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21 Simple Ideas to Improve Student motivation 

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21 Simple Ideas to Improve Student motivation 

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This article covers how to motivate your students. This helps your classroom become more a positive environment.

Teach Thought Staff. (2012, December). 21 Simple Ideas To Improve Student Motivation. Retrieved June 22, 2017, from http://www.teachthought.com/pedagogy/student-engagement/21-simple-ideas-to-improve-student-motivatio/

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by TeachThought Staff

The best lessons, books, and materials in the world won't get students excited about learning and willing to work hard if they're not motivated.

Motivation, both intrinsic and extrinsic, is a key factor in the success of students at all stages of their education, and teachers can play a pivotal role in providing and encouraging that motivation in their students. Of course that's much easier said than done, as all students are motivated differently and it takes time and a lot of effort to learn to get a classroom full of kids enthusiastic about learning, working hard, and pushing themselves to excel.

Even the most well-intentioned and educated teachers sometimes lack the skills to keep kids on track, so whether you're a new teacher or an experienced one, try using these methods to motivate your students and to encourage them to live up to their true potential.
21 Simple Ideas To Improve Student Motivation
1. Give students a sense of control.

While guidance from a teacher is important to keeping kids on task and motivated, allowing students to have some choice and control over what happens in the classroom is actually one of the best ways to keep them engaged. For example, allowing students to choose the type of assignment they do or which problems to work on can give them a sense of control that may just motivate them to do more.

2. Define the objectives.
It can be very frustrating for students to complete an assignment or even to behave in class if there aren't clearly defined objectives. Students want and need to know what is expected of them in order to stay motivated to work. At the beginning of the year, lay out clear objectives, rules, and expectations of students so that there is no confusion and students have goals to work towards.

3. Create a threat-free environment.
While students do need to understand that there are consequences to their actions, far more motivating for students than threats are positive reinforcements. When teachers create a safe, supportive environment for students, affirming their belief in a student's abilities rather than laying out the consequences of not doing things, students are much more likely to get and stay motivated to do their work. At the end of the day, students will fulfill the expectations that the adults around them communicate, so focus on can, not can't.

4. Change your scenery.
A classroom is a great place for learning, but sitting at a desk day in and day out can make school start to seem a bit dull for some students. To renew interest in the subject matter or just in learning in general, give your students a chance to get out of the classroom. Take field trips, bring in speakers, or even just head to the library for some research. The brain loves novelty and a new setting can be just what some students need to stay motivated to learn.

5. Offer varied experiences.

Not all students will respond to lessons in the same way. For some, hands-on experiences may be the best. Others may love to read books quietly or to work in groups. In order to keep all students motivated, mix up your lessons so that students with different preferences will each get time focused on the things they like best. Doing so will help students stay engaged and pay attention.

6. Use positive competition.
Competition in the classroom isn't always a bad thing, and in some cases can motivate students to try harder and work to excel. Work to foster a friendly spirit of competition in your classroom, perhaps through group games related to the material or other opportunities for students to show off their knowledge.

7. Offer rewards.
Everyone likes getting rewards, and offering your students the chance to earn them is an excellent source of motivation. Things like pizza parties, watching movies, or even something as simple as a sticker on a paper can make students work harder and really aim to achieve. Consider the personalities and needs of your students to determine appropriate rewards for your class.

8. Give students responsibility.
Assigning students classroom jobs is a great way to build a community and to give students a sense of motivation. Most students will see classroom jobs as a privilege rather than a burden and will work hard to ensure that they, and other students, are meeting expectations. It can also be useful to allow students to take turns leading activities or helping out so that each feels important and valued.

9. Allow students to work together.
While not all students will jump at the chance to work in groups, many will find it fun to try to solve problems, do experiments, and work on projects with other students. The social interaction can get them excited about things in the classroom and students can motivate one another to reach a goal. Teachers need to ensure that groups are balanced and fair, however, so that some students aren't doing more work than others.

10. Give praise when earned.
There is no other form of motivation that works quite as well as encouragement. Even as adults we crave recognition and praise, and students at any age are no exception. Teachers can give students a bounty of motivation by rewarding success publicly, giving praise for a job well done, and sharing exemplary work.

11. Encourage self-reflection.
Most kids want to succeed, they just need help figuring out what they need to do in order to get there. One way to motivate your students is to get them to take a hard look at themselves and determine their own strengths and weaknesses. Students are often much more motivated by creating these kinds of critiques of themselves than by having a teacher do it for them, as it makes them feel in charge of creating their own objectives and goals.

12. Be excited.
One of the best ways to get your students motivated is to share your enthusiasm. When you're excited about teaching, they'll be much more excited about learning. It's that simple.

13. Know your students.
Getting to know your students is about more than just memorizing their names. Students need to know that their teacher has a genuine interest in them and cares about them and their success. When students feel appreciated it creates a safe learning environment and motivates them to work harder, as they want to get praise and good feedback from someone they feel knows and respects them as individuals.

14. Harness student interests.
Knowing your students also has some other benefits, namely that it allows you to relate classroom material to things that students are interested in or have experienced. Teachers can use these interests to make things more interesting and relatable to students, keeping students motivated for longer.

15. Help students find intrinsic motivation.
It can be great to help students get motivated, but at the end of the day they need to be able to generate their own motivation. Helping students find their own personal reasons for doing class work and working hard, whether because they find material interesting, want to go to college, or just love to learn, is one of the most powerful gifts you can give them.

16. Manage student anxiety.
Some students find the prospect of not doing well so anxiety-inducing that it becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy. For these students, teachers may find that they are most motivated by learning that struggling with a subject isn't the end of the world. Offer support no matter what the end result is and ensure that students don't feel so overwhelmed by expectations that they just give up.

17. Make goals high but attainable.
If you're not pushing your students to do more than the bare minimum, most won't seek to push themselves on their own. Students like to be challenged and will work to achieve high expectations so long as they believe those goals to be within their reach, so don't be afraid to push students to get more out of them.

18. Give feedback and offer chances to improve.
Students who struggle with class work can sometimes feel frustrated and get down on themselves, draining motivation. In these situations it's critical that teachers help students to learn exactly where they went wrong and how they can improve next time. Figuring out a method to get where students want to be can also help them to stay motivated to work hard.

