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This device was invented by Francis Smith in 1839 but he was inspired by William Froude's research. Froude was the first to formulate reliable laws for the resistance that water offers to ships.

This new device was a propeller made with faced blades that worked underwater in order to be more efficient. Trials showed the effectiveness of this new form of propulsion but they forced to move the screw further back beneath the ship to get stability on movement. It replaced the paddlewheels of early steam boats  which did not work well in high seas. This invention allowed larger ships to be built in mid-nineteenth century

All sailing ships and vessels all over the world use this kind of propulsion because it provides high speed and large stability to the ships.

https://youtu.be/DDsPag56GQE?si=kAH-vJJpEzkgEKkr

https://youtu.be/Y6ryl3Dg_GI?si=Vhkb5-YQv7K7dc1H

BY MÓNICA LANERO

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VULCANIZATION by Charles Goodyear in 1839 *

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VULCANIZATION by Charles Goodyear in 1839 *

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Businessmen Charles Goodyear developed Hayward's ideas on artificial stuff in 1839.

After a large number of experiments, he discovered a chemical reaction with Sulphur that made the raw rubber from the trees harder and stronger. Sulphur reduced the stickiness and the weakness of the raw material. This way of making rubber harder was called vulcanization.

It is essential today for car tyres and many other rubber items.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ir8rnLdtUnk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DdcABhtZQNw

By Jose Alonso Hernández

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SEWING MACHINE by ISAAC MERRITT SINGER 1851

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SEWING MACHINE by ISAAC MERRITT SINGER 1851

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It was invented by Isaac Merritt Singer in United States in 1851

A wheel powered the machine by using electricity or by hand. This wheel moved a complex system that drives the spindle of yarn and the needle. The needle moves up and down to link thread with other

thread and sews out different pieces of cloth.

Weaving and spinning were mechanized in the early moments of the industrial revolution, but not clothing. This device allowed people to get clothing as a mass-market product in the 20th century.

By MARTA CAMPOS CORTÉS

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SAFETY ELEVATOR AND ESCALATOR  by Elisha Graves Otis 1852 and 1900

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SAFETY ELEVATOR AND ESCALATOR  by Elisha Graves Otis 1852 and 1900

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Elisha Graves Otis was an American industrialist who designed a useful device to go up safely into the buildings in 1852. Later on, in 1900, he developed a new device to be used in big department stores.

In fact, our inventor did not create the device. He designed a safety system that prevents elevators  from failing just in case of supporting cables broke down. If the electric current of the engine suddenly  got away or the cables were cut, a hydraulic piston connected with the cables stopped the elevator by  using strong brakes.

The name of the inventor can still be seen on elevators and escalators everywhere and his device was  clearly important to build up high skyscrapers.

https://youtu.be/BfVpbURY6VM?si=Z7SlL_pJBA08QBN6

https://youtu.be/UivTpZhkshI?si=nplaDXPJ-4iJVest

By Alba Roncero

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REFRIGERATOR    by John GORRIE  and Ferdinand CARRÉ.                              1851

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REFRIGERATOR    by John GORRIE  and Ferdinand CARRÉ.                              1851

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It was designed and developed by John Gorrie and Ferdinand Carré in 1851.
Gases get hot when they are compressed and cool down when they expand. This device worked moving some fluid inside a circuit that changed from liquid to gas when it expanded. As a result, it absorbed all heat from the inside box that we called fridge.
This device was absolutely necessary to keep meat, vegetables and fresh fruit fresh and preserved them for a long time, thus allowing us to enjoy a more varied diet.

https://youtu.be/_YgYn6ZlmoU

BY MÓNICA LANERO

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REINFORCED CONCRETE by Joseph MONIER 1854

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REINFORCED CONCRETE by Joseph MONIER 1854

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Joseph Monier invented this material in 1854 and William Wilkinson in Great Britain was the first builder who used it to build houses.

It consisted in a composite material made of stone or brick chips, fine sand, a paste of binder material and water. To get more strength, durability and to hold high temperatures and heavy strains, they decided to reinforce it with large steel reinforcing bars. It was usually embedded in the concrete before it was still humid.

