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Sementing Buchai/Sengkiling (Coin Corset with Dangling Coins)

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1. Rice farming - Farmers practice swidden cultivation of fields averaging one hectare. Each family maintains its own seed bank of rice, and plants between one dozen and two dozen varieties in any year. At the center of its field they plant their sacred rice (padi pun), a gift of some spirit to an ancestor, which has been retained over generations to recall the origins of that family.

2. Fishing - Fishing has provided the principal source of protein in the Iban diet, but logging and the consequent silting of many streams and rivers have greatly reduced the numbers of fish. Techniques of fishing are sophisticated and adjusted according to the conditions of the waters. Fish traps are placed in constricted streams, and large nets are inclined over larger streams. Fish are taken with a seine or with hooks.

3. Working in logging company and in the oilfields of northern Borneo - the most important commercial activity for the largest number of Iban men has been the institutionalized bejalai, or journey to work for wages. In some longhouses almost all able-bodied men are away at any given time, working for a distant logging company or in the oilfields of northern Borneo. Wage earning enabled men to buy jars, gongs, and other valuables for their families.

4. Rubber and pepper have provided an unstable source of income, as has cocoa, a recent introduction. The attraction of salaried jobs is one of the principal reasons for Iban urban migration. Iban are employed in every major occupational category in Sarawak's cities.

5. Planting of gourds, cucumbers, pumpkins, maize and cassava - Introduction of herbicides, pesticides, and commercial fertilizers has permitted Iban to remove vegetation, control weeds and insects, and increase the yields of their farms. With much greater control over the success of their efforts, farmers rely much less on ritual. In addition to rice, farmers plant gourds, pumpkins, cucumbers, maize, and cassava. Rice is complemented with a variety of jungle vegetables and fruits collected by men and women for consumption with the evening and morning meals.

6. Hunting Animals - Hunting of wild pigs and deer, using dogs, traps, and nets, varies from community to community, according to the region, forest conditions, and animal population. Almost all families keep chickens and pigs, and every longhouse has dogs. Chickens, pigs, and water buffalo are used in sacrifices, and eggs are an essential ingredient of any offering.

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1. The fundamental unit is the ‘bilik-family’, a group of five or six persons defined by kinship and affinity

2. Preferred and proscribed marriages are commonly recognised.

3. The ‘bilik-family’ is responsible for construction of its own unit, production of its own food, and management of its affairs.

4. Male and female children share equally in rights to real and other property as long as they remain members of their natal bilik.

5. Social Organization - Each longhouse, as each bilik, is an autonomous unit. Traditionally the core of each house was a group of descendants of the founders.                                                                - Houses near one another on the same river or in the same region were commonly allied, marrying among themselves, raiding together beyond their territories, and resolving disputes by peaceful means.    - Essentially egalitarian, Iban are aware of long-standing status distinctions among themselves, recognizing theraja berani(wealthy and brave),mensia saribu(commoners), andulun(slaves).               - Prestige still accrues to descendants of the first status,disdain to descendants of the third.

6. Political Organization - Prior to the arrival of the British adventurer James Brooke there were no permanent leaders, but the affairs of each house were directed by consultations of family leaders.             - Men of influence included renowned warriors, bards, augurs, and other specialists. Brooke, who became Rajah of Sarawak, and his nephew, Charles Johnson, created political positions—headman (tuai rumah), regional chief (penghulu), paramount chief (temenggong)—to restructure Iban society for administrative control, especially for purposes of taxation and the suppression of head-hunting.                                                                                                 - The creation of permanent political positions and the establishment of political parties in the early 1960s have profoundly changed the Iban.

7. Social Control.Iban employ three strategies of social control. First, from childhood, they are taught to avoid conflict.                                   - Second, they are taught by story and drama of the existence of numerous spirits who vigilantly ensure observation of numerous taboos; some spirits are interested in preserving the peace, while others are responsible for any strife that arises. In these ways, the stresses and conflicts of ordinary life, especially life in the longhouse, in which one is in more or less constant sight and sound of others, have been displaced onto the spirits.                                      - Third, the headman hears disputes between members of the same house, the regional chief hears disputes between members of different houses, and government officers hear those disputes that headmen and regional chiefs cannot resolve.

8. Conflict - Major causes of conflict among Iban have traditionally been over land boundaries, alleged sexual improprieties, and personal affronts.                                                                                         - Iban are a proud people and will not tolerate insult to person or property. The major cause of conflict between Iban and non-Iban, especially other tribes with whom Iban competed, was control of the most productive land.                                                                                     - As late as the first two decades of the twentieth century, the conflict between Iban and Kayan in the upper Rejang was serious enough to require the second rajah to send a punitive expedition and expel the Iban forcefully from the Balleh River.

