and bioeld treatment

P. aeruginosa strain was divided into two groups; one was kept as

a control sample while the other was subjected to Mr. Trivedi's unique

bioeld energy treatment and coded as treated group. e treated group

was in sealed pack and handed over to Mr. Trivedi for bioeld energy

treatment under standard laboratory conditions. Mr. Trivedi provided

the energy treatment through his energy transmission process that

includes bioenergy emission of certain wavelength, which has the ability

to do the changes in the microbes without touching the sample. Mr.

Trivedi visited the laboratory individually over a period of treatment and

for control experiments, nobody entered the experimental room during

the treatment period. Aer treatment, control and treated groups were

assessed on day 10 for antimicrobial susceptibility, minimum inhibitory

concentration (MIC), biochemical reactions, biotype, and genotyping

using RAPD and 16S rDNA sequencing analysis.

Investigation of antimicrobial susceptibility assay

Antimicrobial susceptibility assay of control and treated group of P.

aeruginosa was carried out using MicroScan Walk-Away® using Negative

Breakpoint Combo 30 (NBPC30) panel as per the manufacturer's

instructions. e panel was allowed to equilibrate to room temperature

prior to rehydration. e test was carried out on MicroScan, which was

miniaturized of the broth dilution susceptibility test. Briey, 100 μL of

the standardized suspension of P. aeruginosa was pipetted into 25 mL of

inoculum water using pluronic and inverted 8-10 times and inoculated,

rehydrated, and then subjected to incubation for 16 hours at 35°C.

Rehydration and inoculation were performed using the RENOK® system

with inoculators-D (B1013-4). e detailed experimental procedures

and conditions were followed as per the manufacturer's instructions.

Briey, aer inoculation and rehydration with a standardized

suspension of P. aeruginosa, it was incubated at 35°C for 16 hours. e

MIC and a qualitative susceptibility like susceptible (S), intermediate

(I), and inducible β-lactamases (IB) were determined by observing the

lowest antimicrobial concentration showing growth inhibition [24].

e biochemical reactions of P. aeruginosa were determined by

MicroScan Walk-Away® system, using photometric or uorogenic

reader. On the basis of nature of bacilli (Gram-negative or Gram-

positive), computerized reports were generated using conventional

panels, which utilizes the photometric reader. Before commencing

the experiment, the NBPC 30 panel was rst incubated and read on

the MicroScan Walkaway system. Aer evaluating the experimental

reading on the Walkaway system, the NBPC 30 panel was removed from

system and recorded on the Biomic system within 1 hour. Instrument

consist of a database associated with collective information, which was

required to identify the microbes with respect to group, genera, or

species of the family. Detailed experimental procedure was followed as

per manufacturer-recommended instructions [24].

e biotype number of P. aeruginosa was determined by MicroScan

Walk-Away® processed panel data utilizing the data of biochemical

Random Amplied Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis

DNA ngerprinting was performed on three series of inoculum,

using control and two treatment samples (A and B) prepared from P.

aeruginosa. Two inoculums (A and B) were exposed with Mr. Trivedi's

bioeld energy treatment. Further, the treated samples (A and B) were

sub-cultured by taking 1% inoculum and inoculated to fresh 5 mL

medium and labeled as treated A-1 and treated B-1. e samples were

further incubated at 37°C with 160 rpm for 18 hour. Simultaneously,

the cultures were spun down, and the genomic DNA was isolated for

control and treated samples using Genomic DNA Prep Kit (Bangalore

Genei, India). RAPD analysis was studied with all the samples of P.

aeruginosa using standardised ve RAPD primers, which were named

as RBA8A, RBA13A, RBA20A, RBA23A, and RBA25A. e PCR

mixture contained 2.5 μL of buer, 4.0 mM of dNTP, 2.5 μM of primer,

5.0 μL of genomic DNA, 2U of Taq polymerase, 1.5 μL of MgCl2 and 9.5

μL of nuclease-free water in a total of 25 μL mixture. PCR amplication

protocol followed with initial denaturation at 94ºC for 7 min, followed

by 8 cycles of denaturation at 94ºC for 1 min, annealing at 35ºC for 1

min, and extension at 72ºC for 2 min; and 35 cycle of denaturation at

94ºC for 1 min, annealing at 38ºC for 1 min, and extension at 72ºC for

1.5 min; and the nal extension at 72ºC for 7 min. e amplied PCR

products (12 μL) from all samples (control and treated) were separated

on 1% agarose gels at 75 volts, stained with ethidium bromide and

visualized under UV illumination [25].

e percentage of polymorphism was calculated using following

Percent polymorphism = A/B×100;

Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Trop Dis 4: 181. doi:10.4172/2329-891X.1000181

Volume 4 * Issue 1 * 1000181

ISSN: 2329-891X JTD, an open access journal

by four folds aer bioeld energy treatment on P. aeruginosa. Increase

resistant of antimicrobials for P. aeruginosa has become a challenge

for clinicians to select appropriate anti-pseudomonal antimicrobials.

Antimicrobial sensitivity of cefotetan was also reported for broad

spectrum of activity against Gram-negative microbes [31], but

cefotetan will be highly active and shows synergistic action if taken in

combination with other β-lactam antibiotics [32]. Bioeld treatment

result showed a slight decrease in MIC value of cefotetan as compared

to control. Resistance mechanisms involved in P. aeruginosa includes

aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, eux pumps, porin loss, and

various target site modications [33]. P. aeruginosa has been reported

for acquired resistance by the production of plasmid mediated AmpC-

β-lactamase, ESBL and metallo β-lactamase enzymes [34]. Bioeld

treatment has showed decreased MIC value of ESBL-b Scrn among the

tested antimicrobials as compared to the control. e alterations might

aect the β-lactamases production, which may lead to decrease the

MIC, which is required to inhibit the growth of P. aeruginosa. Bioeld

energy treatment might act on the enzymatic or genetic level, which

might aect the resistance mechanism, and lead to decrease the MIC

value.

Organism identication by biochemical reactions and

e biochemical reactions of P. aeruginosa are presented in Table

3. Bioeld energy treatment on P. aeruginosa showed an alteration

of nitrate i.e. from positive (+) to negative (-) reaction as compared

to the control. e rest of the thirty-two biochemicals did not show

any change in the reaction pattern aer bioeld energy treatment. P.

aeruginosa is a glucose non-fermenter, motile organism, shows oxidase

positive, glucose negative, and Voges-Proskauer negative reactions as

a characteristic feature. Biochemical reactions of control sample of P.

aeruginosa were well supported with literature data [35]. P. aeruginosa

was identied based on a variety of conventional biochemical characters

and biotyping. Aer analyzing the results of the biochemical reactions,

biotype number of P. aeruginosa was evaluated using automated

Microscan system, which helps to identify the microorganism. In

this experiment, biotyping was performed, and the results found a

Where,A = number of polymorphic bands in treated sample; and B

= number of polymorphic bands in control.

Amplication and gene sequencing of 16S rDNA

Gene sequencing was performed by isolating the genomic DNA

and puried from a treated group of P. aeruginosa cells using genomic

purication Kit, according to the manufacturer's instructions. e

PCR product was bi-directionally sequenced using the forward,

reverse, and an internal primer. DNA 16S region amplication was

performed using the primer set 16S forward and reverse primer [26].

16S rDNA gene (~1.5 kb) was amplied by universal primers; forward

carried out in a rapid cycler thermocontroller, with initial denaturation,

annealing and extension temperature. Following amplication products

were analyzed by gel electrophoresis at 100 V (in 1.0% agarose gel, 0.2 µg

of ethidium bromide mL-1 ) in tris-acetate buer (TAE), and visualized

under UV light in a gel documentation unit (BioRad Laboratories,

USA). e amplied fragment of PCR was puried from the agarose

gel by DNA Gel Extraction Kit. e sequencing of amplied product

was carried out on a commercial basis from Bangalore Genei, India.

e obtained 16S rDNA sequences data were aligned and compared

with the sequences, available in GenBank database of National Center

for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) using the algorithm BLASTn

program. e multiple sequence alignment/phylogenetic tree was

constructed using MEGA 3.1 soware using neighbor-joining method

Estimation of antimicrobial susceptibility

e eect of bioeld treatment on P. aeruginosa with respect to

the antimicrobials susceptibility pattern and MIC are summarized in

Tables 1 and 2, respectively. e data were analyzed and compared with

respect to the control. e results showed an alteration of antibiogram

in cefotaxime, as it was converted from intermediate (I) to inducible

β-lactamases (IB), while no change in sensitivity pattern was recorded

in rest of the tested antimicrobials in bioeld treated P. aeruginosa as

compared to the control. Similarly, MIC results of control and treated

groups are summarized in Table 2. Antimicrobials such as cefotaxime,

cefotetan, and ESBL-b Scrn were reported for altered MIC values in

bioeld treated P. aeruginosa with respect to the control. Bioeld treated

P. aeruginosa showed the four fold decrease in MIC values of cefotaxime

(i.e. 32 to ≤8 µg/mL) as compared to the control microbe. Decreased

MIC values was also reported in cefotetan (i.e. >32 to 32 µg/mL) and

ESBL-b Scrn (i.e. >1 to ≤1 µg/mL) as compared to the control value.

