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Images

Google images: “flood” - link: https://cdn.cnn.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/170708135823-02-kyushu-floods-exlarge-169.jpg

Google images: “traffic” - link: http://gulfnews.com/polopoly_fs/1.2140316.1513164581!/image/3834054413.jpg

Google images: “exercise” - link: http://static.oprah.com/2015/12/201601-omag-hate-exercise-949x534.jpg

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Videos

Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health University of Manchester. (2017, April 3). Minute Lecture - What is Health Psychology? Retrieved from youtube.com.: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qink-sq-f60

Velasco, R. V. (2015, June 28). Environmental Psychology: Environment, Behavior, Performance. Retrieved from youtube.com.: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3IBncCauaA

Kenworthy, K. (2013, Nov 13). Types and Causes of Stress. Retrieved from youtube.com.: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ALiCToVg24g

Khan Academy Medicine. (2014, April 2). Responding to Stress - Processing the Environment - MCAT- Khan Academy. Retrieved from youtube.com.: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rj6u2SIdEeg

Khan Academy Medicine. (2014, April 2). Stressors - Processing the Environment - MCAT - Khan Academy. Retrieved from youtube.com.: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZO46gFypWKM

Learning Junction. (2014, Nov 12). The Stress Response - Fight or Flight. Retrieved from youtube.com.: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mtRrxNTnyh8

Knapp, J. (2015, Feb 1). General Adaptation Syndrome Model. Retrieved from youtube.com.: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XADIs-A1iiM

Sci Show Psych. (2018, January 18). Occupational Burnout: When Work Becomes Overwhelming. Retrieved from Youtube.com.: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sceo_3BVv0s

Bergquist, S. H. (2015, October 22). How Stress Affects Your Body. TED-Ed. Retrieved on Youtube.com.: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-t1Z5-oPtU

Maletis, J. R. (2018, June 25). The Psychology of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. TED-Ed. Retrieved on youtube.com.: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_n9qegR7C4

Osmosis. (2017, Apr 3). Somatic Symptom Disorder - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology. Retrieved from youtube.com.: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_n9qegR7C4

Celebrity ABC. (2016, April 22). Feeling Anxious? Take deep breaths in sync with this!. Retrieved from youtube.com.: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wdbbtgf05Ek

Additional Resources

Braive: Building Healthy Minds https://braive.com/

Murgia, M. (2015, Nov 9). How Stress Affects Your Brain. TED-Ed. Retrieved from Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WuyPuH9ojCE&t=94s

Farrell, H. M. (2015, Dec 15). What is Depression? TED-Ed. Retrieved from Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-IR48Mb3W0&t=92s

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Bibliography

American Heart Association. Rev. (2014, June) Rev. (2018, April). Stress and The Heart. Retrieved from Hearts.org (AHA website): http://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/stress-and-heart-health

American Psychological Association (2017). Stress: The different kinds of stress. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/stress-kinds.aspx

American Psychological Association. (2016, Feb 23). Stress Weakens the Immune System. Retrieved from apa.org.: http://www.apa.org/research/action/immune.aspx

Alvord, M., Uchino, B., Wright, V. (2016). Manage Stress: Strengthen your support network. American Phycological Association. Retrieved from: http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/emotional-support.aspx

Canadian Mental Health Association. (2014). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Retrieved from Canadian Mental Health Association: http://www.cmha.ca/mental_health/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/#.UwF7l_ldVSs

Canadian Psychological Association. Environmental Psychology. Retrieved from Canadian Psychological Association: https://www.cpa.ca/aboutCPA/CPAsections/environmentalpsychology

Castleman, M. (2014). 37 Stress Management Tips from the Experts. Retrieved from Reader's Digest: http://www.rd.com/health/wellness/37-stress-management-tips/

Cherry, K. (2017). Fight or flight responses.

