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SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) is the standard security technology for establishing an encrypted link between a web server and a browser. This link ensures that all data passed between the web server and browsers remain private and integral. SSL is an industry standard and is used by millions of websites in the protection of their online transactions with their customers.

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A firewall is a network security system, it can either be hardware based or software based , which uses rules to control incoming and outgoing network traffic.

A firewall acts as a barrier

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Strong passwords include three random words with upper and lower case letters, numbers and symbols.

RainbowCrack is a hash cracker tool that uses a large-scale time-memory trade off process for faster password cracking than traditional brute force tools. Time-memory trade off is a computational process in which all plain text and hash pairs are calculated by using a selected hash algorithm.

Hash -

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What is Social Engineering?
Social engineering is the art of manipulating people so they give up confidential information. The types of information these criminals are seeking can vary, but when individuals are targeted the criminals are usually trying to trick you into giving them your passwords or bank information, or access your computer to secretly install malicious software–that will give them access to your passwords and bank information as well as giving them control over your computer.
What is a username and why do you need one?
Alternatively referred to as an account name, login ID, and user ID, username or user name is the name given to a user on a computer or computer network. This name is commonly an abbreviation of the user's full name or his or her alias. For example, an individual known as John Smith may be assigned the username of smitj, which is the first four letters of the last name followed by the first letter of the first name.
Usernames allow multiple users to use the same computer or online service with their own personal settings and files. When used on a website, a username allows you to have your own personal settings and identification with that website or service.
What are the characteristics of a strong password?
A good password is made up of a number of different characteristics. For instance, it should be at least 6 - 8 characters long and should include at least two uppercase letters, lowercase letters and numbers.
How many combinations are there in a 4 number password?
A four digit code could be anything between 0000 to 9999, hence there are 10,000 combinations

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What is phishing?
Phishing is when a victim receives a message which appears to have been sent by a know contact or organization. An attachment or links in the message may install malware on the users device or direct them to a malicious website set up to trick them into showing personal and financial information to the attacker.
Examples of famous scams
The UK's biggest scam
Three men were sending sophisticated phishing scams

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what is hacking?
Hacking is unauthorized intrusion into a computer or a network. The person engaged in hacking activities is generally referred to as a hacker. This hacker may alter system or security features to accomplish a goal that differs from the original purpose.
Why people Hack?
Hacking for fun

Some hackers make attempts on computers, servers or network systems just for the personal gratification. Others may feel that they need to prove something to their peers or friends, and hack something only for the challenge.

Hacking to steal

Another reason to hack a system is to steal information or money. A large portion of hacking attempts fall into this category. Banks and large companies are common targets for hacking jobs, but sometimes smaller companies or even a specific person's computer are targeted, as well.

Hacking to disrupt

There are also some hackers, including hacking groups; that target a company to disrupt business, create chaos and just be a nuisance. These groups often be trying to make a statement with their hacking, demonstrate security inadequacies, or to show general disapproval for the business itself. Examples of hacking groups that made headlines are Anonymous and LulzSec.
Hacking Techniques
Keylogger

Keylogger is a simple software that records the key sequence and strokes of your keyboard into a log file on your machine. These log files might even contain your personal email IDs and passwords. Keylogger is one of the main reasons why online banking sites give you an option to use their virtual keyboards.
Denial of Service (DoS\DDoS)

A Denial of Service attack is a hacking technique to take down a site or server by flooding that site or server with a lot of traffic that the server is unable to process all the requests in the real time and finally crashes down. For DDoS attacks, hackers often deploy botnets or zombie computers which have got the only work to flood your system with request packets.
What is a Back door?
A back door is a means of access to a computer program that bypasses security mechanisms. A programmer may sometimes install a back door so that the program can be accessed for troubleshooting or other purposes. However, attackers often use back doors that they detect or install themselves, as part of an exploit.

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When was the first virus written?
1971 - The Creeper Virus was created by Bob Thomas, it was an experimental program that was self-replicating. It then infected DEC PDP-10 Computers that ran the TENEX Operating System. The Reaper was later developed to delete this virus.

Examples of famous viruses
ILOVEYOU virus created £10 billion worth of damage and caused governments and large cooperation's to take mailing system offline.

