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Brady, Dong, Helen, Mitchell, Shirley.

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Aboriginal initiation Ceremony from the Top End, Australia

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http://ozoutback.com.au/ Two boys are painted in their "Djapi" initiation ceremony that will culminate in their circumcision in Numbulwar, an Aboriginal community on the western Gulf of Carpentaria. They are hoisted onto the shoulders of men and are made to flap their arms, imitating the "brolga" a large water bird during the song involving brolga dreaming.

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European settlers with Aborigines, South Australia, 1850

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European settlers with Aborigines, South Australia, 1850

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Immigration Restriction Act 1901[edit]

Main article: Immigration Restriction Act 1901

The new Federal Parliament, as one of its first pieces of legislation, passed the Immigration Restriction Act 1901 to "place certain restrictions on immigration and... for the removal... of prohibited immigrants". The Act drew on similar legislation in South Africa. Edmund Barton, the prime minister, argued in support of the Bill with the following statement: "The doctrine of the equality of man was never intended to apply to the equality of the Englishman and the Chinaman."[12]

The Attorney General tasked with drafting the legislation was Alfred Deakin. Deakin supported Barton's position over that of the Labor Party in drafting the Bill (the ALP wanted more direct methods of exclusion than the dictation test) and redacted the more vicious racism proposed for the text in his Second Reading of the Bill.[13] In seeking to justify the policy, Deakin said he believed that the Japanese and Chinese[14] might be a threat to the newly formed federation and it was this belief that led to legislation to ensure they would be kept out:

It is not the bad qualities, but the good qualities of these alien races that make them so dangerous to us. It is their inexhaustible energy, their power of applying themselves to new tasks, their endurance and low standard of living that make them such competitors.[15]

Early drafts of the Act explicitly banned non-Europeans from migrating to Australia but objections from the British government, which feared that such a measure would offend British subjects in India and Britain's allies in Japan, caused the Barton government to remove this wording. Instead, a "dictation test" was introduced as a device for excluding unwanted immigrants. Immigration officials were given the power to exclude any person who failed to pass a 50-word dictation test. At first this was to be in any European language, but was later changed to include any language. The tests were written in such a way to make them nearly impossible to pass. The first of these tests was written by Federal MP Stewart Parnaby as an example for officers to follow when setting future tests. The "Stewart" test was unofficially standardised as the English version of the test, due to its extremely high rates of failure resulting from a very sophisticated use of language.[16] While specifically asked by Barton to carry out this task, Parnaby allegedly shared similar views to Donald Cameron despite never publicly admitting so citation required.

The legislation found strong support in the new Australian Parliament, with arguments ranging from economic protection to outright racism. The Labor Party wanted to protect "white" jobs and pushed for more explicit restrictions. A few politicians spoke of the need to avoid hysterical treatment of the question. Member of Parliament Bruce Smith said he had "no desire to see low-class Indians, Chinamen or Japanese...swarming into this country... But there is obligation...not (to) unnecessarily offend the educated classes of those nations"[17] Donald Cameron, a Free Trade Party member from Tasmania, expressed a rare note of dissention:

[N]o race on... this earth has been treated in a more shameful manner than have the Chinese.... They were forced at the point of a bayonet to admit Englishmen... into China. Now if we compel them to admit our people... why in the name of justice should we refuse to admit them here?[18]

Outside parliament, Australia's first Catholic cardinal, Patrick Francis Moran was politically active and denounced anti-Chinese legislation as "unchristian".[19] The popular press mocked the cardinal's position and the small European population of Australia generally supported the legislation and remained fearful of being overwhelmed by an influx of non-British migrants from the vastly different cultures of the highly populated empires to Australia's north.

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Between 1910-1970, a large number of indigenous children were forced to leave their parents because of many government policies. The generation of children who were sacrificed under these policies called the stolen generation. They are made up of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, from Australia and European colonization of surrounding islands.

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Between 1910-1970, a large number of indigenous children were forced to leave their parents because of many government policies. The generation of children who were sacrificed under these policies called the stolen generation. They are made up of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, from Australia and European colonization of surrounding islands.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Australia_policy

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https://australianmuseum.net.au/cultures

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabo_(film)

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Indigenous people lived a hunter and gatherer life. The men hunted the large animals such as kangaroos, emus and turtles and the women and children hunted smaller animals and collected fruits, berries and other plants. On the coast people caught fish and collected many types of shellfish including mussels and oysters.

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European colonization of Australia has brought an enormous impact for Aboriginal society in many ways. It was different in the past from it does today, also brought dramatically changes and effect of aboriginal people the way they lived. For children, Australians Together states that " Many of the Stolen Generations were psychologically, physically, and sexually abused while living in state care or with their adoptive families. Besides, many children were wrongly told that their parents had died or abandoned them, and many never knew where they had been taken from or who their biological families were. Also, the children generally received a very low level of education, as they were expected to work as manual labourers and domestic servants''. Some of them were adopted by white people and cannot saw their parents anymore, they are forced to change language, cultural, lifestyle and lose freedom.

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before 1700 pre contact  aboriginal tradtions and  lifestyles

1770-1890s  contact   European invasion and settlements

1890-1950s  contact protection and segregation

1950-1960 post contact     assimilation

1960-1972  post contact integeration

1972-2000 contemporary  towards self-determination

after 2000 contemporary new millienium

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Eddie Mabo

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http://www.indigenousaustralia.info

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The Torres Strait Islanders Flag

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between 318,000 and 1,000,000

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http://www.indigenous.gov.au/

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Before 1788 there were approximately 700 languages spoken throughout Australia with an estimated population of 750 000 people. Today Indigenous people make up 2% of the entire Australian population (about 410 000 people).

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The earliest definitely human remains found in Australia are those of Mungo Man LM3 and Mungo Lady, which have been dated at about 50,000 years old, although the time of arrival of the first Indigenous Australians is a matter of debate among researchers, with estimates including thermoluminescence dating to between 61,000 and 52,000 years ago,as well as a suggestion of up to 125,000 years ago and a recent study by Hugo Reyes-Centeno, in 2014, suggesting 100,000 years ago.