Retrieved from verwellmind.com.: https://www.verywell.com/what-is-the-fight-or-flight-response-2795194

Cohen, S. P., Janicki-Deverts, D. P., & Miller, G. P. (2007, October 10). Psychological Stress and Disease (HIV/AIDS). Journal of the American Medical Association(298), 1685-1687. Retrieved from http://www.natap.org/2007/HIV/101107_02.htm

Delongis, A., Coyne, J. C., Dakof, S. F., Lazarus, R. (1982). Relationship of Daily Hassles, Uplifts, and Major Life Events to Health Status. Health Psychology. 1 (2) 119-136. Retrieved from: https://delongis-psych.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2018/03/Relationship-of-Daily-Hassles.pdf

Dess, N. K. (2000, Sept 1). Rev. (2016, June 9). Tend and Befriend. Retrieved from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/articles/200009/tend-and-befriend

Harvard Health Publishing Harvard Medical School. (2013). Stress and your heart. Retrieved from health.harvard.edu.: https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/stress-and-your-heart

Higuera, V. (2017). What is General Adaptation Syndrome?

Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/general-adaptation-syndrome

Neupert, S. D., Ennis, G. E., Ramsey, J. L., Gall, A. A. (2016, July 1). Solving Tomorrow’s Problems Today? Daily Anticipatory Coping and Reactivity to Daily Stressors. The Journals of Gerontology Series B. Volume 71, Issue 4 p 650-660. Retrieved from: https://academic.oup.com/psychsocgerontology/article/71/4/650/2604958

Novotney, A. (2009). Postgrad growth area: Environmental Psychology. Retrieved from American Psychological Association: http://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2009/09/postgrad.aspx

McLeod, S. (2010). SRRS - stress of life events. Retrieved from Simply Psychology: https://www.simplypsychology.org/SRRS.html

McLeod, S. (2015). Stress Management. Retrieved from Simply Psychology: https://www.simplypsychology.org/stress-management.html

McLeod, S. (2010). Stress, Illness and the Immune System. Retrieved from Simply Psychology: http://www.simplypsychology.org/stress-immune.html

Melnick, M. (2013, May 21). How Does Exercise Reduce Stress? Retrieved from huffingtonpost.ca.: https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/exercise-reduces-stress-levels-anxiety-cortisol_n_3307325

PubMed Health. (2013, January 17). What is Burnout Syndrome? Retrieved from PubMed Health: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0050545/

Scott, E., Rev. Gans, S. (2018, July 19). Using Exercise to Relieve Stress. Retrieved from Very Well Mind: https://www.verywellmind.com/how-to-relieve-stress-with-exercise-3144926

Scott, E., Rev. Fogoros, R. N. (2018, May 18). How to Practice Meditation for Stress Management. Retrieved from verywellmind.com.: https://www.verywellmind.com/practice-basic-meditation-for-stress-management-3144789

Scott, E. Rev. Fogoros, R. N. (2018, June 30). Emotion-focused Coping for Stress Relief. Retrieved from verywellmind.com.: https://www.verywellmind.com/emotion-focused-coping-for-stress-relief-3145107

Sincero, S.M. (2012, Aug 5). What is stress?

Retrieved from https://explorable.com/what-is-stress

Sirois, F. (2007). Health Psychology: Psychology 46.399. Lecture 5. Retrieved from Uwindsor.ca: http://web4.uwindsor.ca/users/f/fsirois/HealthPs.nsf/9d019077a3c4f6768525698a00593654/395047370ac7aaee85256e15004b77ad/$FILE/46339_Lect5_July18pub.pdf

Vancouver Coastal Health. (2008, Feb). Somatoform Disorders: Coping with chronic, disabling, unexplained physical symptoms. Retrieved from psychiatry.vch.ca.: http://psychiatry.vch.ca/docs/pdf/somatoform_disorders.pdf

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What is Depression?

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Stress & the Brain
Braive: Building Healthy Minds https://braive.com/

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How stress affects your brain - Madhumita Murgia

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Meditation and relaxation techniques are very effective to manage stress and "take a step back" (Scott, 2018). Meditation is the conscious effort to clear you mind of any thought (Castleman, 2014). It is difficult and takes time to master but has shown to relieve anxiety (Scott, 2018). One example of a relaxation technique is breathing exercises which either involve blocking one nostril while inhaling with the other, unblocking the blocked nostril and exhaling with the other one blocked (Castleman, 2014). Deep breathing (outlined in the video below) helps to expand your diaphragm which is a muscle necessary for breathing (Scott, 2018). Expanding this muscle and bringing focus to your breathing pattern is also a way to clear your mind and re-focus. In the video below, inhale with the expanding figures and exhale when they collapse.

