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-Started with single-celled prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria
-Charles Darwin believed and had evidence that life on earth evolved over time
-Dawin stated that natural selection was the primary mechanism for that change
-Genetic variation helped with evolution and the creation of new species
-New alleles can arise by mutations

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-Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago
-The oldest rocks on Earth are 3.9 billion years old
-Conditions were very harsh: no oxygen in the atmosphere and very hot
-Within its first billion years, life appeared in its oceans and began to affect its atmosphere and surface
-The first forms of life were unicellular, prokaryotic, heterotrophic, and anaerobic

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Description of early Earth characteristics and formation of life

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Description of early Earth characteristics and formation of life

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Animals have special roles to play in their communities. The niches they fill help keep their habitats healthy. Animals play a role in food chains and are sources of energy.

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Animals reproduce sexually. During sexual reproduction in animals, a haploid sperm and unites with a haploid egg cell to form a diploid zygote. After birth or hatching, the animal develops into a mature adult capable of reproduction. Genetic variation is capable when an organism passes its genes to its offspring. Natural selection is a filter for genetic variation. It is the idea that adapted individuals survive and reproduce in greater numbers over time.

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Animals cannot make their own food from simple inorganic material like carbon dioxide and water. The organisms that depend on other organisms for food are called heterotrophs.
There are seven major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, fibre, minerals, proteins, vitamins, and water.
Herbivores:
eat mainly plants or plant parts such as leaves, fruits, seeds, nectar, shoots, and roots
Carnivores:
eat the flesh of other creatures
Insectivores:
eat insects
Omnivores:
eat a wide range of both plants and animals Detritivores:
eat dead or rotting food and wastes.

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Mammals
Have hair and mammary glands
Birds
Defined by feathers and hollow bones
Amphibians
Class of of subphylum vertebrata, phylum chordata
Fish
Most numerous of the vertebrata
Amniotes
Reptiles, birds, and animals
Lobe-finned fishes
Likely ancestors to amphibians
Gastropoda
Snails and slugs

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Significant body plan/structural features shared

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Significant body plan/structural features shared

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Nervous system
Collects and processes information from the senses via nerves and the brain
Circulatory System
Blood and flow of hormones
Digestive System/Excretory System
-Mechanical and chemical processes that provide nutrients through the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines
-Eliminate waste from the body
Endocrine System
Provides chemical communications within the body using hormones
Integumentary System/ Endocrine System
Skin, nails, hair, sweat, and exocrine glands
Muscular System
Enables the body to move using muscles
Renal System/Urinary System
The system where kidneys filter blood
Reproductive System
The sex organs required for the production of offspring
Respiratory System
The lungs and the trachea that bring air into and out of the body
Skeletal System
Bones supporting the body and its organs

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Fungi are important to the ecosystem because they decompose complex organic molecules and return their minerals to the soil and gaes to the air. This makes them available for the next generation of plants and animals.

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The majority of fungi reproduce asexually by budding, fragmentation, or producing spores. Fragments of hyphae can grow new colonies. Asexual reproduction is most common in the formation of asexual spores, which are produced by one parent only (through mitosis) and are genetically identical to that parent.
Fungi that reproduce sexually involves the fusion of two nuclei when two sex cells unite. This joining produces spores that can grow into new organisms.

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Plants can reproduce sexually or asexually.
Sexual:
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants involves the production of male and female gametes, the transfer of the male gametes to the female ovules is pollination. After pollination occurs, fertilization happens and the ovules grow into seeds within a fruit or a flower.
Asexual:
Asexual reproduction in plants is typically an extension of the capacity of intermediate growth. Fermentation is one of the most common modes of asexual reproduction. Plants who reproduce asexually does not need a pollinator. It also allows the plant to pass down all of its alleles and can clone many copies of itself.

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Microsporidia
-unicellular fungi, obligate intracellular parasites of animals
-15,000 species
-among smallest unicellular species known
Chytrids
aquatic fungi
Zygospore fungi
terrestrial fungi
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi
Hemiascomycetes
Euascomycetes

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-liverwort
-moss
-hornwort
-cycads
-algae
-angiosperms
-gymnosperm

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Fungi are heterotrophic.
They are chlorophyll deficient plants and cannot manufacture carbohydrates using carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. They are a simple structural organization, so they always depend on dead or living organic matter for energy. They absorb dissolved nutrients from their surroundings.
Classified into four groups:
-Saprophytes, parasites, symbionts, and predacious fungi.

