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When stars are born in nebulae, lighting up in fusion, they will race through life. Some will be lucky to reach a few billion or trillion years of age. The heaviest and densest of these will die in massive supernova explosions. Others, like our Sun, will burn more slowly, and probably expire less dramatically. Upon a star's death, matter will spill out into space in the form of new elements, creating new star-forming nebulae, continuing its circle of life.

Tiny imperfections. Little knots, wrinkles, and flaws will begin attracting nearby particles of matter. The clumps will grow, becoming more massive, and attracting more particles.

As these compacted clumps of hydrogen and helium grow in density, they'll also heat up. Eventually, the clumps heat and compact to form a "plasma," sort of a hot, swirling soup made up of free-floating atomic nuclei. This will form into giant balls called "protostars."

Gravity squeezes the center of the protostars tighter and tighter. Their temperature rockets until they reach a flash point. And they "light up" as free-floating nuclei, slamming together with such intensity that they fuse into a new element. This process of "nuclear fusion" releases a tremendous amount of energy, presenting the Universe with a new complexity that is critical to the formation of galaxies, larger clusters, and superclusters.

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Big History Project: Chapter 1 - The Universe

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When stars are born in nebulae, lighting up in fusion, they will race through life. Some will be lucky to reach a few billion or trillion years of age. The heaviest and densest of these will die in massive supernova explosions. Others, like our Sun, will burn more slowly, and probably expire less dramatically.

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speaking test for 2024  Cambridge IGCSE ESL 0511 \ 0991 ( candidate 3 )

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0510/1 0991/3 e2l specimen speaking tests (2024) | online learning area

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0510/1 0991/3 E2L Specimen Speaking Tests (2024) | Online Learning area

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Cambridge IGCSE™ English as a Second Language (for examination from 2024)

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igcse writing skills | online learning area

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This resource has been developed to support your teaching of writing skills, including teaching learners how to create and compose a variety of text types.

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1 https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/verbs/modal-verbs

2 Deduction (present) https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/quick-grammar/modals-deduction-present

3 Deduction (past)
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/quick-grammar/modals-deduction-past

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due to
as a result
ever since
following on from
as a consequence

These are used in exactly the same way as single word conjuncts and broaden the range of linking words available.

Ever since I saw an eagle close to me, I have been a keen birdwatcher.

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Powtoon.com | See What I Created with Powtoon - IGCSE ESL (Core) Reading and Writing from 2019

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Powtoon gives you everything you need to easily make professional videos and presentations that your clients, colleagues, and friends will love! No design or tech skills are necessary - it's free, easy, and awesome!

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IGCSE ESL Exercise 6 How to write a report helps you to write this text style with the appropriate content and language to gain a high mark in this part of the exam.

This video shows you how to write a trip report for Exercise 6 of IGCSE ESL reading and writing the extended paper. The task is to write a report for a teacher about a trip to a large recycling centre.

Tips for writing a report for Exercise 6

Powerpoint available here.

Exercise 4 - Write a summary.

Available in January & February 2020.

Available in February 2020.

The more words you encounter and understand, the broader your day-to-day vocabulary will become. So, our IGCSE ESL Word searches are an excellent way to help to reinforce spellings. Word puzzles require not just a good vocabulary and a knack for spelling, but the ability to think logically and strategically. In the case of puzzles like our IGCSE Crosswords, it's crucial to spell linked words correctly to be able to complete the task.

Learning English requires not just a good vocabulary, but a strong foundation of all skills to communicate well. Here we provide activities for the IGCSE ESL for all the skills required to be successful in this examination.

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IGCSE ESL Exercise 6 Report Video | Writing Section

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This video shows you how to write a trip report for Exercise 6 of IGCSE ESL reading and writing the extended paper. The task is to write a report for a teacher about a trip to a large recycling centre. Tips for writing a report for Exercise 6 Powerpoint available here.

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If you keep a record of something, you keep a written account or photographs of it so that it can be referred to later.

There's no record of them having any children.

The result will go on your medical records.

If you record a piece of information or an event, you write it down, photograph it, or put it into a computer so that in the future people can refer to it.

...a place which has rarely suffered a famine in its recorded history.