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Like any hobby, exercise can serve as a medium to let go from negative emotions. In a way, your negative emotions become replaced with satisfaction and motivation from a breaking a good sweat (Melnick, 2013). In addition, biologically, exercise reduces stress hormones such as cortisol and increases our secretion of endorphins which are our natural painkillers (otherwise known as "feel good" neurotransmitters) (Melnick, 2013) (Scott & Gans, 2018). In relation to social support, attending or joining a gym maintains a sense of community and therefore provides a form of social support (Scott & Gans, 2018). In addition, because exercise is preventative for various diseases, exercise can keep future or potential stress at bay (Scott, 2018)! Lastly, because of the increase vascularization (increase blood circulation) on a systemic level, your body is more in tune with itself when an exercise routine is achieved and maintained. Therefore, systems (eg. nervous or cardiovascular) can more easily communicate with one another and improve overall health and mood (Melnick, 2013).

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According to the American Psychological Association, loneliness significantly increases the occurrence of high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, compromised immunity, and accelerated cognitive degradation. Although some may feel they are introverted, everybody benefits from social and emotional support. Interestingly, in America, up to 55% of adults report they could use more of it (Alvord et al., 2016). Indeed, communicating your stresses with other people not only helps problem-solving but also removes the feeling of being overwhelmed (Alvord et al., 2016). Having a social network also promotes self esteem and one's sense of autonomy (Alvord et al., 2016). One way to grow your social support system is to pursue your interest and meet others who share them (Alvord et al., 2016). Technology (eg. the internet) has also revolutionized the way we connect with others and allows for a new medium of communication. Often, those who struggle with loneliness also seek counselling and will then attend group therapy (Alvord et al., 2016). This is also a way to enhance your social support network!

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Managing stress is a learning experience. Everyone manages with their stress differently. It is important to do so healthily to optimize one's health and performance both at work and in your personal life. Managing stress is not a one size fits all solution (Castleman, 2014). In fact, it is more often than not a combination of multiple techniques. In the last few section, a few techniques are outlined for your own use and introduction. In addition, the linked video expands a little bit more on clinical uses of these techniques and provides a great visual to enhance your understanding.

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90:10 The Single Most Important Thing You Can Do For Your Stress

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Check out our new website http://www.evanshealthlab.com/ Follow Dr. Mike for new videos! http://twitter.com/docmikeevans DocMikeEvans follows up his viral health video "23 and 1/2 Hours" with this informative and practical video on managing stress.

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Problem-focused coping & Emotion-focused coping 

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Problem-focused coping & Emotion-focused coping 

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These two coping mechanisms are the main categories of ways to cope with stress. Problem-focused coping involves taking action to remove or control stressors in your life and is often believed to be the most effective (Scott & Fogoros, 2018). However, in the example of the flood, some experiences and stressors are out of our control, therefore another technique must be used. Emotional-focused coping refers to changing our response to stress and altering our though processes (Scott & Fogoros, 2018). One example of problem-focused coping is to budget finances before holiday shopping for family and friends. That way, financial worries are kept at bay by planning expenses beforehand. An example of emotional-focused coping is for example having to relocate at the end of high school. Although it is stressful to leave family, it is important to understand that growing is about changing and adjusting which is often for the better. Understanding and accepting that certain changes are out of our control and thus finding better ways to approach these changes is an important emotional-focused coping mechanism.

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Stress management is difficult and a learning effort for most of us. Managing our stress or something extremely difficult is the definition of coping, a term very often used in counselling (Dictionary.com). For known and expected stressors, anticipatory coping is defined as preparing to address the stressor (Neupert et al., 2016). For example, in the morning, looking for car keys is a daily hassle and stressful because it is preferable to arrive to work on time. As a result, to anticipate such a stressor, leaving the keys on your entryway dresser is a way to cope with it.

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Somatoform disorders (now known as somatic symptom disorder) are usually characterized by unexplained physical symptoms (Vancouver Coastal Health, 2008). These symptoms are ongoing and are often unresolved as their source cannot be discerned. Somatoform disorders occur when one's mental distress takes a physical or bodily form (VCH, 2008). Mild forms of the disorder include headaches, shoulder and neck tension (VCH, 2008). In this case, the symptoms subside one's stress either ceased or is successfully coped with. When symptoms are lingering, there is often an underlying mental illness (VCH, 2008). Indeed, depression (see additional resource at the bottom) and anxiety can lead to somatoform disorders. In turn, those with traumatic life experiences (eg. chronic and internalized stress) or poor coping mechanisms are more likely to develop a somatoform disorder in their lives (VCH, 2008). The video below further explains this category of disorder and offers more biological information for your own contextual understanding.

