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Definition: Transformative learning is a learning theory developed by Jack Mezirow in the late 1900s. The theory suggests that problematic frames of reference (habits of mind, meaning perspectives, mind-sets) are transformed through learning to become more inclusive, open, thoughtful, and emotionally adaptable. Our expectations, perceptions, cognition, and sentiments are all shaped by our frames of reference, which are our assumptions about how we comprehend our experiences.

Aim: The aim of transformative learning is to alter problematic frames of reference and result in a profound shift in people's beliefs and knowledge.

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Definition: Critical pedagogy which is a different form of transformative learning is suggested by Paulo Freire. The process of transformation as a goal of liberation is central to critical pedagogy. At that point, critical pedagogy employs education as a tool to help people see and actively oppose oppressive systems in their environment.

Aim: The basic goal of critical pedagogy is to provide everyone the possibility to be free.

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Definition: According to critical multicultural education all students should have equal opportunities to learn regardless of the racial, ethnic, social-class, or gender group to which they belong. Critical multicultural education considers diversity as a concept and investigates it.

Aim: The aim of critical multicultural education is to assist teachers in critically examining the systematic influences of inequity, oppression, and power on education and the rest of society.

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Similarities and Differences and The Relationship between the Topics

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Similarities and Differences and The Relationship between the Topics

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Transformative learning can be accepted as a general term for how our cultural assumptions shape our learning. Only when critical reflection and other points of view are welcomed in the learning environment does transformational learning occur.

When it comes to critical pedagogy, there are intentions such as to pose questions, analyse and take actions. There is an act to change these oppressive conditions.

On the other hand, each educational subject is viewed and treated differently when it comes to critical multicultural education. On multicultural education, there have been three basic points of view: conservative, liberal, and critical. Also, critical multicultural education can be accepted as the innermost concept of the schema; transformative learning-critical pedagogy-critical multicultural education.