If you record something such as a speech or performance, you put it on tape or film so that it can be heard or seen again later.

The call was answered by a recorded message saying the company had closed early.

If a musician or performer records a piece of music or a television or radio show, they perform it so that it can be put online or onto CD or film.

A record is a round, flat piece of black plastic on which sound, especially music, is stored, and which can be played on a record player. You can also refer to the music stored on this piece of plastic as a record.

This is one of my favourite records.

...the biggest and best-known record company in England.

If a dial or other measuring device records a certain measurement or value, it shows that measurement or value.

The painting was sold for £665,000-a record for the artist.

...the 800 metres, where she is the world record holder.

You use record to say that something is higher, lower, better, or worse than has ever been achieved before.

Profits were at record levels.

She won the race in record time.

Someone's record is the facts that are known about their achievements or character.

His record reveals a tough streak.

He had a distinguished record as a chaplain.

His country is making a big effort to improve its human rights record.

...a heroin addict with a criminal record going back 15 years.

Where the accused has a record of violence, they should always be kept in custody.

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Record definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary

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If you keep a record of something, you keep a written account or photographs of it so that it can be referred to later. There's no record of them having any children. The result will go on your medical records.

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1 Abandon (a person, cause, or organization) in a way considered disloyal or treacherous.

'we feel our public representatives have deserted us'

'Was such a party bound to desert its essential core of supporters, they working class, in its attempt to secure the votes and support of others?'

'But now is not the time to desert the Labour Party, now is the time to reclaim it.'

'In Germany, opinion polls have indicated that traditional voters are profoundly disillusioned with the Party and are deserting it in droves.'

'The millions who until now have been denied political representation have thus far expressed their dissatisfaction and alienation by deserting their old party.'

'The menace of grooms deserting their legally wedded wives is rampant.'

'It fears that its voters, particularly the younger generation, will desert the party if it is seen to capitulate to a unionist agenda.'

'These days most beneficiaries are not deserted wives; they are single women who have had children.'

'Moreover, we cannot help but feel sorry for the emotionally lonely jeweler who lacks a wife and is deserted even by his housemaid.'

'By 1914 most of their best-known intellectuals had quarrelled with Lenin's tactics and deserted the party.'

'How was his third wife to know that he had deserted his still-living first wife?'

'Near the end of the story, deserted by his wife, he returns to descend into alcoholism.'

'Millions of voters and members have deserted these parties and are seeking an alternative.'

'Nonconformists were outraged and many of those who had deserted the party in 1886 came back.'

'What is worse about Henry's story is that he raised his three sons virtually single-handed after his wife deserted them.'

'White working class voters are deserting social democratic parties around the western world.'

'Those were dark times as friends deserted him and fans shunned him.'

'I have not deserted the military nor been disloyal to the men and women of the military.'

'And they are very disaffected with a Labour Party they believe has deserted them.'

'His customers deserted his food kiosk and his wife left him.'

'The enormous crowds delighted show organisers who had feared they may have deserted the event after last year's cancellation.'

'When the Government deserts them, who else is there to listen to the plight of the lottery people?'

abandoned, forsaken, cast aside, cast off, thrown over, betrayed, jilted

abandon, leave, give up, cast off, turn one's back on

renounce, renege on, repudiate, forswear, relinquish, wash one's hands of, have no more truck with, have done with, abjure, disavow

View synonyms

1. 1.1 (of people) leave (a place), causing it to appear empty.
'the tourists have deserted the beaches'

2. 1.2 (of a quality or ability) fail (someone) when most needed.

3. 1.3 Military no object Illegally leave the armed forces.
'his life in the regiment had been such a hell that he decided to desert'

'After that, the troops began to desert en masse.'

'Repeated attempts were made to establish personal contacts with servicemen in order to induce them to desert and surrender.'

'Within days the enemy force had either been destroyed, surrendered or deserted.'

'Now if he returns to the U.S. he faces several years in prison - or possibly the death penalty - for deserting during wartime.'

'Soon disillusioned by the lot of the common soldier, he deserted and returned home; his youth saving him from military punishment.'