How did the ILOVEYOU virus work?
It was spread via email, arriving with the subject line "ILOVEYOU" and an attachment, "LOVE-LETTER-FOR-YOU.txt.vbs". If the attachment was opened, a Visual Basic script was executed, and the computer was infected.

What was the ILOVEYOU virus set up to do?
Once executed, the script then e-mailed itself to everyone in the victim's contact list, and replaced the data in many computer files, including JPEG images and Word Documents, with copies of itself.

What is a key-logger?
A key-logger is a software program or hardware device that is used to monitor and log each of the keys a user types into a computer keyboard.

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A firewall is a network security system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network. Firewalls can be implemented in both hardware and software, or a combination of both. Network firewalls are frequently used to prevent unauthorized Internet users from accessing private networks connected to the Internet, especially intranets. All messages entering or leaving the intranet pass through the firewall, which examines each message and blocks those that do not meet the specified security criteria.

Hardware and Software Firewalls
Firewalls can be either hardware or software but the ideal configuration will consist of both. In addition to limiting access to your computer and network, a firewall is also useful for allowing remote access to a private network through secure authentication certificates and logins.

Hardware firewalls can be purchased as a stand-alone product but are also typically found in broadband routers, and should be considered an important part of your system and network set-up. Most hardware firewalls will have a minimum of four network ports to connect other computers, but for larger networks, business networking firewall solutions are available.
Software firewalls are installed on your computer (like any software) and you can customize it; allowing you some control over its function and protection features. A software firewall will protect your computer from outside attempts to control or gain access your computer.
Common Firewall Filtering Techniques

Firewalls are used to protect both home and corporate networks. A typical firewall program or hardware device filters all information coming through the Internet to your network or computer system. There are several types of firewall techniques that will prevent potentially harmful information from getting through:

Packet Filter: Looks at each packet entering or leaving the network and accepts or rejects it based on user-defined rules. Packet filtering is fairly effective and transparent to users, but it is difficult to configure. In addition, it is susceptible to IP spoofing.

Application Gateway: Applies security mechanisms to specific applications, such as FTP and Telnet servers. This is very effective, but can impose a performance degradation.

Circuit-level Gateway: Applies security mechanisms when a TCP or UDP connection is established. Once the connection has been made, packets can flow between the hosts without further checking.

Proxy Server: Intercepts all messages entering and leaving the network. The proxy server effectively hides the true network addresses.

In practice, many firewalls use two or more of these techniques in concert. A firewall is considered a first line of defense in protecting private information. For greater security, data can be encrypted.
Next Generation Firewall (NGFW)

A newer class of firewalls, next generation firewall - NGFW, filters network and Internet traffic based upon the applications or traffic types using specific ports. Next Generation Firewalls (NGFWs) blend the features of a standard firewall with quality of service (QoS) functionalities in order to provide smarter and deeper inspection.

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A Trojan horse or Trojan is a type of malware that is often disguised as legitimate software. Trojans can be employed by cyber-thieves and hackers trying to gain access to users' systems. Users are typically tricked by some form of social engineering into loading and executing Trojans on their systems. Once activated, Trojans can enable cyber-criminals to spy on you, steal your sensitive data, and gain backdoor access to your system. These actions can include:

Deleting data

Blocking data

Modifying data

Copying data

Disrupting the performance of computers or computer networks

Unlike computer viruses and worms, Trojans are not able to self-replicate.
How Trojans can impact you

Trojans are classified according to the type of actions that they can perform on your computer:

Backdoor
A backdoor Trojan gives malicious users remote control over the infected computer. They enable the author to do anything they wish on the infected computer – including sending, receiving, launching and deleting files, displaying data and rebooting the computer. Backdoor Trojans are often used to unite a group of victim computers to form a botnet or zombie network that can be used for criminal purposes.

Exploit
Exploits are programs that contain data or code that takes advantage of a vulnerability within application software that’s running on your computer.

Rootkit
Rootkits are designed to conceal certain objects or activities in your system. Often their main purpose is to prevent malicious programs being detected – in order to extend the period in which programs can run on an infected computer.

Trojan-Banker
Trojan-Banker programs are designed to steal your account data for online banking systems, e-payment systems and credit or debit cards.

Trojan-DDoS
These programs conduct DoS (Denial of Service) attacks against a targeted web address. By sending multiple requests – from your computer and several other infected computers – the attack can overwhelm the target address… leading to a denial of service.

