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Fruit fly's have a very short life span, they usually live around 10 to 12 days. Fruit fly's have around 14,000 genes which is only 10,000 less than a human. Female fly's lay 30 to 50 eggs per day. You can tell the difference between male and female because the males are smaller and have a darker abdomen.

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A sex linked trait is a trait that is tied to ether the X chromosome or the Y chromosome. For example if you are looking at a male and a female (XY and XX) than if a trait is only possible to be on a Y chromosome than only the male can get the trait but if the trait is tied to the X than the female is more likely to get it on one of their genes. If we take a look at the sex linked trait for the fruit fly eye color, we can see that the trait can only occur on the X chromosome. Therefor if a male gets it one their X chromosome they will have the trait but if a female gets it on one of their X chromosomes they won't have the trait. If a female gets it one both of their X chromosomes Than they will have the trait. In the example below the trait is red eyed (R) or wight eyed (r).

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The life cycle of a Drosophila

is around 10 days in the egg to pupa stage and 40 to 50 days as an adult. The cycle starts with the eggs, the average female lays 30 to 50 eggs. Once the eggs are laid after one day the egg becomes First instar larva, second instar larva, and third instar larva. After all the larva stages the Drosophila becomes pupa than goes through metamorphosis and than becomes and adult fly.

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The terms homozygous and heterozygous sound very similar but they are not. Homozygous means same or (related to genes) same alleles. Heterozgous means opposite or (related to genes) opposite alleles. If you are looking at the alleles for a Drosophila's eye color the alleles could be Rr (heterozygous) or RR (homozygous).

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Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell replication. Mitosis is when the body cells such as a stomach or blood cell duplicates. This type of replication goes through five steps. The first step is interphase, this step is when the DNA copies it self. The next step is called prophase, it is when the chromosomes pair up. the next phase is metaphase, this is when the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. The next step is anaphase, this step is when the chromatids pull one the spindle fibers which are attached to the chromosomes and pull the chromosomes to the side of the cell. The lasts step is telophase, this phase is when the cell pinches off in the middle and created two cells. After this all happens it all starts over. Meiosis ,which is for sex cells, goes through the same steps and but twice but doesn't go through interphase twice. those are the steps that a fly go through in order to grow and/or repair them self.

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Mutation happens when one part of the DNA is changed resulting in a change of appearance or abilities. Mutations are non-reversible at this point in time but scientists are working on re-coding genes to reverse gene mutations. In Drosophila there are many mutations that are possible. One type is a vestigial wing mutation which is when the wings are not present on a fruit fly.

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A pedigree is a record ,in a visual form, that shows the decent of the organisms family. In example below, there is a pedigree showing the eye color of the Drosophila. The squares are males and the circles are females. The shaded have the trait and the non shaded don't have the trait. In this pedigree the trait red eyes.

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DNA is material that self replicates and contains genes. DNA is found in all living things. DNA is made up of Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine and Thymine all spiraling in a cylindrical form. The base pairs are  Adenine-Thymine and Cytosine-Guanine. The Fruit fly only has 10,000 genes instead of the 14,00 that we have. The fruit fly also only has 4 pairs of chromosomes and we have 23. those are the main differences between the fruit flies DNA replication and the humans DNA replication.

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Incomplete dominance is when both of the traits are dominant and show in the organism. Unlike codominance, In incomplete dominance both of the traits overlap each other. For example, if you breed a white eyed fly and a red eyed fly you would get a pink eyed fly. This problem is shown below and the RR1 is the pink eyed flies. To signify that a trait is dominant but not the same as the dominant trait you use a superscript hence the 1.

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Mendel was a scientist in the 1860's who discovered the chromosomes and how to cross the genes. He discovered genetic variation which is the variation of genes that we have which makes our traits different from another's traits. He also made the law of independent assortment. this law is where the allele pairs separate when the gametes are being formed. if we look at genetic variation of fruit flies we can see that every fly is different in some way just like different color of eyes

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There are two types of traits, there is the dominate which overpowers and shows over the recessive. The other type is recessive, which only shows if there was no dominant gene present. In the example down below the capital letter is the dominant gene (red eyes) and the lowercase letter is the recessive (white eyes).

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The genotype is the allele code, for example Bb and the Phenotype is the showing trait, for example brown hair. Looking at the fly eye color, the genotype could be Rr and if that were the case the phenotype would be red eyed.