Bioeld treated on P. aeruginosa did not show any alteration in MIC

values in rest of the tested antimicrobials with respect to the control.

e results of antimicrobial sensitivity assay showed an alteration

of sensitivity pattern in bioeld treated P. aeruginosa. Although

antimicrobial resistance against various antimicrobials in clinical

isolates, have been reported world-wide [28] which leads to a serious

therapeutic threat. P. aeruginosawas reported to cause tissue damage

in diabetes patients with foot ulcer [29]. According to Sivanmaliappan

and ciprooxacin retained high activity as anti-pseudomonal drugs as

compared to other antimicrobials. Hence, ciprooxacin and cefotaxime

were the best drugs of choice for diabetes patients with foot ulcers [29].

Its unique multiplicity towards the resistance mechanisms renders

this microbe to treat by antibiotic therapy [30]. Experimental results

showed an improve sensitivity and decrease MIC value of cefotaxime

12Piperacillin/tazobactamIB IB

14Ticarcillin/k-clavulanateIB IB

IB: Inducible β-lactamases; Resistant; I: Intermediate; S: Susceptible; ESBL:

Suspected extended-spectrum β-lactamases; Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern

in control and treated groups were evaluated using automated MicroScan Walk-

Away® system using NBPC30 panel.

Table 1: Effect of bioeld treatment on multidrug resistant lab isolates of

Pseudomonas aeruginosa to antimicrobial susceptibility.

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Antibiogram, Biochemical Reactions, and Genotypic Pattern of Biofield Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa - PdfSR.com

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Introduction: Complementary and alternative medicine such as biofield energy therapies are highly popular in biomedical health care. The study evaluates the impact of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) to evaluate its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Methods: P.

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| From the research study the result showed an alteration in the biochemical reaction in the treated sample of P. aeruginosa. Get to know more, from the link given below.

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"Antibiogram, Biochemical Reactions, and Genotypic Pattern of Biofield Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa" by Mahendra Trivedi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Introduction: Complementary and alternative medicine such as biofield energy therapies are highly popular in biomedical health care. The study evaluates the impact of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) to evaluate its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics.Methods: P.

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Energy Healing Treatment | P. aeruginosa

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Energy Healing Treatment | P. aeruginosa

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| The result of the overall research study suggest that the unique energy healing treatment has its impact on P. aeruginosa to alter the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern & MIC values of the same.

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pseudomonas aeruginosa - biofield treatment - mahendra trivedi - trivedi effect - antibiogram of pseudomonas aeruginosa - biochemical reactions of pseudomonas aeruginosa - genotypic pattern of pseudomonas aeruginosa - p. aeruginosa phenotypic characteristics - antimicrobial sensitivity of p. aeruginosa

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Antibiogram, Biochemical Reactions, and Genotypic Pattern of B...

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Introduction: Complementary and alternative medicine such as biofield energy therapies are highly popular in biomedical health care. The study evaluates the impact of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) to evaluate its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Methods: P.

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| The study outcomes suggest that the unique energy treatment used in this research study has its impact in altering the MIC values of the treated sample w.r.t the untreated sample.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Antibiogram, Biochemical Reactions, and Genotypic Pattern of Biofield Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Introduction: Complementary and alternative medicine such as biofield energy therapies are highly popular in biomedical health care. The study evaluates the impact of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) to evaluate its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Methods: P.

# data[].attributes.body
| The RAPD analysis of P. aeruginosa was performed to study the correlation based on genetic similarity or mutations between the biofield treated samples and the control sample. Follow the link to read about the results.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Antibiogram, Biochemical Reactions, and Genotypic Pattern of Biofield Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Introduction: Complementary and alternative medicine such as biofield energy therapies are highly popular in biomedical health care. The study evaluates the impact of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa)

# data[].attributes.headline
Biotyping Analysis on Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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Biotyping Analysis on Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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| After a unique energy healing treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the biotyping analysis of the sample showed a change in biotype number as compared to the control, without altering the microorganism. Follow the link for the more details.

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Antimicrobial Sensitivity Assay of P. aeruginosa

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Antimicrobial Sensitivity Assay of P. aeruginosa

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| In the present research, the sensitivity pattern was altered significantly in the treated sample of P. aeruginosa as compared to the untreated sample.

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Evaluation of Biofield | Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

# data[].attributes.subject
Evaluation of Biofield | Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

# data[].attributes.body
| The aim of the current research was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. For more details, follow the link.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Antibiogram, Biochemical Reactions, and Genotypic Pattern of Biofield Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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Introduction: Complementary and alternative medicine such as biofield energy therapies are highly popular in biomedical health care. The study evaluates the impact of Mr. Trivedi&r..

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Biofield Evaluation | Molybdenum Dioxide

# data[].attributes.subject
Biofield Evaluation | Molybdenum Dioxide

# data[].attributes.body
| The study suggest that the biofield energy treatment has significant impact on the properties of MoO2 powder and the biofield treated Molybdenum Dioxide could be more useful in catalytic action.

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| Read here, about how the spiritual energy healing treatment could alter the characteristics of treated molybdenum dioxide w.r.t the untreated sample.

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Analysis of Physical, Thermal, and Structural Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Molybdenum Dioxide

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Molybdenum dioxide (MoO2) is known for its catalytic activity toward reforming hydrocarbons. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on physical, thermal, and structural properties in MoO2.

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| Based on the study, the data concluded that the biofield energy treatment has significant impact on the physical, thermal, and structural properties of MoO2 powder.

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International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
Published November 9, 2015

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Rama Mohan Tallapragada, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Omprakash Latiyal, Snehasis Jana. Analysis of Physical, Thermal, and Structural Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Molybdenum Dioxide. International Journal of Materials Science and Applications. Vol. 4, No. 5, 2015, pp. 354-359. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20150405.21

Analysis of Physical, Thermal, and Structural Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Molybdenum Dioxide

Manuscript Link:
http://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmsa.20150405.21.pdf

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Rama Mohan Tallapragada, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Omprakash Latiyal, Snehasis Jana

DOI: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20150405.21 ISSN: 2327-2635 (Print)2327-2643 (Online)
Citation
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Rama Mohan Tallapragada, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Omprakash Latiyal, Snehasis Jana. Analysis of Physical, Thermal, and Structural Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Molybdenum Dioxide. International Journal of Materials Science and Applications. Vol. 4, No. 5, 2015, pp. 354-359. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20150405.21
Abstract
Molybdenum dioxide (MoO ₂) is known for its catalytic activity toward reforming hydrocarbons. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on physical, thermal, and structural properties in MoO ₂. The MoO ₂ powder sample was divided into two parts, one part was remained as untreated, called as control, while the other part was subjected to Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment and called as treated. Both control and treated samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The XRD data exhibited that the biofield treatment has altered the lattice parameters, unit cell volume, density and molecular weight of the treated sample as compared to the control. The TGA study revealed that the onset temperature of thermal degradation of MoO ₂ was reduced from 702.87°C to 691.92°C. Besides, the FT-IR spectra exhibited that the absorption band corresponding to Mo=O stretching vibration was shifted to lower wavenumber i.e. 975 cm⁻¹ (control) to 970 cm⁻¹ in treated sample. Hence, above results suggested that biofield energy treatment has altered the physical, thermal, and structural properties in MoO ₂ powder. Therefore, the biofield treatment could be applied to modify the catalytic properties of MoO ₂ in pharmaceutical industries.

Keywords: Molybdenum Dioxide, Biofield Energy Treatment, X-ray Diffraction, Thermogravimetric Analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
1. Introduction
Molybdenum is a well-known element, around 80% is utilized in steel industries to improve the corrosion resistance [1]. The molybdenum compounds have long been use for numerous applications. Molybdenum has oxidation states varying from +2 to +6, among them, oxides exist in two forms i.e. molybdenum (IV) and molybdenum (VI) oxide. Molybdenum (IV) oxide (MoO ₂) has high electrical conductivity like metals due to presence of delocalized electrons in its valence band [2]. Due to this, MoO ₂ is used in rechargeable lithium ion batteries as anode material [3]. In addition, it is also used in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) as anode material because it has high fuel flexibility and electrical conductivity [4, 5]. Recently, MoO ₂ has gained significant attention due to its catalytic activity towards reforming hydrocarbons. The catalytic action of MoO ₂ is governed by metallic site i.e. Mo⁺⁴ . It was reported that the metallic site dissociates the hydrogen (H ²) and produce active hydrogen atoms. After that, the active hydrogen atoms binds with the surface oxygen and form Bronsted acid functional groups [6]. For industrial applications, the physical, thermal, and morphological properties of MoO ₂ plays a crucial role. Currently, the physical and thermal properties of MoO ₂ are controlled via various processes such as reduction of MoO ₃ [7], hydrothermal process [8], and thermal evaporation [9], etc. All these process are either require costly equipment setup or high temperature conditions to obtain the desired properties. Thus, it is important to search an alternative approach which can modify the physical and thermal properties of MoO ₂ powder.