Trojan-Downloader
Trojan-Downloaders can download and install new versions of malicious programs onto your computer – including Trojans and adware.

Trojan-Dropper
These programs are used by hackers in order to install Trojans and / or viruses – or to prevent the detection of malicious programs. Not all antivirus programs are capable of scanning all of the components inside this type of Trojan.

Trojan-FakeAV
Trojan-FakeAV programs simulate the activity of antivirus software. They are designed to extort money from you – in return for the detection and removal of threats… even though the threats that they report are actually non-existent.

Trojan-GameThief
This type of program steals user account information from online gamers.

Trojan-IM
Trojan-IM programs steal your logins and passwords for instant messaging programs – such as ICQ, MSN Messenger, AOL Instant Messenger, Yahoo Pager, Skype and many more.

Trojan-Ransom
This type of Trojan can modify data on your computer – so that your computer doesn’t run correctly or you can no longer use specific data. The criminal will only restore your computer’s performance or unblock your data, after you have paid them the ransom money that they demand.

Trojan-SMS
These programs can cost you money – by sending text messages from your mobile device to premium rate phone numbers.

Trojan-Spy
Trojan-Spy programs can spy on how you’re using your computer – for example, by tracking the data you enter via your keyboard, taking screen shots or getting a list of running applications.

Trojan-Mailfinder
These programs can harvest email addresses from your computer.

Other types of Trojans include:

Trojan-ArcBomb

Trojan-Clicker

Trojan-Notifier

Trojan-Proxy

Trojan-PSW

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A computer virus, much like a flu virus, is designed to spread from host to host and has the ability to replicate itself. Similarly, in the same way that viruses cannot reproduce without a host cell, computer viruses cannot reproduce and spread without programming such as a file or document.

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A computer worm is a standalone malware computer program that replicates itself in order to spread to other computers. Often, it uses a computer network to spread itself, relying on security failures on the target computer to access it.

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What different types of memory are available?

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What different types of memory are available?

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Cache
RAM and ROM
Server memory
Primary storage on SSD or HDD or server to hold the original data.

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Dial Up - Analogue - 56Kbps
ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network) - Digital - 128Kbps
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) - ASDL - (1-8 Mbps)
Broadband - Digital - (2-100Mbps)

What is the difference between analogue and digital?
Analog and digital signals are used to transmit information, usually through electric signals. In both these technologies, the information, such as any audio or video, is transformed into electric signals. The difference between analog and digital technologies is that in analog technology, information is translated into electric pulses of varying amplitude. In digital technology, translation of information is into binary format (zero or one) where each bit is representative of two distinct amplitudes.

What % still use dial-up?
About 2.1 million people still use dial-up services to get on the internet

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A plugin is a piece of software that acts as an add-on to a web browser and gives the browser additional functionality. Plugins can allow a web browser to display additional content it was not originally designed to display.

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Google Chrome - 75.1% of the market

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Google Chrome

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Google Chrome

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I believe that currentlty the fastest processor is the intel i7-7700k

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Google Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, Microsoft Edge, Opera, Safari.

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A computer virus is a program, script or macro designed to cause damage, steal personal information, modify data, send e-mail, display messages, or some combination of these actions.

When the virus is executed, it spreads by copying itself into or over data files, programs, or boot sector of a computer's hard drive.

Most computer viruses will delete data, overwrite information, display messages, and add itself to other files on the computer. Almost all computer viruses only damage the data contained on the computer.

Polymorphic Virus -
It is a self-encrypted virus designed to avoid detection by a scanner. Once infected, polymorphic virus  creates copies of itself, with each copy different to fool a virus detection and users.
The variations are typically different forms of encryption or other signatures to make it more difficult for a virus detection programs to find and remove the virus from a computer.

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How will memory capacity affect web performance?

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How will memory capacity affect web performance?

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Th web page if possible can be placed in to the memory to make it easier to find for the computer if needed later on in the session.
This means it will load quicker the next time it is accessed.

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How does the browser affect  performance?

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How does the browser affect  performance?

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The way in which the browser processes the HTML and CSS code greatly affects the performance of the webpage. Additionally, a browsers ability to render additional page resources (like FLAs, etc) effects the speed in which a web page is shown. For example, an old browser that is incapable of rendering new resources like Flash animations will display a particular website faster than a new one.