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imperfections in solids
-defects(affects materials impurities)
-dislocation in motion

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Solidification
Type of defect
Cooling effect
Direction and plane

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Solidification
type of defect
-cast defect
-line defect

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-Directions and planes of crystallography
-Solidification (nucleation processes)
- homogenous and heteregenous nucleation
-Cooling curve for pure metal and alloy
- Imperfection

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Cooling effect
Solidification
Casting
Type of defect

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Direction and plane

Cooling effect

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Imperfections in Solids
Solidification-result of casting of molten material
Homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation

Polycrystalline Materials
Grain boundaries

Solidification defects
Casting defects

Points defect - vacancy , interstitial,substitutional
Line defect - dislocations

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-Directions and planes of crystallography
-Solidification (nucleation processes)
- homogenous and heteregenous nucleation
-Cooling curve for pure metal and alloy
- Imperfection
#Area defect
- grain boundaries
#Volume defect
- casting defect
#Point defect
- vacancy, interstitial, substitutial
#Line defect
- dislocation

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Direction and plane of crystallography
X ray diffraction
Imperfections in solids
Solidification
Solidification defec

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-Planes and directions (miller indices directions)
-Heterogeneous nucleation (pure metal/alloy)
-Casting
-Types of imperfections/defects

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1) Direction [ ] and plane ().
2) Cooling effect of metal.
3)Solidification:Nyucleation Processes
-Homogeneous nucleation
-Heteregeneous nucleation
4)defect in crystalline structure
-point defect,line defect,area defect,volume defect

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1) Type of Defect: - line defect,  point defect, area defect, volume defect.
2) Direction use [ ] and coordination use ( ).
3) Nucleation processes consist of homogenous & heterogenous.
4) Cooling Curve
- Cooling of liquid
- Under Cooling
- Solidification
- Cooling of solid

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Solidification
-nuclei form
-nuclei growth
-cooling graph (metal and alloy)
-undercooling curve
Solidification defects on casting
-chill crystal
-columnar

-equiaxed grain

Imperfection in solid

-types( points defect, line defect, area defect , volume defect)

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1. Direction [ ] and plane ( )
2. Solidification (nucleation processes)
- homogenous and heteregenous nucleation
- graph Tempt vs t for metal and alloy.
3. Type or imperfection
- point defect
-----> vacancy, interstitial and substitutional atoms
- line defect (dislocation)
- area " ( crain boundaries)
- volume " ( casting defect

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1) Direction [ ] and plane ( ) of crystallography

2) Solidification process
-nuclei formation
-nucleus growth

3) Imperfection in Solid
-Area defects
-Volume defects
-Point defects
-Line defects

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1. Nucleation processes
- homogenous
- heterogenous
2. Cooling curve
- metal
- alloy
- casting
- undercooling
3. Solidification defects
- point defects
- line defects
- area defects
- volume defects
4.  Direction [ ] and plane ( )
of crystallographic

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-Plane and direction.
-Cooling effect for certain type of solid.
-Casting effect.
-Drawing of solidification of pure metal and alloy

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1. Direction and plane crystallography
- [ ]  direction
- ( ) plane
2. X-ray diffraction
3. Solidification process
- nuclei formation
-Nucleus grow
4. Cooling curve for pure metal and alloy
5. Imperfection
#Area defect
- grain boundaries
#Volume defect
- casting defect
#Point defect
- vacancy, interstitial, substitutial
#Line defect
- dislocation

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-Plane and Direction
-Solidification
+Nucleiform
+Nucleus grow
-Cooling curve for pure metal and alloy
-Microscopic structure of casting pure metal and alloy
-Imperfections
+Point defect - vacancy, interstitial, substitutial
+Line defect - dislocation
+Area defect - grain boundaries
+Volume defect - casting defect

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1. Direction and plane crystallography
- [ ]  direction
- ( ) plane
2. X-ray diffraction
3. Solidification process
- nuclei formation and growth
4. Cooling curve
5. Casting defects.

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- Directions and planes of crystallography
- solidification of pure metal and alloys
- point defects, line defects etc.
- ‎how defects are inevitable but also sometimes desirable
- ‎How cooling rate affects the material

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1. Direction and plane

2. Solidification

Nuclei formation

Nucleus growth

3. Cooling rate, cooling curve

Undercooling

How different metals have different pro

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Plane ( ) and direction [ ]
Solidification with graph
4 types of Imperfections in solid

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1. Plane and Direction

2. Solidification

Nucleiform

Nucleus grow

3. Cooling curve for pure metal and alloy

4. Microscopic structure of casting pure metal and alloy

5. Imperfections

Point defect - vacancy, interstitial, substitutial

Line defect - dislocation

Area defect - grain boundaries

Volume defect - casting defect

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1) Direction and Plane for Crystallographic
2) Imperfections in Solid

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-Crystallographic direction and planes
-Solidification process
-Imperfections

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-Method to draw , find and read the coordination of crystallographic
-the type of defection in atomic arrangement during solidification and the effect of defection

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Direction and plane of crystallographic
Solidification
4 types of imperfection

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1) how to draw the miller indices for crystallographic direction and planes
2) solidification involves
-nuclei form
-nuclei grow to form crystals
3) imperfection of solid,
-point defect: vacancy,interstitial and substitutional of atoms
-line defect: dislocation (slip between crystal planes) , includes edge and screw dislocation
-area defect: grain boundaries impede dislocation motion
-volume defect: casting defect
4) defects affect material properties but have its pros and cons.

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1. Direction and plane crstallography
Direction - [ ]
Plane - ( )
2. Solidification
3. Cooling curve
4. Casting defects

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1) Direction [ ] , plane ( )
2) Atoms may assemble into crystalline or amorphous structures.
3) Some materials can have more than one crystal

structure. This is referred to as polymorphism (allotropy).
4) type of imperfection : - point defect, line defect, area defect, volume defect.

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-Crystallographic points

directions and planes are

specified in terms of indexing schemes.

-Crystallographic directions and planes are related to

atomic linear densities

and planar densities

-Four defects exist in solids- point, line, area and volume.
-The number and type of defects can be varied and controlled
-Defects affect material properties
-Defects may be desirable or undesirable.

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Write a summary of today's lecture.

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1) Direction [ ] , plane ( )
2) Atoms may assemble into crystalline or amorphous structures.
3) Some materials can have more than one crystal

structure. This is referred to as polymorphism (allotropy).
4) type of imperfection : - point defect, line defect, area defect, volume defect.

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Summary

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-draw direction and plane- direction [ ] & plane ( )

-solidification of pure metal and alloy

-effect of cooling rate
-casting defects & process

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Direction and plane crystallography
- [ ] for direction
- ( ) for plane
X-ray diffraction
- use for crystal structure and interplanar spacing

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X - ray diffraction pattern

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Direction and planes of crystallography
Described by using integers MILLER INDICES
- there is no commas between numbers
- negative values are represented by using a bar above the numbers
- any edges of the cubic can be an origin
Direction of crystallography
- represented by [ ]
- forms/removes fraction by dividing/substracting the numbers with the highest integer
Plane of crystallography
- represented by ( )
- take the reciprocal when forming the plane

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-In metals and alloys can occur dislocation such as edge and screw dislocation.
-there are 2 slip system,slip plane and slip direction
-deformation only occur on one plane only if there are multiple plane or one