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Somatic symptom disorder - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology

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Research on the relationship between stress and cancer is tricky because once a tumor is discovered, it must be removed in humans. Some animal studies have shown that stress increases the likelihood and speed at which a tumor can growth and later metastasize (spread) (Cohen, 2007). Stress alters cellular functions and DNA repairs and may be involved in tumor onset and cancer over time as well (Cohen, 2007). Unlike stress and immunity, the link between stress and cancer is more difficult to discern given the research limitations (Cohen, 2007).

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HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus which is a pathogen transmitted through body fluids such as blood, semen, or vaginal discharge (Cohen, 2007). When contracted, the HIV attacks cells called CD4 cells which are immune cells (Cohen, 2007). The virus weakens the the immune system but may take a long time before turning into AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, which is fatal (Cohen, 2007).  Because stress weakens one's immune response even without HIV, those living with HIV and in stressful environments are more likely to develop AIDS over a shorter time span than those who are less stressed (Cohen, 2007).

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The established relationship between stress and the immune system is that stress significantly weakens one's immune response (American Psychological Association, 2016). One of the first study done on humans was to measure the number of natural killer cells in medical students before and after a period of exams (APA, 2016). Indeed, after exams, their counts were significantly lower. Following these results, hundreds of studies have concluded stress increases one's likelihood to contract infection and illness (McLeod, 2010). Recent studies on first-years university students has shown that loneliness or small friends group correlate with a higher incidence of depression and lower immunity (APA, 2016). The lack of social support indeed represents a stressor and seems to inform health status in young university students (APA, 2016).

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One of the important effects of stress on health is that is increases the likelihood to develop some form of heart disease. This can occur by increasing one's blood pressure or leading to risky behaviors such as smoking or alcohol consumption to relieve one's chronic stress (American Heart Association, 2014). These behaviors, understandably, have negative consequences on one's system health such as the liver, and lungs. Not only do smoking and drinking increase the likelihood of heart disease, they are also strongly correlated to cancer (AHA, 2014). The direct correlation between stress and heart disease is murky (Harvard Health Publishing, 2013). For example, it is widely known that stress increases system inflammation which is a marking symptom of heart disease, but without risk factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption, inflammation due to stress does not always directly lead to cardiovascular disease like atherosclerosis (thickening of arteries) is caused by smoking and leads to heart attacks (Harvard Health Publishing, 2013).Overall, stress increases the likelihood in engaging in risky behavior which then leads to heart disease.

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As discussed in Part III (green vignettes), stress comes in all shapes and sizes. Both major events and daily hassles can be a source of stress and coping with our stressful environment is something humans are constantly working with. In this section, we discuss the impacts of stress on various kinds of illness such as heart disease, HIV, cancer, and somatoform disorders.

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How stress affects your body - Sharon Horesh Bergquist

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Significant Life Changes & Daily Hassles

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Significant Life Changes & Daily Hassles

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A noteworthy component of understanding stress is that stress is not only caused or catalyzed by catastrophes, violence, or danger. In other words, milder forms of stress at times accumulate into a wider stress response such as GAS. For example, moving away from your parental house away for college, although often a positive change in one's life, causes enough disruption for a mild stress response. This, combined with a break up for example, can turn into a full blown stress response due to ongoing significant life changes and adjustments (Delongis et al., 1982). Dr. Thomas Holmes posited that life changes could lead to a higher likelihood of illness later on in life due to one's challenged immune system as a result of stress (McLeod, 2010). On the other hand, Dr. Kanner created a scale in which daily hassles (eg. losing your keys or such events often part of a "bad day" such as being late for work due to traffic) were added up and argued that they were more indicative of falling ill due to ongoing mild stress (McLeod, 2010) (Delongis et al., 1982).