1 A waterless, desolate area of land with little or no vegetation, typically one covered with sand.

'the desert of the Sinai peninsula is a harsh place'

mass noun 'drought and deforestation are turning fragile grasslands into desert'

'The world sees the desert as a desolate land offering only hardship and discomfort.'

'The land was mostly flat and featureless; even the most desolate of the southern deserts had some rolling sand dunes and some cacti.'

'His explorations, surveys and reports, which stated that the north had some excellent pastoral lands and were not just arid sands and saline deserts, attracted pastoralists to the area.'

'The 37 areas that qualified for wilderness status include tropical rain forests, wetlands, deserts, and arctic tundra.'

'They occupy a wide range of environment from the edges of the desert to savannah lands (favoured by N. meleagris) and high forests.'

'Riding off trail or driving off designated areas permanently damages the land in the western desert.'

'They had left the forested area and were back into the sand of the desert.'

'He survived the crash by landing in 'the biggest sand dune in the desert.''

'The sands of the desert gave way to a grass-land, though the grass had a rotten look to it, and was slippery to walk on.'

'The black stone-wall stood out like a piece of coal in the snow, for it had been placed on a barren landscape, most of which had been covered with sand from the nearby desert.'

'Either it had been moved by someone, or something as was more likely, or it had been covered by the shifting sands of the desert.'

'Subtropical deserts and tropical savannahs and rainforests have similarly expanded and contracted, imposing their morphogenetic overprint on older landscapes.'

'He'd taken to spending long periods of time in the parkland, or out in the desert beyond the planted area, doing what, Annie didn't know.'

'Most of this area is desert or desertified sand suitable only for grazing.'

'The city had almost become overrun by the desert, the sand sweeping in to cover the streets and all items left out.'

'The helicopter slowly landed in the soft sand of a desert in the middle of nowhere, Nevada.'

'I wanted to ride out into the desert on camelback, sand and dunes in every direction, eat whole roasted lamb with my fingers.'

'The film starts by introducing ways to find a plot of land in the desert using satellite images, topographical maps and a compass.'

'The boy ran across the desert, the sand flying up from his heels.'

'It was a desolate barren land covered in deserts, forgotten and ignored by many.'

1.1 A situation or place considered dull and uninteresting.

'a desert of lapwings rises from a ploughed field'

'It was pleasant to see a vast desert of lapwings, for these birds have quite disappeared from the part of North Cheshire in which I live.'

attributive

'overgrazing has created desert conditions'

'In a related story, also in the Telegraph, it seems that the army is to modify 234 tanks - the equivalent of two armoured brigades - for use in desert conditions.'

'It has coped well with desert conditions, it has withstood attack from weapons which were designed to defeat it and its gun control equipment has proved to be outstanding.'

'The American-designed tanker has the capacity to hold up to 20,000 litres of fuel, and can operate in both arctic and desert conditions.'

'He believes that the model, which was designed in the 1960s, will perform better than a Landrover in desert conditions.'

'Tanks were also being prepared for desert conditions, with their filters and fans to be changed so they could cope with sand.'

'Armaments were often inferior and needing attention to make them serviceable in desert conditions.'

'He said that despite hostile desert conditions, morale among the servicemen was high.'

'Soil in countries in southern Europe has seriously depleted carbon levels, approaching desert conditions and could provide compost markets.'

'The goal was to find a plant that could grow in dry desert conditions with little care, yet still absorb a significant amount of uranium.'

'According to field reports, there was 'complete satisfaction' with it, even in the harsh desert conditions.'

'The tree grows very slowly and thrives in desert conditions.'

'This drastically minimized the harsh desert conditions and the reliability of the equipment increased.'

'The harsh weather conditions and the desert environment played havoc with our weapon systems as well as our personnel.'

'I looked at the scorching desert sand as the silvery moon was cooling it.'

'When I feel stressed, I want to lie down in warm desert sand.'

'Sarah looked ahead and saw two men charging at her through the desert sand.'

'Suddenly I realised we were the only two Europeans in the whole desert landscape.'

'The two buildings' formal similarities derive from their similar functions and desert landscapes.'

'For millennia, people have successfully converted desert landscapes into agricultural land through irrigation.'