The energy exists in various forms and there are several ways to transfer the energy from one place to another such as electrochemical, electrical and thermal etc. Similarly, the human nervous system consists of neurons, which have the ability to transmit information and energy in the form of electrical signals. Due to this, a human has the ability to harness the energy from environment/universe and can transmit it to any object (living or non-living) around the Globe. The object(s) always receive the energy and responded into useful way that is called biofield energy. This process is termed as biofield energy treatment. The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) has considered the biofield treatment (or healing therapy) under subcategory of energy therapies [10]. Mr. Trivedi's unique biofield energy treatment is known as The Trivedi Effect®. Recently, Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment is known to alter the atomic, physical and thermal characteristics in several metals [11-13] and ceramics [14-16] in material science field. After considering the outstanding consequences with biofield energy treatment on ceramics and metals, this work was designed to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment on the physical, thermal, and structural properties of the MoO ₂ using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy.
2. Materials and Methods
The MoO ₂ powder was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, USA. The procured powder was equally divided into two parts. One part was remained untreated, called as control. While, other part was in sealed pack, handed over to Mr. Trivedi for biofield energy treatment under standard laboratory conditions. Mr. Trivedi provided the treatment through his energy transmission process to the treated sample without touching the sample and this part was coded as treated. After that, the control and treated samples were characterized using XRD, TGA, and FT-IR techniques.
2.1. XRD Study
The XRD analysis of control and treated MoO ₂ samples was accomplished on Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray diffractometer system. The X-ray of wavelength 1.54056 ×10⁻¹⁰ m was used. From the XRD diffractogram, the peak intensity counts, d value (Å), full width half maximum (FWHM) (θ°), relative intensity (%) values were obtained. The PowderX software was used to compute the lattice parameter and unit cell volume of the control and treated MoO ₂ samples. The Scherrer equation was used to compute the crystallite size (D) as following:

D = kλ/(bCosθ)

Here, b is full width half maximum (FWHM) of XRD peaks, k=0.94, and λ =1.54056 Å.

The percentage change in crystallite size was calculated using following formula:

% change in crystallite size = [(D t-D c)/D c] × 100

Where, D c and D t are crystallite size of control and treated powder samples respectively.
2.2. Thermal Analysis
The thermal analysis of MoO ₂ powder was done using TGA-DTG. For that, Mettler Toledo simultaneous TGADTG instrument was used. The samples were heated from room temperature to 900ºC with a heating rate of 10ºC/min under nitrogen atmosphere.
2.3. FT-IR Spectroscopy
The FT-IR analysis of control and treated MoO ₂ samples were carried out on Shimadzu's FT-IR (Japan) with frequency range of 4000-500 cm⁻¹. The analysis was accomplished to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment on dipole moment, force constant and bond strength in chemical structure.
3. Results and Discussion 3.1. XRD Study
The XRD technique is a quantitative and non-destructive technique, which have been widely used to study the crystal structure and its parameters for a given compound. The XRD pattern of control and treated MoO ₂ is given in Fig 1. Ths XRD pattern of control sample showed the crystalline peaks at Bragg angle (2θ) 26.02°, 36.97°, 53.51°, 60.25, and 66.67°. The peaks were fitted well with the monoclinic crystal structure according to Joint committee on powder diffraction standards (JCPDS file no. 65-5758 with a space group of P21/c [17]. Furthermore, the treated sample showed the peaks at 2θ 26.04°, 37.00°, 53.55°, 60.29, and 66.68°. It indicated that all XRD peaks were slightly shifted toward higher angles in the treated sample as compared to the control, after biofield energy treatment. In order to study the crystal structure parameters, the PowderX software was used and lattice parameters, unit cell volume, density, and molecular weight were computed. The results are presented in Table 1. The data showed that the lattice parameters "a" and "c" of treated sample were decreased from 5.649 Å (control) to 5.643 Å and 5.650 Å (control) to 5.645 Å, respectively. Also, the reduction in lattice parameters led to decrease the unit cell volume from 13.292×10⁻²³ cm ³ (control) to 13.268 ×10⁻²³ cm ³. Schwertmann et al. reported that the reduction in lattice parameter of unit cell led to shift the XRD peaks toward higher angles [18]. It was also reported that the XRD peaks can shift to the higher side if larger radii atoms are replaced by smaller radii atoms [19]. The decrease in lattice parameter and unit cell volume were supported by shifting of XRD peaks toward higher angles. Thus, based on the shifting of XRD peaks and reduction in the lattice parameters "a" and "c", it is presumed that the biofield treatment might induce compressive stress in treated MoO ₂. Due to this, an internal strain might induce in treated MoO ₂ after biofield treatment and that possibly resulted in alteration of lattice parameters and unit cell volume. Nevertheless, the crystallite size was found to be same in control and treated sample as 70.8 nm. Besides, the reduction in unit cell volume caused an increase in density from 6.450 g/cc (control) to 6.462 g/cc in treated sample.On the contrary, the molecular weight of the treated MoO ₂ powder was decreased from 129.10 to 128.87g/mol. Hence, the XRD data suggested that biofield energy treatment has altered the physical properties of MoO ₂.

Table 1. X-ray diffraction analysis of molybdenum dioxide powder.

Fig. 1. X-ray diffractogram of molybdenum dioxide powder.
3.2. Thermal Analysis
Thermal analysis of MoO ₂ was accomplished using TGADTG system. The TGA curve of control and treated MoO ₂ is shown in Fig 2. The control TGA showed that the sample started to gain the weight around 336.5°C, and continues till 444.5°C. In this process, the weight of control sample was increased by approximately 9.5% as compared to its initial weight. Naouel et al. reported that the weight gain by MoO ₃ sample in TGA was due to its oxidation [20] Zhang et al. reported that the theoretical weight gain during oxidation of MoO ₂ to MoO ₃ is 12.5% [21].

Nevertheless, the treated sample started to gain the weight at around 386.6 °C and continue to gain till 657.4 °C. In this process the weight of the treated sample was increased by 7.6% with respect to its weight at 306.6°C. It suggested that the onset temperature for oxidation of treated sample was decreased by 8.8% as compared to the control. It could be due to decrease in thermal stability of treated MoO ₂ sample after biofield energy treatment. It is assumed that the energy absorbed by the treated sample through biofield energy treatment, probably alter the bond strength of M=O. Due to which, the treated MoO ₂ may convert into MoO ₃ at lower temperature. Nevertheless, the data also showed that the control sample started to lose its weight at onset temperature 702.87°C and ended at temperature 825°C. The weight loss at this temperature could be due to sublimation of the MoO ₃ compound [22,23]. Furthermore, the treated sample showed the onset and endset temperature at 691.92°C and 825°C respectively. The data suggested that the onset temperature of treated sample was reduced as compared to the control. Thus,it is assumed that the intermolecular interaction of the treated sample may get reduced after the biofield treatment and that might be responsible for the reduction of onset temperature in the treated sample as compared to control. Further, the reduction in intermolecular interaction in treated sample may reduce its thermal stability. Besides, the peak width i.e. the difference of onset and endset temperature, was calculated as 122.13°C in the control while, it was increased to 133.08 °C in the treated sample. The data also exhibited that in this sublimation process, the control and treated samples were lost around 71.50% and 61.83% of their respective initial weight. Moreover, the rate of weight loss was decreased from 1.50 ×10⁻⁵ g/s (control) to 0.88 ×10⁻⁵ g/s in treated MoO ₂ sample (Table 2). It indicated that the rate of weight loss of treated MoO ₂ during decomposition process was decreased by 41.05% as compared to the control. Hence, TGA data suggested that biofield energy treatment has altered the thermal properties of MoO ₂.

Fig. 2. TGA thermogram of molybdenum dioxide powder.

Fig. 2. TGA thermogram of molybdenum dioxide powder.
3.3. FT-IR Spectroscopy
The FT-IR spectra of control and treated MoO ₂ samples are presented in Fig 3. The control sample showed the absorption band at wavenumber 975 cm⁻¹,which was assigned to symmetric stretching modes of the double terminal Mo=O bond [24]. It was shifted to lower wavenumber 970 cm⁻¹ in the treated sample after biofield treatment. Previously, our group reported that biofield energy treatment had altered the Ti-O bond length in barium titanate (BaTiO ₃) [25]. The stretching vibration wavenumber (ν) of a bond is directly related to the bond force constant (k) as follow:

Here, μ is effective mass of atoms, which form the bond.

