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Continent- a principal/ HUGE landmass on earth, earth has 7

Map Key (or legend) – explains the symbols on the map

Scales – used on maps as a tool for measuring distance

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*Sumer – a city in Mesopotamia*Mesopotamia – land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers*agriculture – growing crops for human use or farming*irrigation -  method of bringing water to a field from another place to water crops*domestication – to tame animals and plants for human use

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1. floods leaving fertil soil
2. the rivers were good for transportaion and trade
3. desertes separated the citys

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Sumer Religion – polytheistic (many gods).Built temples called ziggurats to honor their gods

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Three classes of people: Upper, Middle, & LowerUpper – king, priests, government officials, & scribes, Middle – artisans, merchants, farmers, & fishers, Lower - slaves

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sailboat, wheel, bronze, levees and number system based on 60.

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Sumer’s greatest invention was a writing called cuneiform, A few people learned to write. They were called scribes. Scribers were record keepers.

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they had a dictatorship which that person was hammurabi

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Deity – god or goddess

Pharaoh – all powerful king in ancient Egypt
Pharaoh – all powerful king in ancient Egypt

Mummy – a body tightly wrapped in linen strips
Hieroglyphics – system of writing made up of thousands of picture symbols developed by the ancient Egyptians

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1. Deserts (Sahara is the largest of world; west of the Nile River), 2. Cataracts (wild rapids), 3. Delta marshes
just like mesopotamia they had floods to the point to where they were able to have farm land
Floods left dark, fertile mud, Egyptians called it Kemet – “the Black Land”

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Worshiped many deities (or gods)-polytheism , Believed the pharaohs needed a body in the afterlife, After death even better life than present life, Invented embalming to preserve the body of pharaohs

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1. Pharaohs

2. Upper Class (nobles, priests, & gov’t officials)

3. Middle Class (artisans, traders, scribes, shopkeepers)

4. Farmers & Herders (largest group)

5. Unskilled Workers (did physical labor & lived in the city

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Papyrus – a reed plant that grew along the Nile River Valley

Papyrus was used for baskets, sandals, river rafts, & paper

Used geometry to survey land

Hieroglyphics – Egyptian system of writing made up of picture symbols

Each symbol stood for an object or idea. Some stood for sounds like the alphabet.

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Scribes wrote in hieroglyphics. Few people could read & write

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Early on there was 2 kingdoms

(Upper & Lower)

United into one kingdom by 4000 B.C.                              (Narmer)

A dynasty was developed. A line of rulers from one family.

Theocracy- political ruler and religious ruler same person

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Ten Commandments – laws given to Moses by God; part of the Torah

Rabbi – Jewish leader and teacher of the Torah

Synagogue - Jewish house of worship

Torah –first 5 chapters of the Old Testament
Prophet – person who claims to be instructed by God to share God’s word

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Descended from Abraham-founder of Judaism.

Promised the land of Canaan by God if they worshipped the one true God.

Land dried up and people went to live in Egypt.

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Rabbi’s- teachers of the Torah (ex. Preacher)

Celebrate many festivals

Passover: Exodus out of Egypt

Hanukkah: festival of lights

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Moses received the Torah

Rules to live by were the Ten Commandments

God made a covenant or an agreement with Israelites

They could go back to Canaan if they followed His laws

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India has 2 rivers, the Ganges River and the Indus River.

A monsoon is a  wind that blows one direction in the winter and the opposite direction in the summer. Heavy rain in the summer.

First civilization was near the Indus river valley.

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Brahmins- priest

Kshatriyas-Warriors and rulers

Vaisyas-Common people

Sudras- Unskilled laborers

and servants

Pariahs- Untouchables

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algebra

concept & symbol for zero

explained infinity (something without end)

invented symbols for 1-9 (we use today)

invented algorithms (series of steps that solve a problem)

Two epics still popular in India –Ramayana. Brave warriors & heroic deeds. Bhagavad Gita (Mahabharata) tells that the soul lives on after death

Understood gravity, that the earth was round & revolved around the sun, mapped movements of planets & stars

Believed that the earth was made up of tiny particles (atoms)

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Written language-Sanskrit.

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Founded by Siddhartha Gautama.

He was a prince who left his family and wealth to travel.

Saw suffering and questioned why there was suffering.