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Burnout is a phenomenon more and more common in the public dialogue. Interestingly, it lacks an official definition and diagnosis methodology (PubMed, 2013). Often, burnout is used in the context of being overworked or over-stressed by commitments other than our own well being (PubMed, 2013). In contemporary society in North America, many report feelings of burning out and feeling little to no real excitement or interest in pursuing their work (PubMed, 2013). Burn out can also be exhibited by withdrawal from social environment. Experts posit that it is different from depression or maybe a less severe phenomenon (PubMed, 2013). Sign of burnout include exhaustion, alienation from work or friends, and reduced performance both in and out of work life (PubMed, 2013). However, burnout can also be catalyzed by ongoing illness such as depression or anxiety as one must constantly cope with their health problems (PubMed, 2013).

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Occupational Burnout: When Work Becomes Overwhelming

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As per the Canadian Mental Health Association, PTSD is a mental illness resulting from someone experiencing a traumatic event (CMHA, 2014). Traumatic events or catastrophes (losing your home to a flood) cause extensive distress in one's life and removes any free agency to control the event and its conditions (CMHA, 2014). The ensuing PTSD causes the individual to re-live this stressful experience, which is often caused by a "trigger." PTSD includes vivid nightmares, feelings of being "on edge" all the time, insomnia, changes in appetite, and so on (CMHA, 2014). Those living with PTSD often avoid environments or objects that reminds them of their trauma (CMHA, 2014). In the case of a flood, someone living with PTSD who was forced to be relocated as a result of the flood might not wish to visit their old house in fear of feeling the distress experienced at the time of disaster. However, triggers are not always easily avoided and sometimes not identified by those living with PTSD. Similarly, PTSD is not always caused by catastrophes. For example, survivors of domestic violence might be triggered by a small argument with any friend or individual who is unrelated to their past trauma. However, this small argument may catalyze a series of responses such as nightmares and anxiety.

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The psychology of post-traumatic stress disorder - Joelle Rabow Maletis

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In this section, we discuss the consequences of trauma. Stressful life events can translate into trauma, which is basically an internalized stress response and damage to one's psyche and health or a "deeply distressing or disturbing experience" (Dictionary.com). One example of a stressful life events and one that we will use for this section is a natural disaster affecting one's access to resources such as food, water, and family members. In this context, the natural disaster such as a flood depletes the individual from necessary tools for survival and comfort.

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Alternative Stress Response: Tend and Befriend

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Alternative Stress Response: Tend and Befriend

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A noteworthy stress theory was posited by Shelley Taylor, a researcher at the University of California - San Francisco (Dess, 2000). Indeed, the dominant scientific theory of stress are the fight or flight response and the general adaptation syndrome. Taylor suggested that stress can also illicit, more in females than males, a response leading to protecting offspring and befriending a community to the offspring's advantage (Dess, 2000). Extensive animal studies support this theory and it has become another important theory to consider when learning humans' response to stress (Dess, 2000). The validity of this theory is often debated as it relies on the binary of sexes and gender identity.

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The GAS is the three-step process by which the body responds to stress over time (Higuera, 2017). Unlike fight or flight response, the GAS is the response to chronic stress (Higuera, 2017). The steps are known as alarm, resistance, and lastly the exhaustion (Higuera, 2017). Indeed, the alarm stage refers to the fight or flight response and prepares the body to respond to the stressor. However, with chronic stress, the stressor is often constant or ever-lingering. Therefore, the body's cortisol levels and heart rate do not fully recover although you may not sense it (Higuera, 2017). In other words, your body is continually in a state of high alertness while the stressor remains in one's environment (Higuera, 2017). This is characterized by irritability, frustration, and poor concentration and characterizes the resistance phase (Higuera, 2017). Living with chronic stress over long periods of time is correlated with negative changes in mood and lifestyle. The exhaustion state if characterized by burnouts, depression, and/or anxiety (Higuera, 2017). Finding ways to cope with stress are the best tools to avoid the negative consequences of GAS. Examples of events catalyzing GAS may be a job loss, financial struggles, abusive relationships, medical problems. The video below outlines a similar explanation with biological visuals.