From the above equation, it can be inferred that the increase of bond force constant leads to increase the wavenumber in FT-IR and vice versa. Thus, the decrease in wavenumber corresponding to Mo=O stretching vibration in the treated sample suggested that its bond strength might reduce after biofield energy treatment. In addition, the band observed at 466 cm⁻¹ in control, was shifted to lower wavenumber 450 cm⁻¹ in the treated sample, which could be due to metal oxygen bond. In addition, the treated sample also showed the absorption bands at 547 and 715 cm⁻¹, which were absent in control sample. It was reported that the band around 715 cm⁻¹ is the characteristic peak of the asymmetric stretching vibrations of the O−Mo−O bonds [26]. Based on the above data, it is assumed that biofield energy treatment probably acted at bonding level to cause these modification. Furthermore, the reduction in bond strength in M=O was also supported by the reduction in thermal stability of MoO ₂. Besides, in order to use MoO ₂ as catalyst in hydrocarbon, it's Mo=O bond strength and thermal stability plays an important role. Hence, the modification of M=O bond strength and thermal stability of MoO ₂ through biofield energy treatment could alter its catalytic activities.

Fig. 3. FT-IR spectra of molybdenum dioxide powder.
4. Conclusions
The biofield treatment has reduced the lattice parameters and unit cell volume of monoclinic MoO ₂ powder. The XRD data showed the alteration in the lattice parameters, unit cell volume, density and molecular weight of the treated sample as compared to the control. The TGA study revealed that the onset temperature of thermal degradation of MoO ₂ was reduced from 702.87 °C to 691.92 °C, which could be due to the reduction of thermal stability of treated sample as compared to the control. The rate of weight loss during degradation in treated sample was reduced by 41.05% as compared to the control. Besides, FT-IR spectra exhibited that the absorption band corresponding to Mo=O stretching vibration was shifted from 975 cm⁻¹ (control) to lower wavenumber i.e. 970 cm⁻¹ in the treated sample, which could be due to reduction of strength of Mo=O bond in the treated sample. Hence, overall data concluded that biofield energy treatment has significant impact on the physical, thermal, and structural properties of MoO ₂ powder. Therefore, the modification of thermal stability and bonding strength of treated MoO ₂ through biofield energy treatment could make it more useful in catalytic action as compared to the control.
Acknowledgements
Authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Cheng Dong of NLSC, Institute of Physics, and Chinese academy of sciences for permitting us to use Powder-X software for analyzing XRD results. The authors would also like to thank Trivedi Science, Trivedi Master Wellness and Trivedi Testimonials for their support during the work.
References
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[3] Shi Y, Guo B, Corr SA, Shi Q, Hu YS, and Heier KR (2009) Ordered mesoporous metallic MoO ₂ materials with highly reversible lithium storage capacity. Nano Lett 9: 4215-4220.
[4] Marin-Flores O, Turba T, Ellefson C, Wang K, Breit J, and Ahn J et al. (2010) Nanoparticle molybdenum dioxide: A highly active catalyst for partial oxidation of aviation fuels. Appl Catal B: Environ 98: 186-192.
[5] Marin Flores O, Turba T, Ellefson C, Scudiero L, Breit J, Norton G et al. (2010) Nanoparticle molybdenum dioxide: a new alternative catalytic material for hydrogen production via partial oxidation of jet-a fuels. J Nanoelectron Optoe 5: 1-5.
[6] Belatel H, Al-Kandari H, Al-Khorafi F, and Katrib A (2004) The bifunctional catalytic properties of a partially H2-reduced MoO ₃. Catal Commun 5: 225-229.
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[8] Chen X, Zhang Z, Li X, Shi C, and Li X (2006) Selective synthesis of metastable MoO ₂ nanocrystallites through a solution-phase approach. Chem Phys Lett 418: 105-108.
[9] Irfan, So F, and Gao Y (2011) Photoemission spectroscopy characterization of attempts to deposit MoO ₂ thin film. Int J Photoenergy Volume 2011, Article ID 314702, 6 pages.
[10] Barnes PM, Powell-Griner E, McFann K, and Nahin RL (2004) complementary and alternative medicine use among adults: United States, 2002. Advanced Data, 343: 1-19.
[11] Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, et al. (2015) Potential impact of biofield treatment on atomic and physical characteristics of magnesium. Vitam Miner 3: 129.
[12] Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O, et al.(2015) An evaluation of biofield treatment on thermal, physical and structural properties of cadmium powder. J Thermodyn Catal 6: 147.
[13] Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2013) Effect of bio field treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of Silicon, Tin and Lead powders J Material Sci Eng 2: 125.
[14] Trivedi MK, Patil S, Nayak G, Jana S, Latiyal O (2015) Influence of biofield treatment on physical, structural and spectral properties of boron nitride. J Material Sci Eng 4: 181.
[15] Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O (2015) Studies of the atomic and crystalline characteristics of ceramic oxide nano powders after bio field treatment. Ind Eng Manage 4: 161.
[16] Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, et al. (2015) characterization of physical, thermal and structural properties of chromium (VI) oxide powder: Impact of biofield treatment. J Powder Metall Min 4: 128.
[17] Deng Z, Hu Y, Ren D, Lin S, Jiang H, and Li C (2015) Reciprocal hybridization of MoO ₂ nanoparticles and few-layer MoS2 for stable lithium-ion batteries. Chem Commun 51: 13838-13841.
[18] Schwertmann U, and Cornell RM (2007) Iron oxides in the laboratory: preparation and characterization. John Wiley & Sons.
[19] Kumar P and Kar M (2014) Effect of structural transition on magnetic and dielectric properties of La and Mn Co-substituted BiFeO ₃ ceramics. Mater Chem and Phys 148: 968-977.
[20] Naouel R, Touati F, and Gharbi N (2012) Control of the morphology of molybdenum dioxide nanoparticles. E-Journal of Chemistry 9: 233-239.
[21] Zhang H, Wu T, Wang K, Wu X, Chen X, and Jiang Y et al. (2013) Uniform hierarchical MoO ₂/carbon spheres with high cycling performance for lithium ion batteries. J Mater Chem A 1: 12038-12043.
[22] Sarno M, Garamella A, Cirillo C, and Ciambelli P (2014) MoO ₂ synthesis for LIBs. Chem Eng Transac 41: 307-312.
[23] Azurdia JA, McCrum A, and Laine RM (2008) Systematic synthesis of mixed-metal oxides in NiO-Co3O4, NiO-MoO ₃, and NiO-CuO systems via liquid-feed flame spray pyrolysis. J Mater Chem 18: 3249-3258.
[24] Martos M, Morales J, Sanches L (2002) Mechanochemical synthesis of Sn12xMoxO2 anode materials for Li-Ion batteries. J Mater Chem 12: 2979-2984.
[25] Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O, et al. (2015) Impact of biofield treatment on atomic and structural characteristics of barium titanate powder. Ind Eng Manage 4: 166.
[26] Baran EJ, Mormann TJ, Grocke HJ, and Jeitschko W (2001) Infrared and Raman spectra of Hg ₂MoO ₄ and Hg2WO4. J Raman Spectroscopy 32: 395-398.
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Physical, Thermal & Structural Properties of Molybdenum Dioxide - Impact of Biofield

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International Journal of Materials Science and Applications Published November 9, 2015 Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Rama Mohan Tallapragada, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Omprakash Latiyal, Snehasis Jana. Analysis of Physical, Thermal, and Structural Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Molybdenum Dioxide. International Journal of Materials Science and Applications. Vol. 4, No.

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Molybdenum dioxide (MoO2) is known for its catalytic activity toward reforming hydrocarbons. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on physical, thermal, and structural properties in MoO2.

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International Journal of Materials Science and Applications

Published online November 9, 2015 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ijmsa)

doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20150405.21

ISSN: 2327-2635 (Print); ISSN: 2327-2643 (Online)

Analysis of Physical, Thermal, and Structural Properties of

Biofield Energy Treated Molybdenum Dioxide

, Rama Mohan Tallapragada

Trivedi Global Inc., Henderson, USA

Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Rama Mohan Tallapragada, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Omprakash Latiyal, Snehasis Jana.

Analysis of Physical, Thermal, and Structural Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Molybdenum Dioxide. International Journal of

Materials Science and Applications. Vol. 4, No. 5, 2015, pp. 354-359. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20150405.21

) is known for its catalytic activity to ward reforming hydrocarbons. The objective of

this study was to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on physical, thermal, and structural properties in MoO

powder sample was divided into two parts, one part was remained as untreated, called as control, while the other par t

was subjected to Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment and c alled as treated. Both control and treated samples were

investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (T GA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR)

spectroscopy. The XRD data exhibited that the biofield treatment has altered the lattice parameters, unit cell volume, density

and molecular weight of the tr eated sample as compared to t he control. The TGA study revealed that the onset temperature of

thermal degradation of MoO

was reduced from 702.87°C to 691.92°C. Besides, the FT-IR spectra exhibited that the

absorption band corresponding to Mo=O stretching vibratio n was shifted to lower wavenumber i.e. 975 cm

in treate d sample. Hence, above results suggested that biofield energy treatment has altered the physical, thermal, and

structural properties in MoO

powder. Therefore, the b iofield treatment could be applied to modify the catalytic properties of

in pharmaceutical industries.