19. Track progress.
It can be hard for students to see just how far they've come, especially with subjects that are difficult for them. Tracking can come in handy in the classroom, not only for teachers but also for students. Teachers can use this as a way to motivate students, allowing them to see visually just how much they are learning and improving as the year goes on.

20. Make things fun.
Not all class work needs to be a game or a good time, but students who see school as a place where they can have fun will be more motivated to pay attention and do the work that's required of them than those who regard it as a chore. Adding fun activities into your school day can help students who struggle to stay engaged and make the classroom a much more friendly place for all students.

21. Provide opportunities for success.
Students, even the best ones, can become frustrated and demotivated when they feel like they're struggling or not getting the recognition that other students are. Make sure that all students get a chance to play to their strengths and feel included and valued. It can make a world of difference in their motivation.
This is a cross-post from onlinecollegecourses.com

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21 Simple Ideas To Improve Student Motivation

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by TeachThought Staff The best lessons, books, and materials in the world won't get students excited about learning and willing to work hard if they're not motivated. Motivation, both intrinsic and extrinsic, is a key factor in the success of students at all stages of their education, and teachers can play a pivotal role in providing and encouraging that motivation in their students.

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Top 10 Motivation Tips for the Classroom 

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Top 10 Motivation Tips for the Classroom 

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This is a wonderful tool how to motivate students. It has specific grade level you wanted to look at.

TeacherVision. (2017). Top 10 Motivation Tips for the Classroom (Grades K-12). (2017). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from https://www.teachervision.com/classroom-management/top-10-motivation-tips-classroom

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Top 10 Motivation Tips for the Classroom (Grades K-12)

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Having trouble getting students motivated? Check out our gallery of Top 10 Motivation Tips for the Classroom.

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An article mostly focus on self-motivated for teachers and how can it effects in the classroom.

Eggleton, P. Motivation: A Key to Effective Teaching. Retrieved June 22, 2017 from  http://math.coe.uga.edu/TME/Issues/v03n2/Eggleton.pdf

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General tips of how to motivate students. A good and simple points of how to do that.

Motivating Students . (2017). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from https://teach.com/what/teachers-change-lives/teachers-motivate/

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One of the most difficult aspects of becoming a teacher is learning how to motivate your students. It is also one of the most important. Students who are not motivated will not learn effectively. They won't retain information, they won't participate and some of them may even become disruptive. A student may be unmotivated for a variety of reasons: They may feel that they have no interest in the subject, find the teacher's methods un-engaging or be distracted by external forces. It may even come to light that a student who appeared unmotivated actually has difficulty learning and is need of special attention.

While motivating students can be a difficult task, the rewards are more than worth it. Motivated students are more excited to learn and participate. Simply put: Teaching a class full of motivated students is enjoyable for teacher and student alike. Some students are self-motivated, with a natural love of learning. But even with the students who do not have this natural drive, a great teacher can make learning fun and inspire them to reach their full potential.

Here are five effective ways to get your students excited about learning:

1. Encourage Students

Students look to teachers for approval and positive reinforcement, and are more likely to be enthusiastic about learning if they feel their work is recognized and valued. You should encourage open communication and free thinking with your students to make them feel important. Be enthusiastic. Praise your students often. Recognize them for their contributions. If your classroom is a friendly place where students feel heard and respected, they will be more eager to learn. A "good job" or "nice work" can go a long way.

2. Get Them Involved

One way to encourage students and teach them responsibility is to get them involved in the classroom. Make participating fun by giving each student a job to do. Give students the responsibility of tidying up or decorating the classroom. Assign a student to erase the blackboard or pass out materials. If you are going over a reading in class, ask students to take turns reading sections out loud. Make students work in groups and assign each a task or role. Giving students a sense of ownership allows them to feel accomplished and encourages active participation in class.

3. Offer Incentives

Setting expectations and making reasonable demands encourages students to participate, but sometimes students need an extra push in the right direction. Offering students small incentives makes learning fun and motivates students to push themselves. Incentives can range from small to large giving a special privilege to an exemplary student, to a class pizza party if the average test score rises. Rewards give students a sense of accomplishment and encourage them to work with a goal in mind.

4. Get Creative

Avoid monotony by changing around the structure of your class. Teach through games and discussions instead of lectures, encourage students to debate and enrich the subject matter with visual aids, like colorful charts, diagrams and videos. You can even show a movie that effectively illustrates a topic or theme. Your physical classroom should never be boring: use posters, models, student projects and seasonal themes to decorate your classroom, and create a warm, stimulating environment.

5. Draw Connections to Real Life

"When will I ever need this?" This question, too often heard in the classroom, indicates that a student is not engaged. If a student does not believe that what they're learning is important, they won't want to learn, so it's important to demonstrate how the subject relates to them. If you're teaching algebra, take some time to research how it is utilized practically for example, in engineering and share your findings with your students. Really amaze them by telling them that they may use it in their career. Showing them that a subject is used everyday by "real" people gives it new importance. They may never be excited about algebra but if they see how it applies to them, they may be motivated to learn attentively.

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One of the most difficult aspects of becoming a teacher is learning how to motivate your students. It is also one of the most important. Students who are not motivated will not learn effectively. They won't retain information, they won't participate and some of them may even become disruptive.

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Creating a Comprehensive Classroom Management Plan 

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Creating a Comprehensive Classroom Management Plan 

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This article helps you manage your classroom more effectively, therefore students comprehend more.

Webster, J. (2017, May). How to Help a Student Perform and Behave at Their Best. Retrieved June 22, 2017, from https://www.thoughtco.com/comprehensive-classroom-management-plan-3111077

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What every teacher needs to know about comprehension.

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What every teacher needs to know about comprehension.

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This is a guide for teachers to support students with comprehension with the support through reading, vocabulary and text.
Pardo, L. (2004). What every teacher needs to know about comprehension. Retrieved June 22, 2017 from https://ftp.learner.org/workshops/teachreading35/pdf/teachers_know_comprehension.pdf

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A great short description about different style of readers (passive and active). A great question from this article, how can reading comprehension be taught?

Miami University. (2010). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from http://performancepyramid.miamioh.edu/node/385

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Importance of Comprehension | Partners In Learning | Miami University

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If you are like most parents, you have forgotten that you had to develop reading comprehension skill. Much like learning to drive, reading comprehension becomes automatic and skilled readers forget that they had to develop their reading comprehension skill. The key to teaching reading comprehension is developing the habit of "interacting" with the text and monitoring one's understanding.