9. Among the main sections of customary adat of the Iban Dayaks are as follows:

Adat berumah (House building rule)

Adat melah pinang, butang ngau sarak (Marriage, adultery and divorce rule)

Adat beranak (Child bearing and raising rule)

Adat bumai and beguna tanah (Agricultural and land use rule)

Adat ngayau (Headhunting rule)

Adat ngasu, berikan, ngembuah and napang (Hunting, fishing, fruit and honey collection rule)

Adat tebalu, ngetas ulit ngau beserarak bungai(Widow/widower, mourning and soul separation rule)

Adat begawai (festival rule)

Adat idup di rumah panjai (Order of life in the longhouse rule)

Adat betenun, main lama, kajat ngau taboh (Weaving, past times, dance and music rule)

Adat beburong, bemimpi ngau becenaga ati babi (Bird and animal omen, dream and pig liver rule)

Adat belelang (Journey rule).

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1) Iban language has been used in schools in Sarawak since the first school established in remote areas inhabited by the current government iban Brooke.
2) The language is first used as the medium at the policy level and now is used as a vernacular language in missionary schools (a religious school originally developed and run by Christian missionaries), now Iban language is approved to be taught as an additional subject in primary schools and secondary schools starting from standard 3 to form 5.

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1) The wedding preparations will be made for the wedding ceremony. 2) On behalf of the male family, expenditures and gifts will be given to the woman's family.
3) Woman's family also make various preparations including hunting animals to be  slaughtered on the wedding day.
4) For invited guests, both parties appoint their representatives to arrange wedding invitations.
5) Representatives bring ropes with knots to indicate how many days left to the wedding.
6) If the rope has five knots, it means that the wedding will take place in five days.
7) The representative will leave the knotted rope to the headman or longhouse chief and they are responsible for opening the knot everyday.

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Formal education implies a curriculum whereby learning activities are organized into units that are increasingly abstract and removed from reality and that are taught in a specialized, concentrated, and highly verbal context.

Formal education is most typically referred to as schooling and differes from informal education in a number of ways.

The Sarawak language is put as a Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia subject.

Informal education be thought as socialization in the family and the learning activities are specific and concrete, dealing with everyday events.

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In the seventh month during pregnancy, the woman and her husband Iban apply various taboos:
- They are prohibited from digging the trenches on the paddy field.
- They banned the cutting of trees that grow from the ground, due to the fear that would prevent continued bleeding during childbirth.
- Women who are pregnant are prohibited poured the oil on the palm to be applied to the hair so that the baby born will not get purulent.
- Both husband and wife can not knock a wooden eggs by using a knife for fear of the baby will get blind.
- They can not plant a banana tree so that the baby will not be big-headed.
- They can not carry the sharp bricks for fear the baby will be paralyzed.
- They can not take tortoise into the room so the baby does not get stuck in the womb at birth.

During death,
- The two-door longhouse should also be raised with two rods welcome.
- They believe that if this is not done, the ghosts of the deceased will take home the spirit of the deceased.
- Then the bodies were placed in the middle of the longhouse and bounded by 'pua kumbu' called sapat.
- All goods would be supplied together remains available.
- The goods are considered to be the world's supply of both the after world (the world after death). The body was also never be left alone.

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Tali Ujan/Mulung (Fine Silver Chain)

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Selampai

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Buah Pauh (Silver Purse)

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Tumpa Pirak/Bentuk (Silver bangles)

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Rawai (silver corset)

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Lampit (silver belt)

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Kain karap/kebat (traditional woven skirt or Pua Kumbu)

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1. The loincloths was once of the most basic markers of cultural identity.

2. The iban traditional costume for women is “marik empang” and kain kebat.

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1. Sugu Tinggi (tall combs) is a traditional headdress that is worn by Iban maidens from Sarawak Borneo in most ceremonial occasion.

2. It is a silver headgear that gives Iban maidens the unique poise and glitter while dancing the Ngajat Induk and also "must wear" accessories during Kumang Gawai Beauty Pageant in Sarawak.

3.  Sugu Tinggi is hand crafted with intricate motifs that depict flowers and other floral themes.

4. The "sugu tinggi" - headdress is made of silver (Sugu Tinggi Pirak) but nowadays Sugu Tinggi is made of aluminum plated with silver .

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Marik empang is a combination of beads and hand-stitched cotton decorative outer garment. It is usually red in colour. Iban women require to wear marik empang at any occasion or festival.