Molybdenum Dioxide, Biofield Energy Treatment, X-ray Diffraction, Thermogravimetric Analysis,

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Molybdenum is a well-known element, around 80% is

utilized in steel industries to improve the corrosion resistance

[1]. T he molybdenum compounds have long been use for

numerous applications. Molybde num has oxidation states

varying from +2 to +6, among them, oxides exist in two

forms i.e. molybdenum (IV) and molybdenum (VI) oxide.

conductivity like metals due to presence of delocalized

electrons in its valence band [2]. Due to this, MoO

rechargeable lithium ion batteries as anode material [3 ]. In

addition, it is also used in solid o xide fuel cell (SOFC) as

electrical conductivity [4, 5]. Recently, MoO

significant attention d ue to its catalytic acti vity towards

reforming hydrocarbons. The catalytic action of MoO

governed by metallic site i.e. Mo

metallic site dissociates the hydrogen (H

hydrogen atoms. After that, the active hydrogen atoms binds

with the surface oxygen and form Bronsted acid functional

groups [6]. For industrial applications, the ph ysical, thermal,

and morphological properties of MoO

Currently, the p hysical and thermal proper ties of MoO

controlled via various processes such as reduction of MoO

[7], hydrothermal process [8], and thermal evaporation [9],

etc. All these process are either require costly equipment

setup or high temperature conditions to obtain the desired

properties. Thus, it is important to search an alternative

The energy exists in various forms and there are several

ways to transfer the energy from one place to another such as

electrochemical, electrical and thermal etc. Similarly, the

International Journal of Materials Science and Applications 2015; 4(5): 354-359 355

human nervous system consists of ne urons, which have the

ability to transmit information and energy in the form of

electrical signals. D ue to this, a human has the ability to

transmit it to any object (living or non-living) around the

responded into useful way that is called biofield energy. This

process is termed as biofield energy treatment. The National

(NCCAM) has consid ered the b iofield treatment (o r healing

therapy) under subcategory of energy therapies [10]. Mr.

Trivedi's unique biofield energy treatme nt is known as The

Trivedi Effect®. Recently, Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy

treatment is known to alter the atomic, physical and thermal

characteristics in several metals [11-13] and ceramics [14-16]

in material science field. After considering the outstanding

consequences with biofield energy treatment on ceramics and

metals, this work was designed to evaluate the effect of

biofield treatment on the physical, thermal, and structural

using X-ray diffraction (XRD),

thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform

infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy.

powder was purchased from Sigma Aldrich,

USA. T he procure d powder was equally divided into two

parts. One part was remained untreated, called as control.

While, other part was in sealed pack, handed over to Mr.

laboratory conditions. Mr. Trivedi provided the treatment

through his energy transmission process to the treated sample

without touching the sample and this part was coded as

treated. After that, the control and treated samples were

characterized using XRD, TGA, and FT-IR techniques.

The XRD analysis of control a nd treated MoO

diffractometer system. The X-r ay of wavelength 1. 54056

m was used. Fro m the XRD diffractogra m, the peak

(FWHM) (θ°), relative intensity (%) values were obtained.

parameter and unit cell volume of the control and treated

The Scherrer equation was used to compute

the crystallite size (D) as following:

Here, b is full width half maximum (FWHM) of XRD

peaks, k=0.94, and λ =1.54056 Å.

The percentage change in crystallite size was calculated

% change in crystallite size = [(D

are crystallite size o f control and treated

powder samples respectively.

The thermal analysis of MoO

TGA-DTG. For that, Mettler Toledo simultaneous TGA-

DTG instrument was used. The sa mples were heated from

room temperature to 900ºC with a heating rate of 10ºC/min

under nitrogen atmosphere.

The FT-IR analysis of control and treated MoO

frequency range of 4000-500 cm

accomplished to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment on

dipole moment, force constant and bo nd strength in chemical

3. Results and Discussion

The XRD tech nique is a quantitative a nd non-destructi ve

technique, which ha ve been widely us ed to study the crystal

structure and its pa rameters for a give n compound. The

XRD pattern o f control and treated MoO

Ths XRD pattern of control sample showed th e crystallin e

peaks at Bragg angle (2θ) 26.02°, 36.9 7°, 53.51°, 60.25,

and 66.67°. T he peaks wer e fitted well with the monoclinic

crystal structure according to Joint committe e on po wder

diffraction stand ards (JCPDS file no. 65-5758 wit h a spac e

showed the peaks at 2θ 26.04°, 37.00°, 53.55°, 60. 29, and

66.68°. It indicate d that all XRD p eaks were slightly shifted

toward higher angles in the treated sample as compared to

the control, after biofield energy treat ment. In ord er to

software was used and lattice para meters, unit cell volume,

density, and molecular weight were co mputed. T he results

are prese nted in Table 1. The data showed that the latt ice

parameters "a" and "c" o f trea ted sa mple wer e de creased

from 5.649 Å (control) to 5.643 Å and 5.650 Å (control) to

Schwertmann et al. repor ted that the reduction in latt ice

parameter of unit ce ll led to shift the XRD peaks toward

higher angles [ 18]. It was also reported that the XRD peaks

can shift to the higher side i f larger radii a toms are replaced

by smaller radii atoms [19 ]. The decrease in lattice

parameter and unit cell volume were supported b y shifting

of X RD p eaks toward higher angles. Thus, based on the

parameters "a" and "c ", it is presumed that the biofield

treatment might i nduce compressive stress in tr eated MoO

Due to this, an internal str ain might induce in treated MoO

356 Mahendra Kumar Trivedi et al.: Analysis of Physical, Thermal, and Structural Properties

of Biofield Energy Treated Molybdenum Dioxide

Nevertheless, the crystallite size was found to be same in

control and treated sample as 70.8 nm. Beside s, the

reduction in unit cell volume caused an increase i n density

from 6.45 0 g/cc (control) to 6.462 g/cc in treated sample.

On the c ontrary, the molecular weight of the treated MoO

powder was de creased from 1 29.10 to 128 .87g/mol. Hence,

the XRD data sugge sted that biofield energy treat ment has

altered the physical p roperties of MoO

Fig. 1. X-ray diffractogram of molybdenum dioxide powder.

Table 1. X-ray diffraction analysis of molybdenum dioxide powder.

was accomplished usi ng TGA-

DTG system. The TGA curve of control and treated MoO

shown in Fig 2. The control TGA showed that the sample

started to gain the weight around 336.5 °C, and continues till

444.5°C. In this pr ocess, the weight of control sample was

increased by approximately 9.5% as compared to its initial

weight. Naouel et al. reported that the weight gain by MoO

sample in TGA was due to its oxidation [20] Zhang et al.

reported that the theoretical weight gain during oxidation of

Nevertheless, the treated sample started to gain the weight

at around 386.6 °C and continue to gain till 6 57.4 °C. In this

process the weight of the treated sample was increased by

7.6% with respect to its weight at 306.6°C. It suggested that

the onset temperature for oxidation of treated sample was

decreased by 8.8% as compared to the control. It could be

due to decrea se in thermal stability of treated MoO

after biofield energy treat ment. It is assumed that the energy

treatment, probably a lter the bo nd strength of M=O. Due to

temperature. Nevertheless, the data also showed that the

control sample started to lo se its weight at onset temperature

702.87°C and ended at temperature 825°C. The weight loss

at this temperature could be due to sublimation of the MoO

compound [22,23]. Furthermore, the treated sample showed

the onset and endset temperature at 691.92°C and 825°C

respectively. The data suggested that the onset temperature of

treated sample was reduced as compared to the control. Thus,

it is assumed that the intermolecular interaction o f the treated

sample may get reduced after the bio field treatment and th at

might be responsible for the reduction of onset temperature

in the treated sample as compared to control. Further, the

reduction in intermolecular interaction in tr eated sample may

reduce its thermal stability. Besides, the peak width i.e. th e

difference of onset and endset temperature, was calculated as

122.13°C in the control while, it was i ncreased to 133.08 °C

in the treated sample. The data also exhibited that in t his

sublimation p rocess, the con trol and treated samples were

lost around 71.50 % and 61.83% of their respective initial

weight. Moreover, the rate of weight loss was decreased from

g/s (control) to 0.88 ×10

sample (Table 2). It indicated that the rate of weight los s of

during decomposition process was decreased

by 41.05% as compared to the control. Hence, TGA data

thermal properties of MoO

Table 2. TGA analysis of molybdenum dioxide powder.

Parameter Control Treated

Peak width 122.13 1 33.08

Percent change in weight at Onset 109.52 105.44

Percent change in weight at endset 38.02 43.61

Change in weight percent -71.50 -61.83

Percent change in weight/width -0.585 -0.464

Percent change in rate of weight loss

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.authors[].name
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Rama Mohan Tallapragada, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Omprakash Latiyal, Snehasis Jana

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Analysis of Physical, Thermal, and Structural Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Molybdenum Dioxide - PdfSR.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Molybdenum dioxide (MoO2) is known for its catalytic activity toward reforming hydrocarbons. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on physical, thermal, and structural properties in MoO2.

