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The Nurturing Perspective assumes that long-term, hard, persistent efforts to achievecome from the heart, not the head

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The Nurturing Perspective assumes that long-term, hard, persistent efforts to achievecome from the heart, not the head

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PRO
Work on authentic tasks in real settings of application or practice
CONTRA
Not easy to develop authentic tasks at varying levels of learner competence

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Froman Apprenticeship Perspective learning is facilitated when people work on authentic tasksin real settings of application or practice. 

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Froman Apprenticeship Perspective learning is facilitated when people work on authentic tasksin real settings of application or practice. 

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learners are expected to learn the content in its authorized or legitimate forms and teachers are expected to take learners systematically through a set of tasks that lead to mastery of the content.

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effective Social Reform teachers have much in common with other effective teachers.
They are clear and organized in their delivery of content; they bring learners into diverse communities of practice;
they ask probing questions and use powerful metaphors that help learners bridge between prior knowledge and new concepts;
and they work hard to respect and promote the dignity and self-efficacy of their learners.

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to change the way learners think

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learners are expected to learn the content

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5 teaching perspective
1. Transmission: - commited to subject matter, mastery over learning content, learners are expected to learn content through a set of task (planning- objective-implementation-assessment)
2. Developmental: - learners construct their own understanding by connecting to prior knowledge and adopting to new knowledge. Strategies: Questioning, Cases.
3. Apprenticeship: Internship, transfer classroom learning to real work environment. Startegies: Project Paper & Practicum.
4. Nurturing: learning is by their own but is nurtured/ under supervision. Strategies: Project paper
5. Social Reform: Making changes in social environment. Community practice.

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1.  Assumption behind this strategy is that learning brings about change inside the brain or their thinking.

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1. learning is more than the building of cognitive

structures or the development of skilled competence.

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PROS
Develop increasingly complex and sophisticated ways of reasoning and problem solving within a content area
Change the way learners think
Understand how learners think about the content before presenting new material
Move from simple to more complex forms of thinking
Adapt knowledge to learners’ ways of understanding
CONTRAS
Takes patience
Developing practice and assessment tasks that are consistent with complex reasoning

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-   Assumption/belief - “adults as learners” - already have existing knowledge, need to master the content.

-   Strategies

o   specify learning objectives – resources and assignments

o   feedback - directed at errors and pointing out where learners can improve

o   assessment - assess student's knowledge or skill to be learned

Transmission of knowledge – lecture/talking - Teacher-centered.

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PROS
Master the content
Pass the knowledge
Not overload
Spend time on preparation
CONTRAS
Difficult to work with people that do not understand content
Difficulty thinking of examples or problems from outside classrooms
Too much talking

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A Transmission Perspective-teachers tohave mastery over their content.

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A Transmission Perspective-teachers tohave mastery over their content.