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Learning Reading Comprehension skills online 

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Learning Reading Comprehension skills online 

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A wonderful tool to support students with reading comprehension at home. It explains about how to comprehension.

Time 4 Learning. (2016, November). Learning Reading Comprehension Skills Online. Retrieved June 22, 2017, from https://www.time4learning.com/readingpyramid/comprehension.htm

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Reading comprehension is one of the pillars of good reading. Just as a building needs a strong foundation, a reader needs five specific pillars of reading skills to support his or her success. The five pillars of the reading skills pyramid are:

Once a reader starts interacting with text (awareness and decoding), he or she will move to reading for understanding (comprehension). Effective reading comprehension programs teach young readers how to do more than decode. They use interactive tools that engage and challenge them, laying a solid foundation for building reading comprehension.

What Is Reading Comprehension?

Reading comprehension is being able to accurately read text, decode it, and understand the meaning. In other words, it means how well you understand what you are reading. It is what separates the "passive," unskilled reader from the "active" reader. Skilled readers don't just read, they interact with the text. To help a beginning reader understand this concept, you might explain that interactive reading comprehension involves the internal discussion the reader has with himself/herself while reading.

Skilled readers, for instance:

1. Predict what will happen next in a story using clues presented in text

2. Create questions about the main idea, message, or plot of the text

3. Monitor understanding of the sequence, context, or characters

4. Clarify parts of the text which have confused them

5. Connect the events in the text to prior knowledge or experience

How to Improve Reading Comprehension Skills

When parents are searching for online reading comprehension programs, they should focus heavily on those that build skills incrementally. Much like learning to drive, reading comprehension is taught piece by piece until the skill becomes automatic. The key to teaching reading comprehension is developing the habit of "interacting" with the text and monitoring one's understanding while reading.

By "learning to read", most parents mean that the child is decoding words. But understanding what you read-"reading comprehension"-requires that a student understand how to decode words and how to:

Make sense of new vocabulary in context

Use prediction to anticipate what's coming next in a piece of writing

Ask questions that bring better understanding to the text

Visualize what's happening or what's being conveyed

Re-read sections that are confusing

Summarize what they have just read

These skills can begin to be taught even before children begin reading for themselves. Parents and early teachers can initiate the process of reading comprehension while reading to them and asking them questions about what they're hearing.

Reading Comprehension Curriculum

Reading comprehension skills development is an integral part of a complete language arts program. With Time4Learning, these reading comprehension skills are taught and reinforced in a number of ways. Our reading comprehension lessons guide students toward:

Explaining how to using the title of a piece to build ideas about what the focus of the text will be

Using prior knowledge of a subject to enhance comprehension

Confirming, modifying, or refining their predictions as they begin to read

Distinguishing the main idea in a paragraph or essay from the supporting details

Noting any confusing vocabulary and making assumptions about their meaning

Recognizing when they are not adequately comprehending what they are reading

Returning to any problematic passages to gain further understanding

Time4Learning offers online reading comprehension exercises that help students understand the strategy used by skilled readers to approach, read, and interpret text. The software introduces a theme by having an interactive and animated exercise teach the vocabulary and subject matter. Then the comprehension software will present a story. For younger students, the passage is read to them as they follow along with the text. This approach works both for families who need supplemental reading support for a struggling student or simply need a solid homeschool reading comprehension curriculum.

Additional Reading Resources

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A good reading comprehension program will help your children become successful readers by ensuring they are grasping the meaning of what they're reading.. Improve your child's reading comprehension skills with fun, online, interactive lessons!

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How Can Teachers Increase Classroom Use of Academic Vocabulary? 

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How Can Teachers Increase Classroom Use of Academic Vocabulary? 

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Little things do impact on the students understanding of vocabulary. How to improve with your classroom's wall related with vocabulary.

Dixon, T. & Larson, L. & Townsend, D. How Can Teachers Increase Classroom Use of Academic Vocabulary? Retrieved June 22, 2017, from http://www.ncte.org/library/NCTEFiles/Resources/Journals/VM/0204-may2013/VM0204How.pdf

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NCTE - National Council of Teachers of English

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A wonderful way of expose students why vocabulary are important. An other way of approach teaching vocabulary. Mostly focus on K-6 grade.

Alexander, F. (n.d.). Understanding Vocabulary. Retrieved June 22, 2017, from https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teaching-content/understanding-vocabulary/

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What you need to know about teaching vocabulary.

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Many of vocabulary games through this website, some of students will learn better through games.

Vocabulary Games, English Vocabulary Word Games. (2017). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from http://www.vocabulary.co.il/

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אוצר מילים אונליין | מדריכים, משחקים, טיפים, המלצות לשיפור שפה

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אוצר מילים (Vocabulary) באינטרנט - מדריך אונליין לשיפור אוצר מילים. איך לשפר את השפה? איך לומדים שפה חדשה זרה? משחקים, מדריכים, טיפים, המלצות!

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5 tips for helping students to really learning vocabulary

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5 tips for helping students to really learning vocabulary

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Developing with understand of vocabulary will effect better communication. A lot of interactive involved.

Oxford University Press. (2011, August). 5 tips for helping students to really learn vocabulary. Retrieved June 22, 2017, from https://oupeltglobalblog.com/2011/08/16/5-tips-for-helping-students-to-really-learn-vocabulary/

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Laura Austin, an ELT Consultant for Oxford University Press, presents some useful tips on how to teach vocabulary to your students so that they will really learn it.