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Physical and Thermal Properties of Molybdenum Dioxide

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Physical and Thermal Properties of Molybdenum Dioxide

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| Visit the link to know about how the unique human energy treatment could alter the physical & thermal properties of molybdenum oxide.

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structural properties of molybdenum dioxide

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
thermal properties of molybdenum dioxide

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
physical properties of molybdenum dioxide

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
"Analysis of Physical, Thermal, and Structural Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Molybdenum Dioxide" by Mahendra Trivedi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Molybdenum dioxide (MoO2) is known for its catalytic activity toward reforming hydrocarbons. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on physical, thermal, and structural properties in MoO2.

# data[].attributes.headline
Structural Properties of Biofield Treated MoO2

# data[].attributes.subject
Structural Properties of Biofield Treated MoO2

# data[].attributes.body
| The current research shows the influence of the unique human energy treatment on the structural properties of biofield treated MoO2. Click on the link to know more.

# data[].attributes.headline
FT-IR Spectroscopic Characterization of MoO2

# data[].attributes.subject
FT-IR Spectroscopic Characterization of MoO2

# data[].attributes.body
| In the present research, FT-IR spectrum exhibits the alteration in the wavenumber of the treated sample of Molybdenum Dioxide as compare to untreated sample. Get to know more from the given below link.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Analysis of Physical, Thermal, and Structural Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Molybdenum Dioxide

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Molybdenum dioxide (MoO2) is known for its catalytic activity toward reforming hydrocarbons. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on physical, thermal, and structural properties in MoO2. The MoO2 powder

# data[].attributes.body
| The TGA study revealed that the onset temperature of thermal degradation of MoO2 was reduced from 702.87°C to 691.92°C that shows the changes in thermal properties of MoO2 due to the impact from the biofield treatment.

# data[].attributes.body
| In the research, the XRD analysis data of Molybdenum Dioxide exhibited the alteration in the lattice parameters, unit cell volume, density and molecular weight of the treated sample.

# data[].attributes.headline
Properties of Biofield Treated Molybdenum

# data[].attributes.subject
Properties of Biofield Treated Molybdenum

# data[].attributes.body
This study assess the effect of biofield energy treatment on the physical, thermal, and structural properties in MoO2. Visit the link for more details.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Analysis of Physical, Thermal, and Structural Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Molybdenum Dioxide :: Science Publishing Group

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Molybdenum dioxide (MoO 2 ) is known for its catalytic activity toward reforming hydrocarbons. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on physical, thermal, and structural properties in MoO 2 .

# data[].attributes.headline
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Assay | S. Boydii

# data[].attributes.subject
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Assay | S. Boydii

# data[].attributes.body
|The study highlights the use of a unique human energy treatment and its impact on Shigella boydii (S. boydiii) with respect of antimicrobial susceptibility assay, biochemical characteristics and biotyping.

# data[].attributes.body
The MIC values of tested antimicrobials after biofield treatment was significantly altered in S. boydii as compared to the control sample. Get to know more from the link given below.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Antibiogram of Biofield-Treated Shigella boydii: Global Burden of Infections

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Bacillary dysentery and acute gastroenteritis caused by infection of Shigella species are major public health burden in India and its neighboring countries. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance threatens to render current treatments ineffective. The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on Shigella boydii (S.

# data[].attributes.headline
S. Boydii' Unique Energy Healing Treatment

# data[].attributes.subject
S. Boydii' Unique Energy Healing Treatment

# data[].attributes.body
From the overall research data it is concluded that Mr. Trivedi's unique energy healing procedure could be consider as an alternative approach to alter the sensitivity pattern of antimicrobials.

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Science Journal of Clinical Medicine
Published November 9, 2015

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Sambhu Charan Mondal, Snehasis Jana. Antibiogram of Biofield Treated Shigella boydii: Global Burden of Infections. Science Journal of Clinical Medicine. Vol. 4, No. 6, 2015, pp. 121-126. doi: 10.11648/j.sjcm.20150406.12

Antibiogram of Biofield-Treated Shigella boydii: Global Burden of Infections

Manuscript Link:
http://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjcm.20150406.12.pdf

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Sambhu Charan Mondal, Snehasis Jana

DOI: 10.11648/j.sjcm.20150406.12 ISSN: 2327-2724 (Print)2327-2732 (online)
Citation
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Sambhu Charan Mondal, Snehasis Jana. Antibiogram of Biofield-Treated Shigella boydii: Global Burden of Infections. Science Journal of Clinical Medicine. Vol. 4, No. 6, 2015, pp. 121-126. doi: 10.11648/j.sjcm.20150406.12
Abstract
Bacillary dysentery and acute gastroenteritis caused by infection of Shigella species are major public health burden in India and its neighboring countries. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance threatens to render current treatments ineffective. The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on Shigella boydii ( S. boydiii) with respect of antimicrobial susceptibility assay, biochemical characteristics and biotyping. The American Type Culture Collection (ATCC 9207) strain of S. boydiii was used in this experiment. The study was conducted in revived and lyophilized state of S. boydiii. Both revived (Group; Gr. II) and lyophilized (Gr. III) strain of S. boydiii were subjected to Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment. Gr. II was assessed on day 5 and day 10, while Gr. III on day 10 with respect to control (Gr. I). Sensitivity pattern of amoxicillin/k-clavulanate was improved from intermediate (I) to susceptible (S) with correspond to MIC value was also reduced by two folds (16/8 to ≤ 8/4 μg/mL) in both the treated groups as compared to control. The antimicrobial susceptibility of S. boydiii showed 15% alteration in Gr. II on day 5, while significant (40%) alteration was found on day 10 as compared to control. The MIC values of antimicrobials for S. boydiii also showed 12.50% alteration in Gr. II on day 5 while, significant alteration (59.38%) of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value was found in Gr. II on day 10 as compared to control. It was observed that overall 69.70% biochemical reactions were changed in which 66.67% alteration was found in Gr. II on day 10 with respect to control. Moreover, biotype numbers were changed in all the treated groups without alteration of organism as compared to control. These results suggested that biofield treatment had significant impact on S. boydiii in Gr. II on day 10 with respect to antimicrobial susceptibility, MIC and biochemical reactions pattern.

Keywords: Shigella boydii, Antimicrobial Sensitivity, Biofield Treatment, Biochemical Reaction, Biotype, Bacillary Dysentery, Shigellosis, Acute Gastroenteritis
1. Introduction
Shigella boydii ( S. boydiii) is a non-motile, non-spore forming, non-lactose fermenting and Gram-negative rod shape bacterium that belongs to the family of Enterobacteriaceae. S. boydiii mainly causes infections through contaminated food/water/soil or with fecal matter. It inhabits in the gut and rectum of humans and other primates [1, 2]. S. boydiii contains 20 distinct antigenic serotypes [3]. Shigella species are highly infective and virulent due to release of a potent cytotoxin known as 'Shigatoxin' which causes severe and sometimes fatal disease [4]. It does not produce gas from carbohydrates but ferments glucose predominantly which is one of its characteristic features [5]. The manifestations of major clinical complications in S. boydiii infected patients include, shigellosis (watery diarrhoea with mild vomiting), reactive arthritis and hemolytic uremic syndrome [6]. According to the reports of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the USA Shigella is estimated to cause 80 - 165 million cases of disease and 600,000 deaths per year worldwide. Therapeutic uses of antimicrobials against shigellosis can slightly shorten the duration of symptoms. Fluoroquinolone or ceftriaxone is the drug of choice to treat this disease. However, due to high tendency of multidrug resistance globally including fluoroquinolones and newer cephalosporins, particularly in South and East Asia [7], some alternative strategies are needed to treat against strains of S. boydiii.

Based on National Institute of Health/National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NIH/NCCAM) has reported that energy therapies either biofield or electromagnetic based involve use of this energy fields to promote health and healing [8]. Harold Saxton Burr had performed the detailed studies on correlation of electric current with physiological process and concluded that every single process in the human body had an electrical significance [9]. Recently, it was discovered that all electrical processes happening in body have strong relationship with magnetic field as described by Ampere's law, which states that moving charge produces magnetic fields in surrounding space [10, 11]. According to Rivera-Ruiz et al. it was reported that electrocardiography has been extensively used to measure the biofield of human body [12]. Thus, human has the ability to harness the energy from environment or Universe and can transmit into any living or nonliving object(s) around the Globe. The objects always receive the energy and respond into useful way that is called biofield energy and the process is known as biofield treatment (The Trivedi Effect ®). Mr. Trivedi's unique biofield treatment has been known to transform the structural, physical and thermal properties of several metals in material science [13-15], improved the overall productivity of crops [16, 17], altered characteristics features of microbes [18-20] and improved growth and anatomical characteristics of various medicinal plants [21, 22].