'Other sites of religious importance are located on the edges of the desert plain.'

arid, dry, moistureless, dried up, parched, scorched, burnt, hot, burning, torrid

View synonyms

Origin

Middle English via Old French from late Latin desertum 'something left waste', neuter past participle of deserere 'leave, forsake'.

Origin

Late Middle English from Old French deserter, from late Latin desertare, from Latin desertus 'left waste' (see desert).

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1 Abandon (a person, cause, or organization) in a way considered disloyal or treacherous. 'we feel our public representatives have deserted us' 'Was such a party bound to desert its essential core of supporters, they working class, in its attempt to secure the votes and support of others?'

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Debates tend to instantly engage students, but they can also sharpen their research and public speaking skills. No matter your reasons for using them, having debates in your classroom is a sure way to get your students thinking and talking.

You may require your students to research topics before debating them or even prepare speeches to state their point of view. Learning how to productively debate will improve your students' communication skills as they practice speaking and listening. These skills will serve them in college and the diverse career world beyond.

Debate Topics

The following 50 debate topics can be used in high school or advanced middle school classrooms. They are organized by genre and some can be modified for use in different subjects. Each item is listed in the form of a question to propose to your students that has at least two points of view.

Science and Technology

Should human cloning be banned?

Should renewable forms of energy be subsidized by the government?

Should the U.S. government fund a space mission to Mars?

Should social media comments be protected by free speech?

Should parents be allowed to choose their baby's gender?

Should animal testing be banned?

Should the U.S. government provide internet service to every citizen?

Are video games too violent for children?

Should the manufacturing of nuclear weapons be permitted?

Laws and Politics

Is it ever appropriate for the government to restrict freedom of speech?

Is democracy the best form of government?

Should citizens who do not vote be fined?

Is the right to bear arms a necessary constitutional amendment today?

Should the legal voting/driving/drinking age be lowered or raised?

Should a border fence be constructed between the U.S. and Mexico?

Should America give foreign aid to other countries?

Should drone attacks against specific targets be used for modern warfare?

Should affirmative action be abolished?

Should the death penalty be abolished?

Should microaggressions be punishable by law?

Should the cruel treatment of animals be illegal?

Social Justice

Should partial-birth abortion be illegal?

Should all parents be required to attend parenting classes before having a child?

Should parents be required to vaccinate their children?

Should mixed martial arts be banned?

Should celebrities be required to be positive role models?

Should people be fined for not recycling?

Are progressive tax rates just?

Should performance-enhancing drugs be allowed in sports?

Should marijuana use be considered a crime?

Should every student be required to take a performing arts course?

Should homework be banned?

Should school uniforms be required?

Is year-round education is a good idea?

Should physical education be required of all high school students?

Should all students be required to perform community service?

Should schools block YouTube?

Should students be able to leave school grounds for lunch?

Are single-sex schools better for student learning and mental health?

Should schools punish cyberbullying that occurs outside of school?

Should teachers not be allowed to contact students through social media?

Should public prayer be allowed in schools?

Should high-stakes state testing be abolished?

Should poetry units be removed from the curriculum?

Is History (or another subject) actually an important subject in school?

Should schools be allowed to track students by academic level?

Should students be required to pass algebra to graduate?

Should students be graded on their handwriting?

Should all students be required to co-op?

Should the theory of creation be taught in schools?

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Debates tend to instantly engage students, but they can also sharpen their research and public speaking skills. No matter your reasons for using them, having debates in your classroom is a sure way to get your students thinking and talking.

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Recognition for IGCSE English in Italy_March2019

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https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/exams/speaking-exams/speaking-tips

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Prezi presentation

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An outline of the examination with advice on key components.

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The IGCSE refers to a test utilized in the United Kingdom and surrounding areas as a standardized test, equivalent to the high school GED of America. A lot of people think that being a teacher's pet, doing all the homework and being a nerd...