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The fight or flight response is linked to the acute stress response and involves the sympathetic nervous system (Cherry, 2017). People often refer to this response as an adrenaline rush which involves the stimulation of the adrenal glands to respond to a threat by either fleeing or facing it (Cherry, 2017). Other hormones released then are noradrenaline and catecholamines. This results in the an increased heart rate, dilated pupils and vasoconstriction in your digestive system (Cherry, 2017). The fight or flight response prepares one's body for a threat, however it is not always necessary (Cherry, 2017). For example, those living with phobias exhibit this response when exposed to what they are terrified of (ie. heights) (Cherry, 2017). The following video further outlines the fight or flight response with an evolutionary perspective.

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Coping with stress begins with biology. In other words, when the body is stressed, it begins to respond to the changes in environment. In this section, we discuss the main stress responses.

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Responding to stress | Processing the Environment | MCAT | Khan Academy

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There are two ways to experience stress and at times, our response is out of our control. Eustress is positive stress which means that our performance is enhanced (Sirois, 2007). An example of eustress is preparing for an important presentation and preparing to deliver it outstandingly. Distress on the other hand can be understood as negative stress which is debilitating and worsens our performance and confidence (Sirois, 2007). The video below by Dr. Kenworthy outlines these definitions and provides more examples.

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Environmental Psychology is another sub field of psychology which examines the interaction between humans and their environment (Novotney, 2009). The binary existing in this field outlines that maybe humans behavior define the environment or the environment defines or affects human behavior (Canadian Psychological Association). Of course, our behavior is a mixture of the two extremes (Novotney, 2009). Environmental psychology studies the stressors in the environment and how our behavior and/or health are affected in the event of natural disasters or even poor urban planning.

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On the other hand, chronic stress is the one to cause the most damage on one's body, mind, and life (APA, 2017). Chronic stress includes ongoing unstable political situations in which one has no control over. It can also be poverty and the constant limitation of resources such as food then translating into the lack of opportunities. Chronic stress can also be internalized trauma which become a part of one's sensation of being stressed out (APA, 2017). Trauma often rhymes with violence or abuse, whether it is verbal or physical (CMHA, 2014).

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As per the American Psychological Association (APA), acute stress is the most common of all. It occurred in the recent past or is anticipated. One way to think about it is as a finite event which changes your state of being whether is it a race or an accident like breaking a glass. Acute stress is a short term episode and mostly does not have long term effects on one's health (APA, 2017).

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Psychology often focuses on the negative effects of stress as those are the ones relevant to health. Stressors are factors resulting in a stress response within one's biology (Sincero, 2012). Example of biological stressors are a heat wave, extreme cold, or malnutrition. Of course, these can translate into psychological stressors and vice versa. Common examples of psychological stressors are financial stress, abusive relationships, or school deadlines. These stressors are known to negatively affects one's psychology by perhaps destabilizing brain chemistry and changing one's behaviors (Sincero, 2012). The video by Khan Academy below introduces the various types of stressors outlined below.

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Stressors | Processing the Environment | MCAT | Khan Academy

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Created by Ryan Scott Patton. Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/stress/v/responding-to-stress?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=mcat Missed the previous lesson? https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/stress/v/what-is-stress?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=mcat MCAT on Khan Academy: Go ahead and practice some passage-based questions! About Khan Academy: Khan Academy offers practice exercises, instructional videos, and a personalized learning dashboard that empower learners to study at their own pace in and outside of the classroom.

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Physical speaking, stress is any force applied resulting in tension or pressure on a material object (Dictionary.com). However, in biology and psychology, pressure and tension are more nuanced terms in such that stress is a response to an environmental change or factor (Sincero, 2012). These changes can either result in positive or negative outcomes in the body. Nonetheless, they elicit a change in biology of the organism (Sincero, 2012).

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This field examines the psychological and behavioral processes in states of health, illness, and within the health care industry (Sirois, 2007). Specifically, it studies the way cultural and psychological factors contribute the states of health and illness (Sirois, 2007). The video below provides a great overview about the ongoing research at the University of Manchester on the interaction between our environment and states of health and illness.

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Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health UoM

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Minute Lecture  - What is Health Psychology?

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Before moving any further in our reader, it is important to familiarize yourself with common terms in the topic of stress psychology.

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This Padlet serves as a reader about stress. It encompasses useful definition about stress, its causes, impacts on health, and necessary stress management tools and techniques to lead a healthy life. As you move through the material, please note the color codes with each section outlined. It is my hope that this online medium maximizes easy access and that the videos further engage the reader while providing additional information.