Due to the clinical significance of this organism and literature reports, biofield treatment as an alternative approach, the present work was undertaken to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on S. boydiii in relation to antimicrobials susceptibility, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and biotyping based on various biochemical characters.
2. Materials and Methods
S. boydiii, American Type Culture Collection (ATCC 9207) strains were procured from Micro Bio Logics, Inc., USA, in two sets A and B. Two different sealed packs were stored with proper storage conditions until further use. The antimicrobial susceptibility, MIC values, biochemical reactions and biotype number were estimated with the help of MicroScan Walk- Away® (Dade Behring Inc., West Sacramento, CA, USA) using negative breakpoint combo 30 (NBPC 30) panel. All the tested antimicrobials and biochemicals were procured from Sigma-Aldrich (MA, USA).
2.1. Experimental Design
Two ATCC samples A (revived) and B (lyophilized) of S. boydiii were grouped (Gr.). The revived sample A was divided into two parts Gr. I (control) and Gr. II (revived; treatment); likewise, ATCC B was labeled as Gr. III (lyophilized; treatment).
2.2. Biofield Treatment Strategy
The Gr. I remained as untreated. The treatment Gr. II and III in sealed pack were handed over to Mr. Trivedi for biofield treatment under laboratory condition. Mr. Trivedi provided the treatment through his energy transmission process to the treatment groups without touching the samples. After treatment, all samples were handed over in the same condition and stored for analysis. Gr. II was assessed at two time points i.e. on day 5 and 10 and Gr. III was assessed on day 10. After biofield treatment, all groups (control and treated) were investigated for antimicrobial susceptibility, MIC, pattern of biochemical reactions and biotyping.
2.3. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test
Investigation of antimicrobial susceptibility of S. boydiii was carried out with the help of automated instrument, Micro Scan Walk-Away ® using NBPC 30 panel. The panel can be stored at 2 to 25ºC for analysis. The panel was allowed to equilibrate to room temperature prior to rehydration. All opened panels were used on the same day. The tests carried out on Micro Scan were miniaturized of the broth dilution susceptibility test that has been dehydrated. Briefly, 0.1 mL of the standardized suspension of S. boydiii was pipetted into 25 mL of inoculum water using pluronic and inverted 8 to 10 times and inoculated, rehydrated, and then subjected to incubation for 16 hours at 35°C. Rehydration and inoculation was performed using the RENOK ® system with inoculators- D (B1013-4). 25 mL of standardized inoculum suspension was poured in to inoculum tray. The detailed experimental procedure and conditions were followed as per the manufacturer's instructions. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern (S: Susceptible, R: Resistant; and I: Intermediate) and MIC were determined by observing the lowest antimicrobial concentration showing inhibition of growth [23].
2.4. Biochemical Reaction Studies
Biochemical reactions of S. boydiii were determined using Micro Scan Walk-Away ®, system with NBPC 30 panel [23].
2.5. Identification of Organism by Biotype Number
The biotype number of S. boydiii was determined by the data of a series of biochemical reactions when processed on Micro Scan Walk-Away ® panel [23].
3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test
The outcome of S. boydiii susceptibility pattern and MIC values of tested antimicrobials after biofield treatment are summarized in Table 1 and 2, respectively. The data were analyzed and compared with respect to control. Antimicrobial susceptibility was carried out using twenty antimicrobials. The revived treated cells (Gr. II) of S. boydiii showed a significant alteration in antimicrobial sensitivity pattern i.e. 40% (eight out of twenty) on day 10, 15% (three out of twenty) on day 5 as compared to control. Moreover, lyophilized treated cells (Gr. III) showed 10% (two out of twenty) alteration on day 10 as compared to control. The susceptibility pattern of S. boydiii for amoxicillin/kclavulanate in control sample of S. boydiii was observed as intermediate (I) type of resistance i.e. low resistance. This finding is supported by several literature data, reporting that S. boydiii is resistant to this antibiotic [24, 25].

In this experiment, susceptibility pattern of amoxicillin/kclavulanate was improved from I to S in Gr. II as well as Gr. III on day 10 as compared to control. Besides, the MIC value of amoxicillin/k-clavulanate was also reduced by two folds (16/8 to ≤ 8/4 μg/mL) in both the treated groups as compared to control. This improvement in susceptibility pattern from intermediate to susceptible may be due to biofield treatment. Antibiotics such as aztreonam, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, chloramphenicol and tetracycline showed an alteration of susceptibility pattern from S to R in Gr. II on day 10 as compared to control. However among five, sensitivity pattern of tetracycline was additionally changed from S to R in Gr. II (on day 5) and Gr. III as compared to control. The sensitivity patterns of both cefotaxime and ceftazidime in control S. boydiii sample were matched with literature data [26]. Moreover, antibiotics such as ampicillin and cefepime showed an alteration of sensitivity pattern from S to I in Gr. II on day 10 while sensitivity of ampicillin was altered from S to R on day 5 as compared to control after biofield treatment. Twelve out of twenty (60%) antimicrobials viz. ampicillin/sulbactam, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, imipenem, levofloxacin, meropenem, moxifloxacin, piperacillin/tazobactam, piperacillin, ticarcillin/k-clavulanate and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole did not show any change of antimicrobial sensitivity after biofield treatment with respect to control sample (Table 1). The MIC values of aztreonam, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, cefotaxime and chloramphenicol were changed from ≤8 to >16 μg/mL in Gr. II on day 10 as compared to control. Alteration of MIC value of ampicillin, cefazolin, cefepime and cephalothin (≤8 to 16 μg/mL) was noticed in Gr. II on day 10 while ampicillin additionally changed to (>16 μg/mL) on day 5. However, these four antibiotics did not show any change in MIC value in Gr. III as compared to control. Moreover, changes in MIC values of amikacin, cefotetan from ≤ 8 to > 32 μg/mL were observed in Gr. II on day 10 after biofield treatment while did not change in Gr. III as compared to control. Antimicrobial i.e. nitrofurantoin showed an alteration of MIC value from ≤ 32 to > 64 μg/mL in Gr. II on both day 5 and 10 while change of MIC value (64 μg/mL) was observed in Gr. III as compared to control. Besides this, gentamicin, tetracycline and tobramycin showed an alteration of MIC value from ≤4 to > 8 μg/mL in Gr. II on day 10 while tetracycline was additionally changed the MIC value to > 8 μg/mL in Gr. II (on day 5) and Gr. III (on day 10) as compared to control. The MIC values of ESBL-a Scrn and ESBL-b Scrn were changed from ≤ 4 to > 4 and ≤1 to >1 respectively in Gr. II on day 10 while no change of MIC values was observed in Gr. II (on day 5) and Gr. III as compared to control.

Overall, 59.38% (nineteen out of thirty two) antimicrobials showed altered MIC values after biofield treatment in Gr. II on day 10 and 12.50% (four out of thirty two) on day 5 as compared to control.

Beside this, MIC values of 9.38% (three out of thirty two) antimicrobials were altered after biofield treatment in Gr. III. Thirteen, out of thirty two tested antimicrobials (40.63%) viz. ampicillin/sulbactam, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, imipenem, levofloxacin, meropenem, moxifloxacin, norfloxacin, piperacillin/tazobactam, piperacillin, ticarcillin/k-clavulanate and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole did not show any alteration of MIC values in treated cells of S. boydiii as compared to control (Table 2).

R: Resistant; I: Intermediate; S: Susceptible; Gr.: Group
Table 1. Effect of biofield treatment on antibiogram analysis of Shigella boydii.

MIC data are presented in µg/mL; Gr.: Group; ESBL-a, b Scrn: Extended-spectrum β-lactamase screen

Table 2. Effect of biofield treatment on Shigella boydii to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of tested antimicrobials.
3.2. Biochemical Reactions Studies
Study of biochemical reactions can be utilized to identify the enzymatic and metabolic characteristic features of microbes. Microorganisms can be categorically differentiated based on their utilization of specific biochemicals as nutrients during the process of metabolism or enzymatic reactions. The specific biochemical which showed some changes against S. boydiii after biofield treatment are shown in Table 3. Biochemicals such as adonitol (ADO), citrate (CIT), colistin (CL4), esculin hydrolysis (ESC), inositol (INO) and urea (URE) were changed from negative (-) to positive (+) reaction in all the treated groups with respect to control. Moreover, biochemicals such as nitrofurantoin (FD64), hydrogen sulfide (H ₂S), lysine (LYS), malonate (MAL), melibiose (MEL), galactosidase (ONPG), ornithine (ORN), raffinose (RAF), rhamnose (RHA), sucrose (SUC), tryptophan deaminase (TDA) and Voges-Proskauer (VP) were changed from negative (-) to positive (+) reaction in group Gr. II on both day 5 and 10 while remained unchanged i.e. negative (-) in Gr. III with respect to control. However, experimental data also exhibited that certain biochemicals such as arginine (ARG), cephalothin (CF8), kanamycin (K4) and tobramycin (TO4) were changed from negative (-) to positive (+) reaction in group Gr. II on day 10 while remained unchanged i.e. negative (-) on day 5 (Gr. II) and Gr. III with respect to control. Change of positive (+) to negative (-) biochemical reaction was found in case of sorbitol (SOR) in Gr. III which remain unchanged in Gr. II as compared to control. Overall, 69.70% biochemical reactions were altered in tested thirty three biochemicals with respect to control after biofield treatment. In revived treated strain of S. boydiii cells (Gr. II) showed 66.67% alteration on day 10 and 54.55% alteration on day 5, in terms of biochemical reactions as compared to control. The lyophilized treated cells of S. boydiii (Gr. III) showed only 21.21% alteration of biochemical reactions as compared to control.