Students need to be able to do so much more than reel off lists of vocabulary. They need to be able to manipulate the language so that it can support their communicative needs. Below are 5 ways to help students really learn vocabulary; to help them write, speak and communicate confidently and correctly.
1) Repeat little and often Idea for your class: Ask students to create their own system for reviewing new vocabulary and trial it for a month. Students then give feedback to the class by preparing a presentation of how it worked. 2) Learn vocabulary in chunks Idea for your class: At the end of the week, students write down three sentences (using new lexical chunks), two of which are true for themselves and one which is false. They practice using this language by reading the sentences to their classmates, who need to guess which is the false sentence. 3) Range of contexts Idea for your class: Each week a different student is in charge of 'culture watch' and needs to spend an hour or so researching online. This student then reports back to the class on what is happening in the world of British news, music or literature. 4) Use a dictionary Idea for your class: Make sure all students not only invest in a good dictionary but also do all the dictionary activities, to familiarise themselves with it. The section in the middle of the Oxford Student's Dictionary is useful, as is the Oxford Wordpower trainer which accompanies the Wordpower dictionary. 5) Extensive reading Idea for your class: Bring a selection of different readers into the classroom and scatter them around the class. Tell students to circulate the room and simply discuss with each other which readers they like and which they don't. They should just look at the cover and the blurb on the back. Based on this, they choose the reader they'd like to read.
It's alarming how quickly students can forget vocabulary. Encouraging students to focus on new vocabulary daily is the best way to make it stick. It doesn't have to involve sitting down for hours; little and often will help get vocabulary into students long term memory. If you can get students to commit to just 15 minutes a day of focussed vocabulary practice, they'll soon have a solid vocabulary base. Mobile apps and short online activities are great for this, as students can log on instantly and test themselves at any point of the day - it's really not difficult to integrate learning into their daily routine this way. Encourage students to be systematic about studying and review new words at least once every couple of weeks.

We all know that learning vocabulary in chunks is useful and improves accuracy and fluency. If we can allow students to also see how much time can be saved by learning this way, they are more likely to pick this up as something they do automatically. Words used out of context can destroy the understanding of a sentence. The moment the sentence is pre-formed, a range of vocabulary can be inserted, giving students the added confidence that their structure is correct.

We need to build a real context for students to use new vocabulary in. By this, I'm not only talking about personalisation, but also taking the vocabulary out of the classroom. Make it real! Listen to the news, read some novels or focus on the vocabulary of student's favourite music. The more that language is seen in different contexts, the more students will be extrinsically motivated as they'll want to know more. The focus is then taken off the language and onto the topic. This is much more interesting for students (and teachers).

Good learner dictionaries give students so much help with getting a grasp on vocabulary. If they are taught how to use them properly they will increase their depth of understanding. With correct usage of a good dictionary, such as the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, students will know how vocabulary is pronounced. They'll also be able to identify which words are from the academic word list, learn synonyms and antonyms etc.

It is better if your students read small amounts regularly, rather than large texts infrequently. (In an ideal world they would read a lot frequently)They shouldn't use a dictionary. This means they need to be reading at the right level and understanding about 95% of the text. They will be extrinsically motivated if they are interested in the topic, so they should be choosing what they read themselves. The more they read, the more they will be reviewing vocabulary and that increased exposure will help the vocabulary get stored into the students long term memory. This in turn will enable better spoken and written production.

Do you have any top tips you'd like to share? I'd love to hear them in the comments below!

Categories: Grammar & Vocabulary, Professional Development, Skills | Tags: Classroom activities, Communication, English Language, Laura Austin, Skills, Speaking, Vocabulary, Writing | Permalink.

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5 tips for helping students to really learn vocabulary

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Laura Austin, an ELT Consultant for Oxford University Press, presents some useful tips on how to teach vocabulary to your students so that they will really learn it. Students need to be able to do so much more than reel off lists of vocabulary. They need to be able to manipulate the language so that...

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Short and Sweet article with an explanation of why spelling is important, a perfect way of introduce to the students if they don't want to learn spelling.

Jones, S. (2009, July). Importance of Spelling. Retrieved June 22, 2017, from https://www.spellingcity.com/importance-of-spelling.html

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"Can't we just use spell checkers?"

Abstract: The importance of spelling has been questioned in recent years, as word processing programs are equipped with spell checkers, and some educational reformists have suggested that focusing on spelling holds back the creative processes of writing and that students will naturally develop spelling skills through reading. Reading Specialist Susan Jones, M.Ed., has researched how spelling improves reading and writing fluency and how it improves vocabulary and comprehension. Professor Jones helps VocabularySpellingCity.com as a member of the educational advisory committee. Below is her paper debunking some common myths about spelling and helping to establish the importance of spelling in education.

The Importance of Spelling
by Susan Jones, M. Ed. 2/2009

Spelling over the last few years has been the subject of a commonly mailed piece of Internet "wisdom." And I quote:

Aoccdrnig to rscheearch by the Lngiusiitc Dptanmeret at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae. The rset can be a total mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe.

Translation: According to research by the Linguistic Department at Cambridge University, it doesn't matter in what order the letters in a word are, the only important thing is that the first and last letter be at the right place. The rest can be a total mess and you can still read it without a problem. This is because the human mind does not read every letter by itself, but the word as a whole.

This paragraph has been widely circulated on the Internet since 2003, and it is still referred to, either as a point of interest or to defend inconsistent (poor) spelling, or choosing not to teach it. Is it because it rings of the truth that it makes scholars and educators cringe? Hardly. Among other things, there was no such research, and the words in the passage don't follow the rule of "only the first and last words matter." It's a myth. It is fluent readers who can figure out this highly predictable text - and the path to fluent reading includes a firm foundation in the sounds represented by letters and their spelling. ¹

How Do We Read?

Do we read whole words in an instant, or by sounds? The fluent reader quickly perceives whole words, but the path to fluency is through mastering the connection between letter combinations and the sounds they represent. The fact is that our letters stand for sounds, not ideas. While some still debate "whole language" versus "phonics" instruction, experts such as Priscilla Vail recognize that language has structure and texture, and our students need to develop both. "Structure refers to the nuts and bolts used in assembling or decoding the written language... phonics instruction provides this solid grounding. Texture refers to the ornamentation which gives language its color, intensity, rhythm and beauty. Whole language instruction provides texture by soaking children in literature. Structure by itself would be boring, just as free-floating texture would be flimsy." ²

Rather than relegate spelling to a back burner, spelling can and should be an integral part of language instruction for every student. It is mortar that helps students master the basics of language, especially students who may struggle with reading. Rather than dismiss it as a frill to "focus harder" on reading, teaching spelling and handwriting enables a struggling student to use different senses and strengths to learn and master the relationship between the sounds and symbols of our language, which is the backbone of reading. Other students will be able to more deeply understand the patterns of our complex language and become master communicators.