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Here are some tried and tested tips which will help you do well in English exams.
Timing
v It is a good idea to scan the question paper first to get an overall idea of the questions.

v Decide which questions you want to answer, in which order.

v Work out how much time you have for each question.

v Allocate time for each question. Give questions which carry higher marks more time.

v During the exam, keep an eye on the clock.

v If, however, you still get behind with time, and there are two questions left to do, do the question which carries the highest marks first.
Essay questions
When answering an essay question, follow this format

Read and underline the key words in the question

Brainstorm the answer

Make a rough plan by choosing the best points for the answer

Think and plan in paragraphs

Write the answer in full

Proofread and correct your essay.

Exam key words
v A question will always contain key words. Key words carry important information. You should always underline or highlight the key words when you read the questions.

v These include verbs such as describe, outline, evaluate, and account for, compare and contrast- verbs indicating the kind of answer which is required.

v The key verb is followed by other content words which carry meaning. In between the key words are less important words such as prepositions (on, in, at, to, up) and articles (a, an, the).

For example, the following question asks you to summarise an article about rose growing.
Roses are a much admired flower in many parts of the world, and there are many different kinds of roses, some of which are difficult to grow successfully. Read the following text about rose-growing and write a summary of the article, outlining how roses were used in previous civilisations. Write approximately 350 words.
v The words ' how roses were used' is important because your answer should focus on the use of roses, not on ways to grow them, (the rose as a romantic gift might be one example in the text of use). The words ' in previous civilisations ' are crucial, because they tell you your writing should not include information about the use of roses today.

v Write approximately 350 words are also key words. Ten words more or less than 350 would be all right, but you should not write a great deal more or less than 350 words. Examiners may stop marking your work after, say, 315 words.
Dealing with unknown words
v Don't worry if you don't understand every single word in an exam text. You can understand a text well without knowing every word.

v If you come across strange words in a text, try to make a guess at their meaning by understanding the context. This means looking at the other words in the sentence which are associated with that word.

For example, you may not know the meaning of the word gully in this sentence:
The search for missing walker, Louse Pinfold, ended today when rescue workers found her lying in a rocky gully on the southern slopes of Mount Tyson in tropical Northern Queensland.
v The situation being described in the whole sentence can give you a good enough idea of what 'gully' might be and you should continue reading feeling reasonably confident of your general understanding.
Proofreading
v Proofreading means reading your work to find and correct mistakes.

v We all make mistakes as we write. It is quite natural and to do with the way our mind works. It is not a sign of weakness or carelessness. In exams, we are a bit more likely to make more mistakes, as we are working under pressure. Examiners make allowances for this, up to a point.

v It is important to allow a few minutes to proofread an answer. When you proofread, look for and correct errors in punctuation, spelling and vocabulary. Making corrections is not difficult or time-consuming, but will definitely make a difference to your grade!
Mini proofreading test
v Just for a little practice, can you find the mistakes in this paragraph? There is one mistake in each sentence. Answers below.

One of my favourite writers of romantic novels are Charlotte Bronte. One of the saddest things that happened to her as a child was being sent away from home to boarding school when she was treated very harshly. After leaving school, Charlotte Bronte was forced to earn her own living as governess. Charlotte Bronte's most famous novel is Jane Eyre which is still very popular, perhaps because it's themes for love and the fight for justice are universal. It is so sad to think she died young, soon after she had found emotional fulfilment and married, and when her creative powers were at they're height.
Answers to proof reading test
is Charlotte Bronte

where she was treated

a governess

its themes

their height
Developing the right mental attitude to exams
v If you tend to worry a lot about exams, stop! Plan your exam timetable sensibly, stick to it and get extra help if necessary.

v However, if you tend to be too easy-going, be honest with yourself and put in more effort -you are worth it.

v Otherwise, balance your study time with work, refreshing rest and enjoyable play.
Feeling good about exams
v Mentally, always tell yourself you will do well and visualise success.

v Have a good night's sleep before an exam, a healthy breakfast and focus on being as calm and relaxed as possible.

v Remember, a little nervousness is quite normal.

v Leave plenty of time to get to the exam room and make sure you are well equipped with pens etc.
Lastly, good luck!

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How to do well in English GCSE, and IGCSE exams

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Here are some tried and tested tips which will help you do well in English exams. Timing v It is a good idea to scan the question paper first to get an overall idea of the questions. v Decide which questions you want to answer, in which order.

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The future looks bleak
The outlook is bleak