About 30.30% of total tested biochemicals, such as Acetamide (ACE), arabinose (ARA), Cetrimide (CET), glucose (GLU), indole (IND), nitrate (NIT), oxidationfermentation glucose (OF/G), oxidase (OXI), penicillin (P4), and tartrate (TAR) did not show any change in all the treated groups after biofield treatment as compared to control (Table 3).

Based on existing literature Shigella serovers are able to ferment the five basic sugars by producing both acid and gas. However, differentiation of specific Shigella serotype on the basis of their sugar fermentation pattern is difficult. The key characteristic feature for S. boydiii bacterium is non-lactose fermenting, but it can ferment glucose with production of acid [1]. In this experiment, control sample of S. boydiii resulted positive (+) reaction in GLU and SOR and negative reaction (-) in case of SUC. These biochemical results were corroborated with literature data [3]. These findings could be due to fermentation of GLU and produce acid which supports the characteristic feature of S. boydiii. Moreover, the positive (+) reaction of SOR was changed to negative (-) in Gr. III and negative (-) reaction of SUC was also changed to positive (+) reaction in Gr. II possibly due to change of enzymatic reaction after biofield treatment. In the present study, negative reactions (-) of VP, URE and CIT utilization tests were observed in control sample of S. boydiii. The findings were also reported in the literature [27]. However, the negative (-) reaction of CIT and URE were changed to positive (+) in both Gr. II and Gr. III and VP changed to positive (+) in Gr. II which possibly due to alteration of metabolic and/or enzymatic reaction of S. boydiii after biofield treatment.

-, (negative); +, (positive); Gr.: Group
Table 3. Effect of biofield treatment on Shigella boydii to the biochemical reaction pattern.
3.3. Identification of Organism by Biotype Number
The species ( S. boydiii) was identified based on variety of conventional biochemical characters and biotyping. Biotype number of particular organism was evaluated after interpreting the results of the biochemical reactions. The biotype number that led to the particular organism identification. Based on the biochemical results, biotype number was changed in treated Gr. II on day 5 (77765774, S. boydiii), on day 10 (77767776, S. boydiii) and Gr. III on day 10 (41640244, S. boydiii) with respect to control (51000000) i.e. Shigella species (Table 4). These changes of biotype number without alteration of organism are assumed due to change of metabolic or enzymatic reactions of Shigella species.

Gr.: Group
Table 4. Effect of biofield treatment on biotype number of Shigella boydii.

Rapid emergence and outbreaks of resistant microorganisms due to widespread selective pressure and efficient dissemination channels are one of the factors that might have contributed to the spread of resistant organisms [28]. Due to microbial resistance to a single or multiple drugs, invention of an effective antimicrobial therapy for the human-wellness is urgently required. However, due to some limitation of science, the progress of new medications are slow and very challenging for scientists. Biofield treatment could be responsible for alteration in microorganism at genetic and/or enzymatic level, which may act on receptor protein. While altering receptor protein, ligand-receptor/protein interactions may alter that could lead to show different phenotypic characteristics [29]. Biofield treatment might induce significant changes in revived strain of S. boydiii and altered antimicrobials susceptibility pattern, MIC values and biochemical. Based on these results, it is postulated that, biofield treatment may be used to alter the sensitivity pattern of antimicrobial i.e. amoxicillin/k-clavulanate.
4. Conclusions
Altogether, the biofield treatment has significantly altered the susceptibility pattern (40%) with MIC values (59.38%) of tested antimicrobials against the ATCC strain of S. boydiii in revived treated cells (Gr. II) as compared to control. It also altered significantly the biochemical reactions pattern (66.67%) of biofield treated strain of S. boydiii in Gr. II as compared to control. On the basis of changed biochemical reactions of S. boydiii the biotype numbers were altered in Gr. II and III without alteration of organism as compared to control. Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment could be applied as an alternative therapeutic approach to alter the sensitivity pattern of antimicrobials in near future including strict public health strategies like clean water supply, good sewage management and a clean environment against bacillary dysentery and acute gastroenteritis patients infected by S. boydiii.
Abbreviations
MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentration; ATCC: American type culture collection; NBPC 30: Negative breakpoint combo 30; NIH/NCCAM: National Institute of Health/National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Acknowledgements
Authors gratefully acknowledged to Trivedi science, Trivedi testimonials and Trivedi master wellness and the whole team of PD Hinduja National Hospital and MRC, Mumbai, Microbiology Lab for their support.
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Shigella boydii: Antibiogram, Biochemical Tests & Susceptibility pattern

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Science Journal of Clinical Medicine Published November 9, 2015 Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Sambhu Charan Mondal, Snehasis Jana. Antibiogram of Biofield Treated Shigella boydii: Global Burden of Infections. Science Journal of Clinical Medicine. Vol. 4, No. 6, 2015, pp. 121-126.

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S. Boydiii | Antimicrobials Susceptibility, MIC & Biotyping

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S. Boydiii | Antimicrobials Susceptibility, MIC & Biotyping

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Mr. Trivedi’s biofield treatment could be applied as an alternative therapeutic approach to alter the sensitivity pattern of antimicrobials in near future against the bacillary dysentery and acute gastroenteritis patients infected by S. boydiii. Read here the complete research paper.

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Antibiogram of Biofield-Treated Shigella boydii: Global Burden of Infections

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Bacillary dysentery and acute gastroenteritis caused by infection of Shigella species are major public health burden in India and its neighboring countries. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance threatens to render current treatments ineffective. The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on Shigella boydii (S.

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Based on the biochemical results of the research study, the biotype number was significantly changed in the treated sample of S. boydii as compared to the untreated sample.

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Antibiogram of Biofield-Treated Shigella boydii: Global Burden of Infections | Mahendra Trivedi | Alice Branton | Dahryn Trivedi | Gopal Nayak | Academic Room

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Bacillary dysentery and acute gastroenteritis caused by infection of Shigella species are major public health burden in India and its neighboring countries. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance threatens to render current treatments ineffective. The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on Shigella boydii (S.

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Based on the research, it is postulated that the biofield energy treatment may be used to alter the sensitivity pattern of antimicrobial against the ATCC strain of S. boydii.

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biochemical characteristics of s. boydii

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acute gastroenteritis caused by s. boydii

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clinical complications in s. boydii infected patients

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"Antibiogram of Biofield-Treated Shigella boydii: Global Burden of Infections" by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

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Bacillary dysentery and acute gastroenteritis caused by infection of Shigella species are major public health burden in India and its neighboring countries. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance threatens to render current treatments ineffective. The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on Shigella boydii (S.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility of S. Boydii

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility of S. Boydii

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In the research study, the treated sample of S. boydii showed significant alteration in antimicrobial susceptibility as compare to the untreated sample. Follow the link, for more details.

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Biofield Impact on Susceptibility Pattern of S. Boydii

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Biofield Impact on Susceptibility Pattern of S. Boydii

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Human energy treatment showed significant alteration in susceptibility pattern of S. Boydii with MIC values (59.38%) of tested antimicrobials. For more detail visit the link.

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Susceptibility Pattern of Shigella Boydii

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Susceptibility Pattern of Shigella Boydii

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The analysis of susceptibility pattern of Shigella Boydii shows alteration in MIC values after the influence of unique human energy treatment. Follow the link for more details.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Antibiogram of Biofield-Treated Shigella boydii: Global Burden of Infections

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Bacillary dysentery and acute gastroenteritis caused by infection of Shigella species are major public health burden in India and its neighboring countries. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance threatens to render current treatments ineffective. The

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Due to the influence of the biofield treatment it was observed that overall 69.70% biochemical reactions were changed in which 66.67% alteration was found with respect to control.

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The current study was performed to investigate the impact of energy treatment on Shigella boydii (S. boydii) with respect to antimicrobial susceptibility assay, biochemical characteristics and biotyping. Visit the link for more details.

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Visit the link, to know about the impact of a unique biofield energy treatment on S. boydiii with respect of antimicrobial susceptibility assay, biochemical characteristics and biotyping.

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shigella boydii

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Bacillary dysentery and acute gastroenteritis caused by infection of Shigella species are major public health burden in India and its neighboring countries. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance threatens to render current treatments ineffective. The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on Shigella boydii ( S.