Spelling Helps Reading

Learning to spell helps to cement the connection between the letters and their sounds, and learning high-frequency "sight words" to mastery level improves both reading and writing. Joshi, Treiman, Carreker and Moats describe this connection: "The correlation between spelling and reading comprehension is high because both depend on a common denominator: proficiency with language. The more deeply and thoroughly a student knows a word, the more likely he or she is to recognize it, spell it, define it, and use it appropriately in speech and writing." They also note that "the major goal of the English writing system is not merely to ensure accurate pronunciation of the written word - it is to convey meaning. If words that sound the same (e.g., rain, rein and reign) were spelled the same way, their meanings would be harder to differentiate." ³

Teaching spelling systematically can also dispel the myth that spelling is unpredictable and too confusing for all but those with a natural gift for it , which often happens when a "correct mistakes as they happen" approach is taken. The idea that English is too mixed up to make sense of is a myth perpetuated by lack of instruction and poor teacher preparation. Spelling is not simple, but when people understand its structure, it is perfectly decodable and not limited to people "born to spell" to understand. For example, many people struggle with spelling the word "broccoli." Which letter should be doubled? If a student - or teacher or parent - understands the syllable types of the English language, the word makes sense. "Closed" syllables end in a consonant and have a short vowel sound. Open syllables end in a vowel. Often, a consonant is doubled so that a vowel is clearly short, including when we add suffixes. Examples are bagged, collie, and broccoli, which would be divided into syllables as broc - co - li. Perhaps it's unfortunate that people who are naturally good at spelling and reading are likely to be teaching it; they may not have needed to have these rules explained, or perhaps don't remember the explanations because they did not have to practice them. Understanding the rules and patterns helps the student who doesn't intuitively pick them up and enables the teacher to clear up confusion instead of having to resort to "it's just how it's spelled."

Others might acknowledge the value of learning to spell, but think that learning the rules and patterns is the stuff of drudgery. When students are practicing in ways that are effective, and getting appropriate feedback and experiencing success, practice is not drudgery. It may not be as fun as recess - but often it can be satisfying and even enjoyable, especially when technology is used creatively so that students can use their strengths with individualized lessons. For instance, students can choose games and activities at sites such as spellingcity.com to practice their words as much as they need. By including language-rich experiences with the words, students use auditory and visual pathways in the learning task. This helps students conquer the challenge of remembering the spellings of words, because the "working memory" can be used more efficiently if both the visual and auditory channels are engaged in the learning task. ⁴

Technology is a powerful tool that can make learning easier. Some would argue that it's powerful enough to make learning to spell unnecessary. After all, what are spell checkers for? Spell checkers are wonderful tools for the small mistakes that good spellers make and for common typographical errors such as typing "t e h" instead of "the." In the hands of the student with good language skills, the spell checker is a real timesaver. However, it can actually interfere with the learning process. The writer must rely on starting the word correctly and getting most letters right, and the spell checker will not correct when a misspelling is another legitimate word. Therefore, the student who spells "does" as "dose" will not see the red "correct me" line, and will continue to entrench the misspelling habit, and the reader will be confused. The more advanced the writing task, the more likely we'll need to use exactly the right word. When a college student writes "lessening" instead of "listening," that student has not learned to think about the relationship between the meaning and spelling of words. His writing is suffering for the lack, and perhaps his reading is as well. Spell checkers also can't be counted on for giving the right word even when they recognize an incorrect spelling. If a writer types "definantly" instead of definitely, Microsoft Word will suggest "defiantly." "Surpised" will yield "surpassed." The language learner will be more confused, not less. In other words, spell checkers give us reason to teach spelling and precise word usage *more* thoroughly, not less. ⁵

Good use, even mastery, of our complex language does not have to be a thing of the past or reserved for a few. By using the knowledge from years of research and experience and our ever-developing technological tools, we can teach each student to spell well and enable them to read and write fluently. We owe it to our students to give them the skills that are the tools to learning and communication throughout their education and their lives.

¹ Rayner, K., White, S., Johnson, R., Liversedge, S. (2006). Raeding Wrods With Jubmled Lettres; There Is a Cost. Psychological Science 17(3), 192-193. Discussed at: http://blogs.msdn.com/fontblog/archive/2006/05/09/594050.aspx

² Vail, Priscilla (1991). Common Ground: Whole Language and Phonics Working Together. Rosemont, NJ: Modern Learning Press, p. 4

³ Joshi, R., Treiman, R., Carreker, S., & Moats, L.. (2008-2009, Winter). The real magic of spelling: Improving reading and writing. American Educator, 9. http://www.aft.org/sites/default/files/periodicals/joshi.pdf p. 10

⁴ Mousavi, S. Y., Low, R., & Sweller, J. (1995). Reducing cognitive load by mixing auditory and visual presentation models. Journal of Educational Psychology , 87(2), 319-334. p. 319

⁵ Donna J. Montgomery, George R. Karlan, and Martha Coutinho, "The Effectiveness of Word Processor Spell Checker Programs to Produce Target Words for Misspellings Generated by Students with Learning Disabilities," Journal of Special Education Technology 16 (2001): 27-41. http://www.editlib.org/p/93990/

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Abstract: The importance of spelling has been questioned in recent years, as word processing programs are equipped with spell checkers, and some educational reformists have suggested that focusing on spelling holds back the creative processes of writing and that students will naturally develop spelling skills through reading.

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The author was a teacher and decided to homeschooling her 5 children, an interesting perspective. little bit of similar with what school taught kids with spelling.

Spence, B. (2014, September). 5 Ways that Teaching Spelling Helps Readers. Retrieved June 22, 2017, from http://thisreadingmama.com/spelling-supports-reading/

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Spelling. It's probably one of the most controversial topics in the literacy world. Should kids use invented spelling? Should kids take those Friday spelling tests? Should spelling be graded on the report card? Should spelling even be a studied subject in the classroom and at home? And if you talk with other educators, you will quickly find out that there are as many answers to and opinions about these questions as there are flavors of ice cream.

*This post contains affiliate links.

While all these factors can be controversial, there's one thing that we can probably all agree on. Spelling plays a supporting role in reading. {Side note: if we want to be totally fair here, reading also plays a supporting role in spelling, but that's another post entirely.}Today, I want to explore just 5 reasons why this is and some effective teaching methods/tools that build the connection between the two subjects even stronger.

