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Counseling approaches for working with clients from middle to late adulthood should work to improve

Subjective Well-Being: overall life satisfaction and regulate frequency of positive and negative moods. (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015).

Role Strain: when demands are too great and there is not enough social support and adequate income/resources.

Stressors: from life events or daily hassles that impact emotional and physical health.

Dealing with loss- death and dying, views on "time left to live".

Strategies should focus on developing ways to cope with stress and achieve mental well-being, and find ways to accomplish remaining goals.

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Broderick, P.C. & Blewitt, P. (2015). The life span: Human development for helping professionals (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.

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"The theory that three basic psychological needs including autonomy, competence and relatedness motivate our adaptation efforts at any age" (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015, p. 617).

This influences choices made and behaviors demonstrated in middle and late adulthood, as well as self-concept and determination of success. Adults continuously seek overall well-being, and make life adjustments in effort to achieve physical, mental, socioemotional satisfaction.

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Late adulthood is classified by individuals 60 years and older where physiological systems are declining and "losses are usually noticeable and have required some adjustment in expectations or lifestyle" (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015, p. 557). Typically these individuals now understand and accept life, or regret past choices and fear life ending.

During this stage, individuals begin to question the overall value and impact of their life, finding it either acceptable or disappointing.

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Life- course Self- Concepts in Adulthood 

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Life- course Self- Concepts in Adulthood 

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As adults age, they look to ensure that their life had purpose, was meaningful and followed a specific path.

In middle adulthood generativity (v. stagnation) is important, "giving one's own life purpose by producing and building for the next generation" (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015, p. 491). This is done through career work, community services and raising children.

In later adulthood, ego integrity (v. despair) involves reflecting on one's life and determining that their life has had order, meaning and dignity.

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Consistent Effort for intimacy and Generativity

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Consistent Effort for intimacy and Generativity

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Erikson's theory of individuals seeking both intimacy (love) and generavtivity (work) in order to qualify their life as adequate. In adulthood, "loving relationships and productive, meaningful work continue to be critical elements in the construction of a satisfying life" (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015, p. 496).

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The "normal" stages that a traditional, nuclear family develops, and the roles that each individual plays in each stage.

A cyclic model of how adults select a mate, merge as partners, become parents, raise their children, release their parental responsibilities, and face old age.

*There are many alternative family cycles that have emerged and/or are now more prevalent- such as same sex couples, adoption, divorce- that also follow a similar cycle with noticeable variations in individuals' roles and length of stages.

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Adulthood is a balancing act of self choices and roles/responsibilities, as well as gains and losses. Some influences that determine adult behaviors and motivations are:

career motivation

stress

marriage

family roles

sexuality

leisure time

past experiences & childhood attachment identity

In addition, an individual's  maintenance and resiliency- "finding ways to continue functioning at the same level in the face of challenges or restoring our functioning after suffering some loss" - affects one's responses, behaviors and choices.

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"Includes all the dimensions of self-knowledge and serves as the foundation for the behavioral, affective, and cognitive commitments to career, relationships, and political and religious belief systems that will be made in adulthood" (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015, p. 607).

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Throughout an individual's lifetime they will continue to develop and adapt based on biological and environmental factors.

"The role of heredity and environment in adulthood and the extent to which adult characteristics are continuous with previous traits and propensities versus how much genuine change there is in adult behavior" (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015, p. 479).

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During an adult's 30s, 40s and 50s psychological development continues, but it may look very different from person to person. Biological and environmental factors influence adult individuals' behaviors and decisions.