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Sugu tinggi headdress

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Marik empang

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Traditional garment of Iban woman (Ngepan Indu Iban)

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Iban Shaman mask

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Traditional garment of Iban man

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Iban woman's accessories

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Iban man's accessories

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Signs of bravery

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Fowl

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1. The traditional garment of Iban men is called kelambi and “sirat”, can be sleeved and sleeveless.

2. Kelambi worn by men Iban during certain ceremonies. Cutting of kelambi is very simple which consists of a rectangular piece of cloth folded double.

3. Men's traditional Iban costumes wear “sirat” with a very long loincloth around the waist and between the two stocks, one end through the legs hanging in front which is dress like a apron and the other end around the waist. There should be a little “tail” (iko sirat in Iban) in the back.

4.  They also wear accessories such as a belt, armlet and anklet made from silver and a headgear decorated with hornbill feathers.

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An old iban man’s tattoo, each tattoo has its own meaning.

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The traiditional way of doing a tattoo

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Art and craft (Tattoo)
1)
2) Head hunting tattoos. Believe that the soul inhabits the head
3) Borneo scorpion tattoo

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Tilipia Fish
- cooked with sago grubs , bamboo clams and temilok.

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Tuak (rice wine)
-rice, sugar, water and yeast
-rice distillates, essentially rice vodka

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Pansoh Manok ( Ayam Pansuh )
- featured chicken and lemongrass cooked in a bamboo log over an open fire

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'Ngajat' dance
1) To celebrate 'Gawai'
2) Believed to have been performed by warriors on their return from battles.
3) Includes several different types such as Ngajat Induk, Ngajat Bebunoh, Ngajat Lesong, Ngajat Semain, Ngajat Berayah, and Ngajat "Ngemai antu pala"
4) Performance is accompanied by the music from tribal musical instruments, usually percussions
5) Traditionally, only performed by male dancers but not anymore now
6) Arranged straight line and in a circle
7) Involved dramatic leaps and jumps performed by the male dancers

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jwP07Puhkw

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1. The IBANS are a branch of the Dayak peoples of Borneo. In Malaysia, most Ibans are located in Sarawak, a small portion in Sabah and some in west Malaysia. They speak the Iban language.
2. The Ibans were the original inhabitants of Borneo Island. Like the other Dayak tribes, they were originally farmers, hunters, and gatherers.
3. The ibans were traditionally animist, although the majority are now Christian, some of them Muslim and may continue to observe both Christian and tradional ceremonies , particularly during marriages or festival.
4. Significant festivals include the rice harvesting festival Gawai Dayak, the main festival for the Ibans.

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1) The Ibans comprise the largest percentage (almost 30%) of Sarawak's population.

2) Iban is native to Sarawak and Sarawak has the highest number of Ibans in Borneo.

3) Sarawak has more than 40 sub-ethnic group , each with its own distinct language, culture and lifestyle.

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- The Ibans or Sea Dayaks are a branch of the Dayak peoples of Borneo. Most Ibans are located in the Malaysian state of Sarawak.

It is believed that the term "Iban" was originally an exonym used by the Kayans, who referred to the Sea Dayaks in the upper Rajang river region when they initially came into contact with them as "Hivan".

The Iban population is concentrated in Sarawak, Brunei, and in the Indonesian province of West Kalimantan.

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1. Fowls and pigs is killed and ate as a portion is set aside for their gods.

2. The propitiation of gods and spirits by offering of food.

3. “Mengap”, “Renong” , “Pelian” , “Besudi” , “Bebayuh”, “Sabak Bebuah” , “Bebiau” to communicate with the gods and spirits.

4. Name of God - “Petara”  , supernatural being .

5. 1) Sengalang Burung – God of war
2) Raja Menjaya – God of medicine
3) Raja Simpulang Gana – God of Land/farming/agriculture
4) Raja Biku Bunsu Petara – God of Resources
5) Raja Selempandai, Raja Selempeta, Raja Selempetuh – God of Creation
6) Ini Inda, Ini Inee, Ini Andan – God of Justice
7) Raja Anda Mara – God of Wealth

6. “Sengalang Burong” - God of war , spirit of brave man.

7. For most Iban , their religions are christian.

8. Bards , responsible for reciting myths, histories and genealogies.

9. Aungurs, presiding over rituals involving things like agriculture and travelling.

10. Shaman, as a healers.

11. Iban traditionally celebrate 3 main types of ritual festivals.
(i) those connected with the cultivaton of rice
(ii) festivals connected with health and longevity
(iii) those that were connected with warfare and prestige