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The variable that Is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment!

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What is being tested in a scientific experiment!

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The variable that is unchanged in a scientific experiment!

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Invasive species are plants, animals or other organisms that are growing outside of their country or region of origin and are out-competing or even replacing native organisms.

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They eat the remains of already dead animals. For an example, hyenas or vultures.

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A carnivore is an animal that gets food from killing and eating other animals. Carnivores generally eat herbivores, but can eat omnivores, and occasionally other carnivores.

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(of a species, family, or other larger group) having no living members.

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An omnivore is a kind of animal that eats either other animals or plants. Some omnivores will hunt and eat their food, like carnivores, eating herbivores and other omnivores.

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A herbivore is an animal that gets its energy from eating plants, and only plants.

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A decomposer converts waste into simple nutrients that can be used by plants. For an example, fungi, bacteria, etc.

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An animal that hunts, kills, and eats other animals

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The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water.
Chemical Equation:
sunlight
co2 + h2o ----> C6H12O6 + o2

co2= carbon dioxide
h2o = water
C612O6 = sugar
o2 = oxygen

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An individual plant or animal!

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The living organisms in an ecosystem!

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Weather is short term (hours, days, weeks, or monthes) changes in the atmosphere. Climate is how the atmosphere behaves after long periods of time.

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Another word for consumer!

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Made of multiple food chains that interact together!

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The part of Earth that contains ecosystems.

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An organism that lives in or on another organism!

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A symbiotic relationship in which one partner benefits while the other does not appear to lose or gain from the relationship. ex: remoras rides attached to sharks for protection!

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A group of individuals from the same species living in the same area interacting with each other (a herd of elephants).

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Another word for consumer!

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One partner benefits while the other is harmed. ex: Malaria, tapeworm, etc.

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The average weather in a place over many years!

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Includes all living things interacting with each other and also with non-living environments (weather, earth, sun, soil, climate, and atmosphere).

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Many populations of species living in the same area interacting with each other (giraffes, grazing antelopes and elephants).

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A group of ecosystems with the same climate and similar communities (the desert biome).

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The non-living things in an ecosystem!

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Lastly, tertiary consumers which are carnivores that eat secondary consumers. There may be more levels of consumers before a chain reaches its top predator!

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Secondary consumers are carnivores and omnivores and eat primary consumers.

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Food chains start with a producer which is an organism that makes its own food. Usually a plant because plants can make their own food from photosynthesis.

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Primary consumers are herbivores feeding on plants (example: rabbits eats grass).

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A relationship between two species of organisms in which each partner benefits from the relationship. ex: termites.

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An organism that harbors another organism inside or near their body in a symbiotic relationship!

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A single plant or organism (an elephant).

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When the sun heats up the water in rivers, lakes and oceans, and turns it into water vapor!

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This is when water that falls from clouds as rain, snow, hail, or sleet, collects in the oceans, rivers, lakes, and streams!

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Water molecules in the air.

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When the water released from the clouds in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail!

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Water released into the atmosphere directly from the leaves of plants and trees!

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The process by which water vapor in the air changes into liquid water!

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Water from rain, snow-melt, or other sources that flows over the surface!

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The measurement of energy.

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The solute is the substance being dissolved.

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The movement of heat from one solid to another that have different temperatures when touching each others

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When you are not able to see the different parts of the mixture.

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Thermal Contraction is when an object contracts due to decrease in temperature.

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A material that can easily let heat pass through

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When a structure expands or shrinks with the temperature, it is experiencing thermal load. The temperature causes the beams and columns to change shape and push and pull on other parts of the structure.

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The transfer of energy in fluids.

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When you are able to see the different parts of the mixture.

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The energy that moves from one place to another. Light, sound, and heat are examples of radiation.

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Able to be dissolved (especially in water).

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Elastic limit is the most in which a solid may be stretched without permanent alteration of size or shape.

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A solvent is a substance that dissolves the solute.

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Some thing that prevents heat from one object to another.

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Frame Structures are structures that rely on a frame (skeleton)  of strong material(s). The human skeleton is a frame.

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Optical Fiber is a fine transparent glass tube that is made of molten glass. In telecommunications, light has replaced electrons as the transmitter of the signals. This light transmits signals through optical fiber. Optical fiber is also used in medical fields as laser to do medical operations.

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Strengths: Flexible, lightweight, long-lasting, strong in compression and tension
Weaknesses: Expensive

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Composite materials are 2 or more materials joined together to make a new material

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A good example of a composite material would be carbon fibre. Carbon fiber has reinforcing made from carbon which is strong and stiff. Carbon fiber is light and strong, making it very useful. Carbon fibre can be used in cars for extra light weight. If a car is lighter, then that means less fuel consumption, so some automakers have gone with a light and strong carbon fibre body.

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Just like carbon fiber, Epoxies are also composite materials! An epoxy is a plastic rein that holds fibers together. Epoxies are often used in F1 cars and aircrafts.