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Autotrophs
-Produce their own food
Plants synthesize food through the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is a process by which green plants, having chlorophyll, synthesize the simple sugar (glucose) from water and carbon dioxide using the energy of sunlight. Oxygen is also released in photosynthesis. Sugar is produced and stored in the form of starch in plants. It provides energy when it is required by the organism.

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hyphae
-long string strings on the body of a fungus
mycelium
chitin
-a structural protein that we will see again in the arthropods that make up cell walls
septa
-walls that seperate cells
Many fungi are unicellular

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Significant body plan/Structural features shared 

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Significant body plan/Structural features shared 

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Three basic plant organs:
Roots, stems, and leaves
Root System:
-anchors plant, absorbs water and dissolved materials, stores products of photosynthesis from shoot system
-Taproot, lateral branch roots
Shoot System:
-Stem, leaves, flowers, axillary bud, vegetative shoot, apical bud, node, internode
Cell Wall:
-Made of cellulose
Chloroplasts
-Photosynthesis
Types of Plant Cells:
-Parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells, sclerenchyma cells, water-conducting cells of the xylem, sugar-conducting cells of the phloem

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Protists are important producers and are the base of ecological food webs. Factors that affect protists can affect their entire community. Animals, plants, and fungi are also all sources of energy and creates food webs.

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The process of sexual reproduction itself causes genetic variation. New arrangements of genes arise within each offspring. Each of an organism's gametes has a unique combination of genetic information because of recombination and crossing over during mitosis. For reproduction, during interphase, the cell takes in nutrients, grows, and duplicates its chromosomes. During the cell division phase, the nucleus divides in a process called mitosis and then the divided nuclei are established in separate cells in a process called cytokinesis.

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Excavata
-Diplomonads
-Parabasalids
-Euglenozoa
SAR clade
-Stramenopiles
-Alveolata
-Rhizaria
Archaeplastida
-Red and green algae
Unikonta
-2 clades
-amoebozoans
-opisthokonta (animals, plants, fungi)

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Protists
-Autotroph or heterotroph
Example: giant kelp
Fungi
-Heterotroph
Example: mushrooms
Plants
-Autotroph
Examples: mosses, ferns, flowering plants
Animals
-Heterotroph
Examples: sponges, worms, insects, fish, mammals

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Significant body plan/structural features shared

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Significant body plan/structural features shared

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Unlike the cells of prokaryotes, eukaryotes complex structure consisting of a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles, such as the mitochondria and Golgi apparatus. They also have a cytoskeleton that provides support and an irregular form.
They also have
-plasma membrane
-cytoplasm
-ribosomes
-chloroplasts
-mitochondria

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Spirochetes
-Axial Filaments
Chlamydias
-Solely Parasitic
High GC-gram positive
-High ratio of GV vs AT in DNA
-Used to develop antibiotics
Low GC-gram positive
-smallest bacteria
Cyanobacteria
-Produce most oxygen on earth
Proteobacteria
-Largest number of described species

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Prokaryotes have a role in every ecosystem. In general, there would not be any breakdown of substances. They are essential in maintaining every aspect of the ecological balance of the living world as decomposers, producers, and nitrogen fixers.

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The three factors that allow genetic variation are rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination.
Rapid Reproduction and Mutation:
Most of the cell's offspring are genetically identical to the parent. If a mutation occurs, especially in an organism that has short generation times and large populations, the offspring cells may differ genetically.
Genetic Recombination:
This is the combining of DNA from two sources. Transformation, transduction, and conjugation can bring together prokaryotic DNA from different sources.

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Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission and are asexual A single prokaryotic cell divides into two cells, which then divides into more cells. They are able to divide every 1-3 hours, while some species are able to divide every 20 minutes. The cells eventually end their nutrient supply, compete with other organisms, poison themselves, or are consumed by other organisms and are then not able to reproduce anymore.

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Prokaryotes feed on energy sources.
Autotroph
Photoautotroph
"light and self-feeder"
-Energy source is the sun
Chemoautotroph
"chemical and self-feeder
-Energy source is inorganic chemicals
Heterotroph
photoheterotroph
"light and other feeder"
-Energy source is the sun.
Chemoheterotroph
"chemical and other feeder"
-Energy source is organic compounds

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Significant body plan/structural features shared

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Significant body plan/structural features shared

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Prokaryotes have circular chromosomes that are associated with many fewer proteins than the chromosomes of eukaryotes. They lack a nucleus and their chromosomes are located in the nucleoid. Some prokaryotes have proteins related to the eukaryotic cytoskeletal proteins.