How Spelling Supports Reading

1- Spelling "forces" kids to SLOW down and really focus on the letter combinations that make up words. Often times, readers breeze right by words, not processing the entire word or letter combinations in words. This is especially true of young readers and struggling readers, who may only use partial cues from words (often times the initial letters of words) to make guesses at unknown words.

2- Spelling takes words out of context. Young readers (and struggling/reluctant readers) often use context to help them read words. For example, a young child can use the picture in the book to help him figure out the word skateboard. An older reader may use the context of the sentence or story to help him figure out a word such as autumn. Both of these students are not necessarily stopping to study the word. They are making best guesses based on context, rather than the actual letters/letter combinations that create the word.

Using context isn't necessarily a bad thing (I don't advocate taking the pictures away from young readers); but as readers grow, we want their reading strategies to grow. Heavy reliance on context to figure out unknown words begins pay its toll. You can read more about taking words out of context in my guest post over at Teach Mama.

3- Spelling helps kids see how words are connected by spelling and/or meaning. No, I'm not referring to a random list of words, but purposefully chosen words to highlight the patterns in words, much like the word lists you'll find in the word study approach or All About Spelling. Older spellers can begin to explore Greek and Latin roots (such as graph), which can help them spell and understand many other words.

4- Spelling helps kids read with more fluency. A large portion of learning to read with fluency is the ability to recognize words quickly and easily (automatically).

Meaningful spelling instruction helps kids understand the logic and patterns behind spellings and how those same patterns apply to other words. This can help kids to decode and/or recognize those words more quickly.

5-Spelling aids with comprehension of text. If students have learned more decoding strategies from their spelling instruction, it might go without saying that students will generally be able to read words more accurately. And if students can read more accurately and fluently, spending less time laboring through words, their minds can be freed up to focus on understanding the text (the ultimate purpose of reading).

Effective Spelling Strategies

Focus on how words are connected and related. Instead of studying random words, study words based on their common patterns. Do sight words need attention, too? Absolutely! I'm an advocate of both sight words AND phonics. But many sight words (also called high frequency words) can be taught within patterns (such as big, in, it, & is-> all short i words).

Make it hands-on. Kids need to manipulate and analyze words in order to make sense of how spelling works. Let's replace "Write your words five times each" with something more hands-on! {And here are 50 ideas for doing so.}

Your teaching needs to be developmentally appropriate. I have A LOT to say about this one in my ebook, Teaching Kids to Spell. Basically, if your spelling instruction is too hard or too easy for a child, it's not developmentally appropriate. And how do you know where to start your instruction? One great place to start is with their spelling mistakes, like I talk about in this invented spelling post and word study post.

Read more about effective spelling strategies in my ebook, Teaching Kids to Spell.

Effective Spelling Tools

While I have a detailed post on favorite tools and manipulatives for spelling, I am SUPER excited to have some NEW special tools (a technology piece) that compliments Teaching Kids to Spell! So far, we have Short Vowel Word Study App and Long Vowel Word Study App and they can be bought on Google Play and iTunes. {These are the first of more word study apps to come.}

These Spelling Apps Feature:

word sorts {categorizing words by short vowel patterns},

finding the oddball {analyzing words},

spelling {manipulating letter tiles},

writing short and long vowel words,

and a Word Fun! spelling section

You Might Also Like:

Follow This Reading Mama's board Word Study/Phonics on Pinterest.

Enjoy!

~Becky

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5 Ways that Teaching Spelling Helps Readers

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Spelling. It's probably one of the most controversial topics in the literacy world. Should kids use invented spelling? Should kids take those Friday spelling tests? Should spelling be graded on the report card? Should spelling even be a studied subject in the classroom and at home?

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Why some kids can't spell and why spelling tests won't help.

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Why some kids can't spell and why spelling tests won't help.

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I am not a big fan of test. I picked this article to give you other perspective. Also, focus how to improve students who are struggled to spelling.

Adoniou, M. (2013, November). Why some kids can't spell and why spelling tests won't help. Retrieved June 22, 2017, from http://theconversation.com/why-some-kids-cant-spell-and-why-spelling-tests-wont-help-20497

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Spelling tests aren't teaching kids to spell. Test image from www.shutterstock.com

A couple of years ago, early one morning, I received an SMS advising "resadents to stay indoors because of a nearby insadent". I was shocked by the spelling, as much as the message. Surely, I thought, if it was a real message then the spelling would be correct.

Spelling matters. In a text message from a friend teeing up a night out "c u at 8" is fine - but in an emergency warning text from a government agency, I expect the spelling to be standard. But why is it that some people struggle with standard spelling?

Spelling remains the most relentlessly tested of all the literacy skills, but it is the least taught.

Sending a list of words home on Monday to be tested on Friday is not teaching. Nor is getting children to write their spelling words out 10 times, even if they have to do it in rainbow colours.

Looking, covering, writing and checking does not teach spelling. Looking for little words inside other words, and doing word searches are just time fillers. And writing your "spelling" words in spirals or backwards is just plain stupid.

And yet, this is a good summary of most of the current spelling programs in schools today.

So, what should spelling teaching look like?

Finding meaning

Children should know the meanings of the words they spell, and as logical as that sounds - ask a child in your life what this week's spelling words mean, and you might be surprised by their answers.

If spelling words are simply strings of letters to be learnt by heart with no meaning attached and no investigation of how those words are constructed, then we are simply assigning our children a task equivalent to learning ten random seven-digit PINs each week.

That is not only very very hard, it's pointless.

More than sounds

English is an alphabetic language; we use letters to write words. But it is not a phonetic language: there is no simple match between sounds and letters.

We have 26 letters, but we have around 44 sounds (it's not easy to be precise as different accents produce different sounds) and several hundred ways to write those sounds.

So, while sounds - or phonics - are important in learning to spell, they are insufficient. When the only tool we give young children for spelling is to "sound it out", we are making a phonological promise to them that English simply cannot keep.

How words make their meanings

Sounds are important in learning to spell, but just as important are the morphemes in words. Morphemes are the meaningful parts of words. For example, "jumped" has two morphemes - "jump" and "ed". "Jump" is easily recognised as meaningful, but "ed" is also meaningful because it tells us that the jump happened in the past.

Young spellers who are relying on the phonological promise given to them in their early years of schooling typically spell "jumped" as "jumt".