Today, this system let us build up large and complicated structures and improve the behaviour of the final structures under working loads.

https://youtu.be/vbrQaQltVRA?si=DqZjWIpokf7hDJhX

https://youtu.be/hDESDx-TeHU?si=6EqbxbdBNcVKsBYq

BY DANIELA AMADO COLLADO

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This Key invention in the Second Industrial revolution was developed by Werner von Siemens in 1866.

A dynamo allowed to change mechanical movement into an electric current. It used rotating spirals of

copper wire and magnets to convert mechanical rotation into a direct electricity.

Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry and home

appliances.

Video

By Ángel Barrero Piñero

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It was devised by the American inventors Sholes and Glidden but was Remington the businessman who

first manufactured it in his sewing machines factory, in 1874.

It consisted of four rows of keys in the pattern known as QWERTY. By depressing any key, a bar at its end made contact with an ink ribbon, leaving an impression of an individual letter or number on a piece of paper rolled onto a cylinder or platen. A handle allowed the operator to move the page up at the end of a line. The first device looked very much like a sewing machine, and was decorated with flowers on its black metal enclosure.

It was a key invention for the expanding businesses of the nineteenth century, because big enterprises needed legible correspondence. Besides, it allowed middle class women entering the labour market, as it was considered as a female job.

https://youtu.be/mxdcTx_3UUE

https://youtu.be/zz9FOj4Lb-0

https://youtu.be/A0Z5vJNJzfk

By PELAYO CAMPOS PASCUAL

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JEANS by Jacob DAVIS and Levi STRAUSS 1873

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JEANS by Jacob DAVIS and Levi STRAUSS 1873

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In 1873 Jacob Davis patented his design, jointly with L. Strauss, a German-born tailor.

In the time of the Gold Rush tough outdoor clothes were needed for the gold diggers. The fabric got its name from the French town Nîmes, where it was first made. The key invention was using rivets to hold the fabric together: the rivets stopped the pant from falling apart with heavy use.

They were first used as blue overalls for heavy work, as well as prisoners or soldiers uniforms, but thanks to the Hollywood film industry, people around the world saw movie stars wearing them in Westerns, and so quickly became fashionable, especially the blue ones.

https://youtu.be/3HlEYZWvtRA?si=VaTx69KUnmzHgdMU

https://youtube.com/shorts/TSlEm5ImLLE?si=Ya8oL_d0tYKjLCix

BY ARIADNA BRAVO TORRES

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The four-stroke internal combustion engine.

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THE FOUR-STROKE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE by Nikolas OTTO 1876

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THE FOUR-STROKE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE by Nikolas OTTO 1876

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German engineer Nikolas Otto developed it in 1876. He followed the French engineer De Rochas' ideas to improve this engine.

Fuel and air were introduced into a cylinder, compressed, burnt and the gases pumped out. That inner explosion powered a piston along the cylinder. This movement was called stroke. The piston was connected to a long axis that provided continuous movement to the wheels.

Most of the cars we use today are powered with this kind of engine. It allows to change a chemical reaction into mechanical movement.

https://youtu.be/I1g_4w9dfDo

By Lara Monroy Sánchez

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Alternating current motor by,Nikola Tesla  ¿Date?? 1883

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Alternating current motor by,Nikola Tesla  ¿Date?? 1883

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It was invented in 1883 by Serbian-US engineer Nikola Tesla.

A dynamo allowed to change mechanical movement into an electric current. It used rotating spirals of

copper wire and magnets to convert mechanical rotation into a direct electricity.

Induction motors now power most of the world's electrically driven machinery.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rRSlb5CFnFk

By David Gonzalo Rus

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Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson 

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TELEPHONE by Alexander GRAHAM BELL 1876 

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TELEPHONE by Alexander GRAHAM BELL 1876 

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The first to be granted a United States for a device to transmit sound using wire was Alexander Graham Bell with the help of Thomas Watson in 1876.