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The weight of the structure itself is called the dead load. Anything permanently attached to the structure is part of its dead load, including the columns, beams, nuts, and bolts.

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The weight of the stuff on the structure is called the live load. Things that move around in or on a structure, like people, furniture, and cars, are all examples of live load.

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Fiber glass is obtained by adding polyester resin to molten glass. Fiberglass cannot be compressed easily, so it is strong under compression. Fiber glass is also more tensile than normal/original materials. Fiber glass is light, tolerates corrosion, it is waterproof, not very flammable, not brittle (not fragile) and stronger than steel. Glass is brittle but fiberglass is not. Brittleness in glass is usually due to surface defects or scratches formed during fast cooling in manufacturing process. Fiber glass is a composite material containing glass as the reinforced phase and plastic. Fiber glass is not brittle because it has a flexible plastic matrix.

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Strengths: One of strongest materials used in construction, strong in compression and tension
Weaknesses: Rusts, loses strength in extremely high temperatures

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Strengths: Lightweight, doesn't rust, strong in compression and tension
Weaknesses: Expensive

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Elastic limit is when an object is affected, but then returns to its original shape once stress is removed from the object.

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Plastic deformation is a deformation that is permanent to that object. So that object will be permanently damaged from the load.

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Diagonal braces, usually made of steel, are used to strengthen and stabilize all kinds of structures. Cross-bracing is an excellent way to stiffen a structure experiencing wind load. When the wind blows, the diagonal brace squeezes together and prevents the structure from flopping over.

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Light

Strong

Very useful

Design Flexibility

Durable
Corrosion resistance

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Loads that change over time are called dynamic loads. Dynamic loads  (from wind gusts to pounding objects) create vibrations that can become bigger and more dangerous over time.

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Expensive

Not ductile

Composites have higher material costs
They can have expensive repairs and maintenance

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Compression is a force that squeezes a material together. When a material is in compression, it tends to become shorter.

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Strengths: Low cost, fireproof and weatherproof, molds to any shape, strong in compression and tension
Weaknesses: Can crack as it cools and hardens

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When wind blows on a structure, it is called wind load. Wind loads push horizontally on a structure.

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A shell Structure is a structure that uses a carefully shaped outer layer of material to support a load. Every part of a shell structure is a load. Eggs are a good example of a shell structure.

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Roller joints are used in structures that get really hot or cold. They give columns and beams the freedom to expand and contract as the temperature changes

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There are also Mass Structures. Mass Structures are structures that are built by piling materials on top of each other.

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When the ground beneath a structure jerks back and forth during an earthquake, the structure is experiencing an earthquake, or seismic load. Earthquake loads push and pull horizontally on a structure.

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Shear is a force that causes parts of a material to slide past one another in opposite directions.

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When a straight material becomes curved, one side squeezes together and the other side stretches apart. This action is called bending.

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Heavy concrete pillars, or piles, are used to support structures on soft soil. The piles rest deep in the earth on stable, solid soil and support the weight of the heavy structure above. The massive concrete piles, sunk deep into the earth on hard, solid soil, keep the structure safe and sound where it should be, above ground!

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The thicker a beam, the less likely it is to bend. Thick beams are used in structures that experience live and dynamic loads.

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Tension is a force that stretches a material apart. When a material is in tension, it tends to become longer.

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Solid walls of reinforced concrete or masonry called "shear walls," have great stiffness in the horizontal direction. They resist loads that push or pull horizontally on a structure.

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When the soil beneath a structure settles unevenly, it is called settlement load. Structures will sink and change shape when they experience settlement load.

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Strengths: Cheap, lightweight, moderately strong in compression and tension
Weaknesses: Rots, swells and burns easily

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Strengths: Cheap, strong in compression
Weaknesses: Heavy, weak in tension

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Strengths: Cheap, fireproof and weatherproof, molds to any shape, strong in compression
Weaknesses: Cracks with temperature changes, weak in tension

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Strengths: Molds to any shape, strong in compression
Weaknesses: Weaker than steel in tension, breaks without warning

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Recumbent fold has an essentially horizontal axial plane. linear, fold axial plane oriented at low angle resulting in overturned strata in one limb of the fold.

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Torsion is an action that twists a material.

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When a mineral does not have flat parallel sides.

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Cinder cone volcanoes have large eruptions but they are the smallest type of volcano.

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Extrusive is formed from erupted magma or lava.

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Intrusive is when rocks form from cooling underground from magma.

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Earthquakes are caused by faults due to tectonic plate movement. This movement of tectonic plates is tectonic plates colliding together.

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There are mountains that are made out of the same type or rock from the same age on different continents. This could've meant that the mountains were separated when the continents separated too. Identical rocks and mountain structures that have been found on either side of the ocean. This can be known as rock and mountain correlation.

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Can be used to measure minerals on how dull they are, their shininess, and how metallic they are. This is one way you can identify a mineral.