When attempting to spell a word, the first question we should teach children to ask is not "what sounds can I hear?" but "what does this word mean?". This gives important information, which helps enormously with the spelling of the word.

In the example of "jumt" it brings us back to the base word "jump"; where the sound of "p" can now be heard, and the past marker "ed" , rather than the sound "t" which we hear when we say the word.

Consider the author of the emergency text message at the beginning of this article as they pondered which of the many plausible letters they could use for the sound they could hear in "res - uh - dent".

If they had asked themselves first, "What does this word mean?" the answer would have been people who "reside", and then they would have heard the answer to their phonological dilemma.

Where words come from

English has a fascinating and constantly evolving history. Our words, and their spellings, come from many languages. Often we have kept the spellings from the original languages, while applying our own pronunciation.

As a result, only about 12% of words in English are spelt the way they sound. But that doesn't mean that spelling is inexplicable, and therefore only learned by rote - it means that teaching spelling becomes a fascinating exploration of the remarkable history of the language - etymology.

Some may think that etymology is the sole province of older and experienced learners, but it's not.

Young children are incredibly responsive to stories about words, and these understandings about words are key to building their spelling skills, but also building their vocabulary.

Yet poor spellers and young spellers are rarely given these additional tools to understand how words work and too often poor spellers are relegated to simply doing more phonics work.

Teaching - not testing

The only people who benefit from spelling tests are those who do well on them - and the benefit is to their self-esteem rather than their spelling ability. They were already good spellers.

The people who don't benefit from spelling tests are those who are poor at spelling. They struggled with spelling before the test, and they still struggle after the test. Testing is not teaching.

Parents and teachers should consider these questions as they reflect on the ways in which spelling is approached in their school.

Are all children learning to love words from their very first years at school? Are they being fascinated by stories about where words come from and what those stories tell us about the spelling of those words?

Are they being excited by breaking the code, figuring how words are making their meanings and thrilled to find that what they've learned about one word helps them solve another word?

Put simply - is spelling your child's favourite subject?

If the answer is no, then something needs to be done about the teaching.

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Why some kids can't spell and why spelling tests won't help

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A couple of years ago, early one morning, I received an SMS advising "resadents to stay indoors because of a nearby insadent". I was shocked by the spelling, as much as the message. Surely, I thought, if it was a real message then the spelling would be correct. Spelling matters.

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10 things parents can do to improve child become a better speller. 

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10 things parents can do to improve child become a better speller. 

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Parents are huge part of students' school success. It helps parents to understand better of how to teach their children to be a better speller.

Learning By Design, Inc. (2012). Ten things you can do to help your child become a better speller. Retrieved June 22, 2017, from http://images.pearsonclinical.com/images/PDF/SPELL2/Ten_Things_Parents_Can_do_to_Improve_Spelling.pdf

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This includes how assessment works and what it looks like. It helped me to understand better.

George Lucas Educational Foundation. Why Is Assessment Important? (2008, July 15). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from https://www.edutopia.org/assessment-guide-importance

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Asking students to demonstrate their understanding of the subject matter is critical to the learning process; it is essential to evaluate whether the educational goals and standards of the lessons are being met. From Edutopia.org’s Assessment Professional Development Guide.

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How Classroom Assessments Improve Learning

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How Classroom Assessments Improve Learning

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How can teachers provided a better environment in classroom with understanding of assessment. Try to have different demonstrate how to teach students.

Guskey, T. R. (2003, February). How Classroom Assessments Improve Learning. Retrieved June 22, 2017, from http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/feb03/vol60/num05/How-Classroom-Assessments-Improve-Learning.aspx

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What is an assessment? It explains each role inside of assessment processing.

Surgenor, P. (2010). Teaching Toolkit: Role of Assessment. Retrieved June 22, 2017, from https://www.ucd.ie/t4cms/UCDTLT0026.pdf

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Teaching written language to students who are deaf or hard of hearing

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Teaching written language to students who are deaf or hard of hearing

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I picked this article because I notice there aren't much of articles on how to teaching written language to deaf and or hard of hearing students. A good and informative article.

Giddens, E. (2009). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from http://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1185&context=pacs_capstones

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Teaching written language to students who are deaf or hard of hea

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Five reasons why your students should writing everyday 

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Five reasons why your students should writing everyday 

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Writing every day is important for all of us. It explains why is it important to writing every day. I picked this because some of students don't like to writing every day, a great support for teacher of how to encourage students to writing every day.

Walker , S. (2016, September 14). 5 Reasons Why Your Students Should Write Every Day. Retrieved June 22, 2017, from http://www.scilearn.com/blog/5-reasons-students-should-write-every-day

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Why should students write every day?

Are your students writing as much as they should be? Classroom writing, done with willful focus and daily diligence, remains an essential part of educating students of all ages, including adults. Here are five reasons why classroom writing is still a must:

1. Writing improves communication skills.

First and foremost, writing provides a vehicle for expression and communication. No matter the age or grade level of your students, diligent writing practice will boost both their skill and comfort level with revealing and relating their own thoughts and feelings.

2. Writing helps students review and remember recently learned material.

Isn't it always easier to remember a household task or a website to visit later if we write it down somewhere? A brief writing assignment at the end of class, focusing on the day's lesson and discussions, is a great way to reinforce the material, support long-term recall of the key lesson points and help build writing skills all at the same time.

3. Writing helps educators assess student learning.

Probably the most common use of writing in the contemporary classroom is for a given student to demonstrate that he or she knows and understands x or y concept. Whether the assignment is, for example, an intensive compare-and-contrast essay at the secondary level or writing and illustrating a haiku in the primary grades, writing assignments help teachers see what material students have mastered and where there may be gaps.

4. Writing encourages creativity and exploration.

Daily writing encourages a creative flow that can help students use their imaginations, explore possibilities, delve into problem solving, and engage in storytelling. In addition to "serious" writing assignments which are reviewed and graded, it is important to assign "free" or "creative" writing time, so that students can explore vocabulary, concepts, and writing styles that they wouldn't risk in a formal essay or heavily graded assignment.

5. Writing is essential for self-understanding.

Even a cursory search online will reveal a plethora of diary-like blogs, filled with entry after entry of highly personal content. In the same way that these blogs serve their authors, classroom writing can help students understand and make sense of their own experiences, locate contexts, and make (sometimes surprising) discoveries about their own thoughts and feelings.