It converts human voice into electronic signals suitable for transmission through wires over long distances, and replays such signals simultaneously in audible form to its user. The essential elements of a telephone are a microphone (transmitter) to speak into and an earphone (receiver) which reproduces the voice from a distant location. Telephones permit duplex communication, meaning they allow the people on both ends of the line to talk simultaneously.

It was the first device in history that enabled people to talk directly with each other across large distances. They rapidly became indispensable to businesses, governments, and households, and are

today some of the most widely used small devices.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JRsC5MSvzqM

BY NAIA PERAL RECIO

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THE LIGHT BULB by Thomas Alva EDISON 1878

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THE LIGHT BULB by Thomas Alva EDISON 1878

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Probably, it was the most famous Edison’s invention by far. It was developed in 1878 in Edison’s workshop in Menlo Park, New Jersey.

It was an incandescent lamp which produced light with a wire filament heated at high temperature by an electric current passing through it. Its inventors had large troubles to find a material to make a long lasting filament. Its first exhibition was at the Paris World Exhibition in 1881.

Since its creation, this device began to be used everywhere and changed our way of living, giving us light at every time.

https://youtu.be/YnMP1Uj2nz0?si=vTrtBIYmYHkghArl

https://youtu.be/fti-sg2-6Q4?si=e0Hy5Y4SZojed1e9

BY ARIADNA BRAVO TORRES

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ELECTRIC TRAIN, by Werner Von Siemens (1879).

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ELECTRIC TRAIN, by Werner Von Siemens (1879).

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This device was developed by the German inventor Werner von Siemens in 1879. In 1881 he also built the first electric tramway in Berlin.

The electric locomotive was moved by an electric engine that was supplied by a nearby stationary dynamo or by wires that collected electricity from overhead cables.

This device improved transport because it was cheaper and less pollution was produced, as no gases were released unlike in steam locomotives. Moreover steam locomotives were no solutions for local public transport, but electric locomotives were the forerunner for tramways, trolleybuses and underground railways.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P7f5a69F-GI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O42YDPLHfeg

BY CAROLINA REDONDO CARRERO.

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It was designed and built in 1861 by a North American inventor called Richard Gatling and it was improved by the British inventor Hiram Maxim in 1883.

It was a fully automatic portable firearm usually designed to fire bullets in quick succession from an ammunition belt at a rate of one thousand rounds per minute. Every shooted bullet provoked a force that removed the spent case from the main chamber and fed the machine with another round again (of bullets). It was cooled up with a water cover that surrounded the barrel.

This device changed completely the warfare. Most of the casualties in both World Wars in the 20th century were due to the large use of it by all the armies.

https://youtu.be/2WQQY1MYYUQ?si=eyQrdev6ZHrukzkZ

https://youtu.be/r__kKZ3CNO0?si=Sbr6ewCodJJRNjco

By José María Torero Collado

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STEAM TURBINE by Charles Algernon Parsons in 1884

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STEAM TURBINE by Charles Algernon Parsons in 1884

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It was invented by Charles Algernon Parsons in 1884.

It transformed the energy of the steam flow into a power engine. Steam reached the blades that are connected to a rotor. Steam runs moving the rotor blades. It used high-pressure steam to move a rotor blade that produces more power and speed.

It was a major change because it produced large supplies of speed and strong movement and, electricity when connected with a dynamo. It is important because it produces electricity and moves large ships and railways.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jPuD6bHXcp8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-8lXXg8dWHk

By Jose Alonso Hernández

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Karl Benz (left) and a photo of his invention (right)

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THE FIRST CAR by  Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler. Date? 1885

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THE FIRST CAR by  Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler. Date? 1885

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It was a three-wheeler carriage propelled by a single-cylinder engine. This engine was developed by

Otto and it worked as four-stroke engine, using a mixture of petrol and air to be burnt. The engine,

below the driver's seat, moved the wheels by using a long chain.

It was the first automobile in the world. Further developments in gears, breaks and suspensions allowed

to build up the modern cars.