Popular because it rejects the caste system.

Nirvana- a state of wisdom. Occurs when people give up all desires.

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World’s third largest religion and one of the oldest.

All life is sacred.

Developed from the Aryan religion.

The Brahman is the universal spirit made up of thousands of gods and goddesses.

Reincarnation- passing through many lives to reach the Brahman.

Dharma is divine law that states the Hindus must perform the duties of their caste.

Many literature works stress dharma.

Consequences of how a person lives is called karma.

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Confucianism – system of beliefs introduced by the Chinese thinker Confucius; taught that people needed to have a sense of duty to their family and community in order to bring peace to society

Daoism – Chinese philosophy based on the teachings of Laozi; taught that people should turn to nature and give up their worldly concerns

Leagalism-society needs a system of harsh laws and punishments, Strong rulers, founded by Hanfeizi

Dao – the proper way Chinese kings were expected to rule under the Mandate of Heaven

Mandate of Heaven- the belief that the Chinese king’s right to rule came from the gods

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Mountains & deserts isolate & protect China from others

China has very little farmland because much of the country is either mountains or deserts.

Flooding of the river brought destruction and good farming conditions to China.

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Confucianism

Believed that a person must put the needs of the family and community before their own.

Owe a duty to each other.

Daoism

Founder: Laotse

Also known as “the way” or “the path”

Symbol: Ying-Yang

Main idea: people should give up worldly desires in favor of nature.  & the Dao

Dao – force that guides all things

Didn’t spread outside of China

Legalism

Founder: Hanfeizi

Main idea : society needs a system of harsh laws and punishments.

Strong ruler

Believed humans were naturally evil.

Was used to control farmers.

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King and

his family

Warlords and Other

Royal Officials

They were aristocrats

and were rich because

they owned land.

Farmers

Merchants, Shopkeepers, Traders and Bankers

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First to make paper!

Soaked tree bark and grounded it into pulp.

It dried into paper!

Gunpowder,  compass & woodblock printing .

Used herbs to prevent illness.

Acupuncture- sticking needles into patients skin.

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Early Chinese writing used pictographs, or characters that stand for objects.

Ideographs join two or more pictographs to represent an idea.

Artisans created many works of art from bronze.

Had a bureaucracy – appointed officials who are responsible for different areas of government

Emperors believed they received wisdom and power from the gods, spirits, and ancestors.

The Mandate of Heaven was a law that gave emperors power to rule.

They were the link between heaven and Earth.

People expected the king to rule the proper way or Dao.

- They were to keep the Gods happy.

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Early Chinese writing used pictographs, or characters that stand for objects.

Ideographs join two or more pictographs to represent an idea.

Artisans created many works of art from bronze.

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Socratic Method- a way of teaching that used questions-and-answers to make students to use their reason to see things for themselves

Hellenistic Era- period when Greek language and ideas spread to non-Greek people

Oligarchy - Sparta’s government, small group as control, usually a small wealthy group has control over the larger group of citizens

Representative Democracy-USA system of government, where citizens choose a smaller group to make laws and decisions for them

Direct Democracy-Athens government, government by the people, citizens share in running the government, each citizen has 1 vote

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Greece has mountains & islands.

Mainland Greece is a peninsula.

Many were fishers, sailors and traders (miles of seacoasts).

Grew barley, wheat, olives and grapes.

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polytheism

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Athens

Athens was the second major city-state in Greece

Reading, writing, arithmetic, sports & music for boys.

Girls stayed home and did chores.

Sparta

Sparta focused on military skills to control the people they conquered.

Boys and men trained for war and were in the army for a number of years.

They would never surrender.

Girls trained in sports.

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They are going to be the first to try democracy, or “rule by the people”.

They had a powerful direct democracy- where people DIRECTLY vote on laws and policies.

Foreign born men, Athenian women and enslaved men could not vote or hold office.

Without their ideas we would never have had a representative democracy- this is when citizens choose a small group of people to make decisions for them.

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Phillip II of Macedonia took over Greece.

His son becomes king of Macedonia when his father dies.

He beats the Persian empire and captures Egypt.

Continued conquest in Arabia.

Died in 323 B.C. after an illness.

Because he controlled much of the known world, this will spread Greek language and culture.

This will be called the Hellenistic Era.