Classroom teachers will find that reading through their students' writing assignments can give them great insight into each student's personality, style, and comprehension level of the material being presented. When a high value is placed on consistent writing in the classroom, it's a win-win all around.

So, write on!

Related Reading:

Building Your Child's Self-Confidence

Helping Low-SES Students Thrive

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5 Reasons Why Your Students Should Write Every Day

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Are your students writing as much as they should be? Classroom writing, done with willful focus and daily diligence, remains an essential part of educating students of all ages, including adults. Here are five reasons why classroom writing is still a must: First and foremost, writing provides a vehicle for expression and communication.

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It is a blog from one man named Jeff Goins who is an excellent author. It is a good resource of how to make you and students better with writing.

Goins , J. (2016, April 12). Writing Tips to Make You Better. Retrieved June 22, 2017, from https://goinswriter.com/writing-tips/

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Bonus: For free writing tips delivered directly to your inbox, click here.

If you want to become a better writer, get ready to do some work. Because it won't happen overnight, and not just because you want it to. You're going to have to practice.

On this page, you'll find some of my best tips, articles, and resources to help you get started as a writer - to get better not only at the craft of writing, but also at the art of communicating.

Why am I sharing this? Because I believe you have a story to tell - we all do - and the world needs to hear it. So let's dig in.

So... you want to be a writer?

This all begins with believing you already are a writer. So let's start there. My own journey of becoming a writer was an awakening of sorts - to who I already was. Maybe yours will be similar.

A writer is a writer when he says he is.
-Steven Pressfield

Anyone who writes is a writer, but that doesn't mean they're a very good one. So let's talk about how to become a better writer. We'll begin with the basics - here are seven key lessons (with links to important articles about each):

Before getting started

Before you begin writing, ask yourself these important questions:

Once you count the cost and make the decision to begin, it's time to start writing.

Tips for when you begin

I've coached and trained other writers for years. I've built a powerful personal brand and platform and used it to publish my work. I've experimented and seen as much failure as success. Through all of it, I want to use what I've learned to help other people.

So my hope this blog serves you in your writing journey in some way. I've written hundreds of articles here, which is a lot to sort through. Here is a list of 10 essential tips on writing:

Build your platform

Although writers need to write first for the craft, it's not a bad thing to want to get published. But that's a byproduct, not a goal (For the real writer, anyway).

Look. This isn't just something that happens accidentally. You have to work at it. So how do you create work that earns you the attention of publishers, exactly? You build a platform.

These days, a lot of writers use blogs and the power of the Internet to get their writing discovered. There's no reason you can't do the same. Here are 10 basic tips on blogging and building an audience that will help you get published:

Bonus: For free writing tips delivered directly to your inbox, click here.

Need help with your writing?

Check out the archives of this blog for more articles and resources. And be sure sign up for free updates to this blog; you don't miss anything.

Now, get on that mailing list while you're still thinking about it (I never SPAM, promise). You'll get a free eBook when you confirm your email:

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Bonus: For free writing tips delivered directly to your inbox, click here. If you want to become a better writer, get ready to do some work. Because it won't happen overnight, and not just because you want it to. You're going to have to practice.

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Chapter 8 from the book called "Literacy and your Deaf Child".  Parents with deaf children, it is for parents mostly. Basically, how to teach your deaf children literacy

Clarke , B. R., & Stewart, D. A. (2003). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from http://gupress.gallaudet.edu/excerpts/LAYDC.html

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Heather was a twelve-year-old deaf girl with a fifth-grade reading level whose English skills were adequate at a basic level. She could write grammatically correct sentences following patterns that her previous teachers had taught her. She kept her stories short and her grammar accurate.

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The Bridge between Teaching and Learning 

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The Bridge between Teaching and Learning 

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The main goal of this help teacher understand the connection of teaching and learning.

Wiliam, D. (2013). Assessment: The Bridge between Teaching and Learning. Retrieved June, 22, 2017, from http://www.ncte.org/library/NCTEFiles/Resources/Journals/VM/0212-dec2013/VM0212Assessment.pdf

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 How Can I Get These Kids to Listen to Me?

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 How Can I Get These Kids to Listen to Me?

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I picked this video because of visual aid, a good length video with an explanation of how to make these students listen to the teacher.

Kardamis, L. (2014, October). How Can I get these kids listen to me? Retrieved June 22, 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V464z_EQPBE

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How to Motivate Your Students to Listen & Learn Part 1: How Can I Get These Kids to Listen to Me?

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To sign up to receive the next 3 videos in this series, visit http://teach4theheart.com/motivate-your-students-to-listen-learn-free-video-series-sign-up/ In this video, I discuss some of the challenges I faced as a new teacher (including why I ended up crying in a back hallway) as well as one strategy that helped me completely turn around my classroom.

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Fun Reading & Writing Comprehension Strategy For Kids

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Fun Reading & Writing Comprehension Strategy For Kids

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Perfect of visual aid/colorful for the students to watch this short video. It will help students how to improve comprehension.

Hartmann, J. (2016, October ). Fun Reading & Writing Comprehension strategy for kids. Retrieved June 22, 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Bz4-1YKI1M

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6 Questions | Fun Reading & Writing Comprehension Strategy For Kids | Jack Hartmann

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I am really impressed with this one, high quality video with nice visual aid for kids to learning more vocabulary.

English Singsing. 2017, April 05). Kids vocabulary compilation - Words Theme collection｜English educational video for kids. Retrieved June 22, 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6GMAugzV5ls

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A cute video of ABC's spelling for the children to learn through visual. I recommend for early age students.

CVS 3D Rhymes. (2014). Learning spelling | ABC song for children |. Retrieved June 22, 2017 from, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-UBR3G4OOg

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Learn Spelling | ABC Songs for Children | Alphabet Songs | 3D Animation ABC Nursery Rhymes 4

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Learn Spelling ABC Song - 3D Animation Alphabet ABC Songs & Nursery rhymes For Children.

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Some of us are visual learners, it will supports you with understanding better of assessment.

Rystad , M. (2013, April). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HcLMlY6R7RM

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One minute length video with a lot of simple steps of how to writing better.

Teaching without frills. (2017, January). How to writing for kids.Retrieved June 22, 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QXuH6TUMwlg

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How-To Writing For Kids - Procedural Writing - Episode 1: Brainstorming