As a result, pedal powered bicycles became safer and so bikes developed.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XWzLdCkxAWE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JRsOHKH--js

By Carlos ¿?

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THE ROVER SAFETY BICYCLE by John STARLEY  1885

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THE ROVER SAFETY BICYCLE by John STARLEY  1885

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In 1885 John Starley improved his uncle’s design, which caused a lot of accidents, both after Macmillan’s key invention in 1839.

He linked the pedals to a chain that turned the back wheel, both wheels being the same size.

As a result, pedal powered bicycles became safer and so bikes developed.

https://youtu.be/uNC1XJRJRd0

https://youtu.be/EcRlDCsZM20

By Lara Monroy Sánchez

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The First Skyscraper by William le Baron Jenney in 1885

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The First Skyscraper by William le Baron Jenney in 1885

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The engineer that developed this project was William LeBaron Jenney in 1885.

It was a building of ten floors called Home Insurance Building. It was set in Chicago. This was the first building that was supported by a metal frame made up of vertical pillars and horizontal beams. The steel structure supported the entire building and weighted only a third of a common heavy masonry building.

The steel frame used to build it provided a large and wide space inside the tower. This type of structure is used today in our modern buildings.

Video

By Ángel Barrero Piñero

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THE DISHWASHER by Josephine GARIS COCHRANE 1886

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THE DISHWASHER by Josephine GARIS COCHRANE 1886

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Josephine Garis Cochrane, a wealthy woman from Illinois, patented her invention in 1886: the dishwasher.

This device worked by spraying hot, soapy water onto the dishes, which were held in a metal rack. It then rinsed them with clean water. There were two models:

A small, hand-powered one for home use.

A large, steam-powered version for restaurants and hotels.

Due to its high cost, the dishwasher didn’t become popular in homes until the 1950s, long after its inventor had passed away. However, today it is an essential appliance and still operates based on the same basic principles as her original design.

https://youtu.be/A_rHQmkY1Xw?si=YAjeYLHX9cFUpKn2

https://youtube.com/shorts/48j7yjwIr-k?si=dqLOF-G4wlaRLFhV

BY CELIA GONZALO PENAS

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In the 1880’s Thomas Adams got his hands on this substance through exiled Mexican  president Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana

Ancient Mayan and Aztecs used birch bark tar 9,000 years ago, possibly for enjoyment as well as  medicinal purposes, such as relieving toothaches .Instead of using the substance to develop a substitute  for rubber, this inventor from New York realized that chicle could be used to produce a better type of  chewing gum

It served as the main ingredient in chewing gum until most manufacturers replaced it with synthetic  ingredients by the mid-1900s.

www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/kids-lab-video-martha-speaks-tds-report/tds-report-on-inventor-tom-adams-martha-speaks/ready-to-learn/?student=true

By Alba Roncero

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THE GRAMOPHONE by Emile Berliner in 1887

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THE GRAMOPHONE by Emile Berliner in 1887

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In 1887, German engineer Emile Berliner, working in the USA, came up with a revolutionary idea. He created the gramophone.

He created a recording machine that used cylindrical records. It also could play the sounds firstly recorded. The disc was made with a coat of wax where a needle cut the wax to record the metal and made a permanent recording.

This system could allow to stamp out thousands of them at the same time, giving the opportunity of spreading music throughout the world.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDb6xIbFXFo

By VÍCTOR HERMINIO MARTÍN HERNÁNDEZ

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THE CINÉMA by August and Louis Lumière in 1895

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THE CINÉMA by August and Louis Lumière in 1895

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It was the first system that could show an audience a moving picture that ran for several minutes. It was
both a motion-picture camera and a projector. It means that with the same device they could take
pictures in a film and then, they could project them onto a large screen. The film was lit by a lamp and
the images were projected using large lens.

This device moved away another way of projecting images such as the Edison's Kinetograph and it was
the forerunner system of all our cinema systems nowadays.

https://youtu.be/s4cZ2bzOp3c?si=gawA-Ks3SuBiKkn8

https://youtu.be/aFkSjdaqbyE?si=yFBteidhVCE5cruL

By Emile

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Guglielmo Marconi (right) and a photo of his invention (left).

