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-“How Volcanoes Work.” How Volcanoes Work - the Nevado Del Ruiz Eruption, www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Nevado.html.

- “GCSE Bitesize: Predicting and Preparing for Earthquakes.” BBC, BBC, www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/natural_hazards/managing_hazards_rev2.shtml.

- Maxwell, Amanda. “Tsunamis, Hurricanes, Eruptions: Predicting a Natural Disaster.” Northrop Grumman, 12 June 2017,
now.northropgrumman.com/tsunamis-hurricanes-eruptions-predicting-a-natural-disaster/.

- Southall, D P. “Failures of Emergency Relief.” Advances in Pediatrics., U.S. National Library of Medicine, Dec. 2005,
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1299330/.

- History.com Staff. “The Eruption of Nevado Del Ruiz.” History.com , A&E Television Networks, 2010,
www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-eruption-of-nevado-del-ruiz.

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Overcrowding-
in the event of a highly lethal disaster, hospitals and relief efforts often become overcrowded and overwhelmed with injured and disoriented victims of the disaster.

Lack of Local Warning-
In order to effectively help a disaster situation, disaster management must be informed of it by the local authorities and this often doesn't happen in time for relief to be fully successful.

Other Disasters-
An example of this is my own disaster as since the eruption occurred at the same time as the 1985 Mexico City earthquake, relief efforts were much too insignificant and sparse to effectively help.

Blockage-
A disaster can often cause roads, water ways, and even the sky to become unusable as a mode of transporting supplies and relief to and from a disaster zone, therefore greatly hindering relief efforts.

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As a tsunami is caused by a underwater earthquake,  methods predicting an earthquake can carry over to tsunami's.  However, the development of deep-ocean buoys, that record and observe changes in sea level, has been able to detect and confirm tsunami's caused by undersea earthquakes.

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Laser systems can be used to monitor plate movement by bouncing multiple beams off of satellites and calculating the distances between them. seismometers can be used to detect vibrations in Earth's crust as vibrations may indicate an oncoming quake.  Radon gas exits through cracks in earths crust and using technology we can monitor its thermal levels as a sudden increase could point to an oncoming earthquake.

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Before an eruption, temperature around a volcano will rise significantly and this heat can monitored and discovered using thermal imaging technology.  When a volcano is nearing an eruption it will also release gases and the higher sulfur level of these gases means the closer the volcano is to erupting.  Gas samples can be taken and sulfur levels can measured to find out when an eruption may occur.

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As magma rose to the surface, The volcano began releasing increasing amounts of sulfur dioxide and sulfur rich gasses the water content of the fumaroles gases decreased, and water springs in the vicinity of the volcano became enriched with magnesium, potassium, and calcium which were drained from the magma. The stationary heat energy temperatures, compared to the chemical composition of the discharged gases, were from 200 °C to 600 °C. The extensive degassing of the magma caused pressure to build up inside the volcano, which eventually resulted in the eruption.

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4000 housing units (houses, apartments, condos) were destroyed and as a result of this an estimated 10,000 people became homeless.

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Location: Tolina, Colombia
Elevation: 17,457 ft
Type: Composite Volcano
Previous Eruption: Feb 19, 1845

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The town of Armero, which lies 130 km away from the volcano, was undoubtedly hit the hardest.  One of the lahars reached and flattened the town, killing 3 quarters of its 28,700 population.  This loss of life is also refereed to as the Armero Tragedy. The town of Chinchina was also hit by a lahar and 1,800 people were killed.  In Total, more than 23,000 people were killed by the eruption and 5000 were injured. The death toll has made the eruption to be the second deadliest volcanic eruption in recorded history.

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Lahars and mud flows from the melted glaciers and snow destroyed all vegetation on the mountain. 6000 acres of grain and other crops were also destroyed and thousands of livestock animals were killed.  Because of the subsequent river contamination, the regional fishing industry was also heavily affected .

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In November 1984, scientists observed an increasing level of seismic activity near the volcano as small phreatic eruptions began occurring. After almost of year of this, an ash ejection occurred on Sep 11, 1985 and the volcano activity decreased in October of the same year.  Many geologists claim the reason for this strange sequence of events is that magma had already rose into the volcano edifice before September 1985.

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The Nevado del Ruiz volcano began its eruption in the early afternoon of November 13, 1985.  The eruption shot 35 tonnes of volcanic rock and fragments 19 miles into the atmosphere.  its subsequent pyroclastic flows also created 4 thick lahars that traveled down the mountain at 60 km/h.