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RADIO TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER by Guglielmo MARCONI 1894

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RADIO TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER by Guglielmo MARCONI 1894

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It was invented by Guglielmo Marconi, an Italo-American designer and engineer in 1894.

Heinrich Hertz discovered that electric pulses could be sent by the air as waves and Nikola Tesla developed the first device that changed voices and sounds into lectromagnetic waves. These were released into the air while another device took and transformed them again into sound. It meant a wireless transmission. A transmitter, an electric current, a mast and a receiver were needed to send the

sound. Marconi was really the first person who made a transmission between two countries, in that case, between Great Britain and the USA.

This device used to be the most important means of communication during the 20th century. Today, it has been replaced by another wireless system, the short-range computer networking related with data and mobile phones.

https://youtu.be/46Yg4p50Wr8

By Jara Fernández Moreno.

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X RAYS, by Wilhelm Röentgen (between 1895 and 1897).

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X RAYS, by Wilhelm Röentgen (between 1895 and 1897).

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This was created by Wilhem Röentgen, a German physicist between 1895 and 1897. They were very short electromagnetic waves. They were invisible and could pass through most substances. Röentgen discovered that passing an electrical current through some gas in a tube, produced 'cathode ray'. This steam of electrons created X rays that could pass through objects and impressed into a photographic plate. It's a radiograph.

They are used for discovering skeleton diseases, pneumonia, lung cancer, pulmonary edema, abscesses... X-rays have allowed to discover the genetic structure of human beings.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HRNm9QWkDyY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OCCQG_iJkMw

BY CAROLINA REDONDO CARRERO

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 Felix Hoffman, a researcher at Bayer Laboratories, 

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THE ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID by Felix HOFFMAN 1899

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THE ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID by Felix HOFFMAN 1899

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In 1899, pharmacist Felix Hoffman, a researcher at Bayer Laboratories, managed to synthesize acetylsalicylic acid with great purity

He got synthesized acetylsalicylic acid in an industrial process. He tested the aspirin and felt that his aspirin had properties as analgesic and antipyretic, which reduced temperature.
It has an enormous importance because we are still using it because aspirin is considered to be pain

killer in strokes, heart attacks or headaches.

https://youtu.be/WOWLsHldqwM?si=W9S9xgTw0jujqIS4

https://youtu.be/uRhkDN2WjzI?si=nA6i27tL1Ec2dOQc

BY DANIELA AMADO COLLADO

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THE AIRPLANE by The Wright Brothers. 1903

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THE AIRPLANE by The Wright Brothers. 1903

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It was designed, built and used by Wilbur and Orville Wright in 1903 in North Carolina, USA.

It was named The Flyer but at last its first attempt to fly kept their fragile structure on the air for only 12 seconds. The structure was controlled by wires that warped and bent the wings. There was no cockpit for the pilot and it was powered by a simple two-stroke engine with two blades taken from a motorbike.

The early pioneers of flying realized that flapping wings as the birds had were not essential. This idea led to a modern airplane driven and sustained on the air by propellers. This system is being used on our modern planes.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aot8n9eZ2zs&t=56s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qt3pry6cWJM&t=19s

By Manuel Galán Sánchez.

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Gideon Sundback, a Swedish-American electrical engineer, invented the zipper in 1914.

This fastening device is used to join the edges of fabric or other flexible materials with interlocking teeth. It consists of two strips of teeth that lock together as they slide through the two Y-shaped channels.

Initially, zippers were mainly used for boots and tobacco pouches. It was not until World War II that they began to be used in trousers, skirts, and dresses. Today, they are widely used in the fashion industry.

https://youtube.com/shorts/_5h1jNof0JI?si=zC5MlaWjMpE9lYlv

https://youtube.com/shorts/s5ut-Bk122g?si=embgXGeDJ9TRuopf

BY CELIA GONZALO PENAS